All Blogs
The Platform Economy’s Gatekeeping of Class and Caste Dominance in Urban India
Ambika Tandon and Aayush Rathi contributed an essay on how gated society management apps like MyGate and NoBrokerHood feed on caste and income inequalities in new datafied forms. The essay features in The Formalization of Social Precarities, an anthology edited by Murali Shanmugavelan and Aiha Nguyen and published with Data & Society.
Online Gender Based Violence on Short Form Video Platforms
An inquiry into platform policies and safeguards. This report explores how short-form video platforms in India address online gender based violence (oGBV) by analysing their terms of service, community guidelines (CG), and reporting workflows.
Digital Markets and India: Demystifying the Draft DCB
This document summarises the proceedings of the Roundtable on the draft Digital Competition Bill (DCB) [hereinafter referred to as ‘the Roundtable’]. The Roundtable was conducted online on April 1, 2024, and included representation from academia, law, civil society, and policy organisations. The primary objective of the Roundtable was to discuss the recent report published by the Committee on Digital Competition Law (CDCL) in March 2024 along with the draft of the DCB.
Consultation on Gendered Information Disorder in India
On 14th and 15th March 2024, Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) collaborated with Point of View (POV) to organise a consultation in Mumbai to explore the phenomenon of gendered information disorder in India, spanning various aspects from healthcare and sexuality to financial literacy, and the role of digital mediums, social media platforms and AI in exacerbating these issues.
India’s parental control directive and the need to improve stalkerware detection
We analyse a child-monitoring app being developed by the Indian government and question whether it is an effective way to enact parental controls. We highlight how such monitoring apps are often repurposed for digital stalking and play a role in intimate partner violence. We also evaluate the protection provided by antivirus tools in detecting such stalkerware apps and describe how we collected technical evidence to help improve the detection of these apps.
Understanding Feminist Infrastructures: An Exploratory Study of Online Feminist Content Creation Spaces in India
This report explores the growth of feminist infrastructures (including the various interpretations of the term), through research on feminist publishing, content creation and curation spaces and how they have informed the contemporary discourse on feminism, gender, and sexuality in India. The rise of online feminist publications, and related digital media content creation and curation spaces, has engendered new forums for debate, networking, and community-building. This report looks at some of the challenges of developing such publications and platforms, and the role of digital infrastructures in mediating contemporary feminist work and politics.
How the Telecom Act undermines personal liberties
In this article, Prof. Rajat Kathuria and Isha Suri analyse whether the law has enough safeguards and an independent regulatory architecture to protect the rights of citizens. The authors posit that the current version leaves the door open for an overenthusiastic enforcement machinery to suppress fundamental rights without any meaningful checks and balances.
Reconfiguring Data Governance: Insights from India and the EU
This policy paper is the result of a workshop organised jointly by the Tilburg Institute of Law, Technology and Society, Netherlands, the Centre for Communication Governance at the National Law University Delhi, India and the Centre for Internet & Society, India in January, 2023. The workshop brought together a number of academics, researchers, and industry representatives in Delhi to discuss a range of issues at the core of data governance theory and practice.
Workers’ experiences in app-based taxi and delivery sectors: Key initial findings from multi-city quantitative surveys
In 2021-22, the labour research vertical at CIS conducted quantitative surveys with over 1,000 taxi and delivery workers employed in the app-based and offline sectors. The surveys covered key employment indicators, including earnings and working hours, initial investments and work-related cost burdens, income and social security, platform policies and management, and employment arrangements. The surveys were part of the ‘Labour Futures’ project supported by the Internet Society Foundation.
Open Movement in India (2013-23): The Idea and Its Expressions
This report identifies some broad patterns that have materialized in the Open Movement in the country in the last decade. The report is based on a reading of the available literature on selected projects and conversations with academicians and advocates of the Open. The rough outline of the Open initiatives is accompanied by reflections on the nature of the Open here and the need to envision it differently from what it currently is.
Using the Wikimedia sphere for the revitalization of small and underrepresented languages in India
This report explores opportunities within the Wikimedia movement and projects to help revitalise small and underrepresented languages in India and provide recommendations to CIS’s Access to Knowledge team in furthering this effort. The report is mainly based on a roundtable conversation on Digital Access in Bhubaneswar with a diverse range of backgrounds and professions, including independent researchers, representatives from non-profit organizations, retired government officials, Wikimedia contributors (both Odia and Santali), ecological activists, directors of research institutes, consultants, and journalists. This was organized by the Access to Knowledge team of CIS in collaboration with Vasundhara, Bhubaneswar.
Commemorating Ulo Senthamizh Kodai (1945 - 2024): A Luminary of Tamil Open Knowledge Movement
பயன்தூக்கார் செய்த உதவி நயன்தூக்கின் நன்மை கடலின் பெரிது. (௱௩ - 103) திருவள்ளுவர் (Payandhookkaar Seydha Udhavi Nayandhookkin Nanmai Katalin Peridhu (Transliteration). The contribution made without weighing the return, When weighed, outweighs the sea. - Thiruvalluvar
Information Disorders and their Regulation
The Indian media and digital sphere, perhaps a crude reflection of the socio-economic realities of the Indian political landscape, presents a unique and challenging setting for studying information disorders.
Your economy, our livelihoods: A policy brief by the All India Gig Workers’ Union
In this policy brief, the All India Gig Workers’ Union (AIGWU) presents its critique on NITI Aayog’s report on India’s platform economy. Through experiences from over 3 years of organising gig workers across India, they highlight fallacies in the report that disregard workers’ experiences and realities. They present alternative recommendations that are responsive to these realities, and offer pathways towards rights-affirming futures for workers in the platform economy.
DoT’s order to trace server IP addresses will lead to unintended censorship
This post was reviewed and edited by Isha Suri and Nishant Shankar.
In December 2023, the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) issued instructions to internet service providers (ISPs) to maintain and share a list of “customer owned” IP addresses that host internet services through Indian ISPs so that they can be immediately traced in case “they are required to be blocked as per orders of [the court], etc”.
For the purposes of the notification, tracing customer-owned IP addresses implies identifying the network location of a subset of web services that possess their own IP addresses, as opposed to renting them from the ISP. These web services purchase IP Transit from Indian ISPs in order to connect their servers to the internet. In such cases, it is not immediately apparent which ISP routes to a particular IP address, requiring some amount of manual tracing to locate the host and immediately cut off access to the service. The order notes that “It has been observed that many times it is time consuming to trace location of such servers specially in case the IP address of servers is customer owned and not allocated by the Licensed Internet Service Provider”.
This indicates that, not only is the DoT blocking access to web services based on their IP addresses, but is doing so often enough for manual tracing of IP addresses to be a time consuming process for them.
While our legal framework allows courts and the government to issue content takedown orders, it is well documented that blocking web services based on their IP addresses is ineffectual and disruptive. An explainer on content blocking by the Internet Society notes, “Generally, IP blocking is a poor filtering technique that is not very effective, is difficult to maintain effectively, has a high level of unintended additional blockage, and is easily evaded by publishers who move content to new servers (with new IP addresses)”. The practice of virtual hosting is very common on the internet, which entails that a single web service can span multiple IP addresses and a single IP address can be shared by hundreds, or even thousands, of web services. Blocking access to a particular IP address can cause unrelated web services to fail in subtle and unpredictable ways, leading to collateral censorship. For example, a 2022 Austrian court order to block 11 IP addresses associated with 14 websites that engaged in copyright infringement rendered thousands of unrelated websites inaccessible.
The unintended effects of IP blocking have also been observed in practice in India. In 2021, US-based OneSignal Inc. approached the Delhi High Court challenging the blockage of one of its IP addresses by ISPs in India. With OneSignal being an online marketing company, there did not appear to be any legitimate reason for it to be blocked. In response to the petition the Government said that they had already issued unblocking orders for the IP address. There have also been numerous reports by internet users of inexplicable blocking of innocuous websites hosted on content delivery networks (which are known to often share IP addresses between customers).
We urge the ISPs, government departments and courts issuing and implementing website blocking orders to refrain from utilising overly broad censorship mechanisms like IP blocking which can lead to failure of unrelated services on the internet.
Unpacking Algorithmic Infrastructures: Mapping the Data Supply Chain in the Healthcare Industry in India
The Unpacking Algorithmic Infrastructures project, supported by a grant from the Notre Dame-IBM Tech Ethics Lab, aims to study the Al data supply chain infrastructure in healthcare in India, and aims to critically analyse auditing frameworks that are utilised to develop and deploy AI systems in healthcare. It will map the prevalence of Al auditing practices within the sector to arrive at an understanding of frameworks that may be developed to check for ethical considerations - such as algorithmic bias and harm within healthcare systems, especially against marginalised and vulnerable populations.
Comments to the Telecommunications Bill, 2023
The Parliament has passed the Telecommunications Bill, 2023 which seeks to replace the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885. The Centre for Internet & Society (CIS) submits its comments to the bill.
User Experiences of Digital Financial Risks and Harms
The reach and use of digital financial services has risen in recent years without a commensurate increase in digital literacy and access. Through this project, supported by a grant from Google(.)org, we will examine the landscape of potential risks and harms posed by digital financial services, and the disproportionate risk that information asymmetry and barriers to access pose for users, especially certain marginalised communities.
Strategies to Organise Platform Workers
In 2022, the Centre for Internet and Society hosted a panel with Akkanut Wantanasombut, Ayoade Ibrahim, Rikta Krishnaswamy, and Sofía Scasserra at RightsCon, an annual summit on technology and human rights.
Digital Delivery and Data System for Farmer Income Support
This report, jointly published by the Centre for Internet & Society and Privacy International, highlights the digital systems deployed by the government to augment farmer income. It analyses the PM-Kisan and Kalia schemes in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
