Centre for Internet and Society

Right to Read Campaign, Chennai

radha — 2013-02-04T06:19:31Z

A report on the first road show of the nationwide Right to Read Campaign which was launched at Loyola college, Chennai, on 26th September, 2009.

Right to Read Campaign - An Overview

Fast Facts

At least three hundred million people around the world with sight problems and dyslexia cannot read standard print. India may be home to at least 70 million of these persons.

Globally, a massive 96 percent of books are never made available in formats that persons with print disability can enjoy and in India almost 99% books are unavailable in accessible formats.

Every day millions of adults and children are denied vital information for education, work, daily life as well as being denied the joy of reading a world of books.

The Indian Copyright Act 1957 does not permit conversion and distribution of books in accessible formats to persons with print disabilities.

Problem at hand

Millions of Indians are unable to read printed material due to disabilities. There are technologies available which can help them read print if the material is converted into an alternate format such as large print, audio, Braille or any electronic format. While the Indian constitution guarantees the “right to read” as a fundamental right, the Copyright Act of 1957 does not permit the conversion of books into accessible formats for the benefit of persons with print impairment, as a result of which a “book famine” is created. International conventions that India is a party to specifically require it to amend its copyright laws for the benefit of persons with disabilities and to make available information and material to them on an equal basis as others. Publishers also do not make books available in accessible formats as a result of which less than 0.5% of them are available. As a result, persons with print impairments get excluded from the education system and it impacts their career choices. In addition to this, there are no national policies or action plan to ensure that publications in accessible formats in all Indian languages are available to persons with print disabilities all over the country.

Current situation in India

The Indian Copyright Act, 1957 does not make any provision for the conversion and distribution of books in accessible formats for print impaired persons. Hence organizations serving them have to get permission from copyright holders for conversion. Because of this, other countries do not lend books in accessible formats to print impaired persons in our country.

In the case of books published in India, there are no accessible copies readily available in the market and while many publishers in principle are not averse to giving permission, the unwanted fear of piracy and lack of awareness prevents them from allowing organizations to undertake conversions. Consequently print impaired persons are denied the freedom to choose and read any book which is freely available to the public.

Solution

The Government of India must immediately modify the Indian Copyright Act 1957 to permit conversion and distribution of books in accessible formats to persons with print disabilities.

India should support the Treaty on Copyright and the Reading Disabled being tabled at WIPO's Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights by the Governments of Brazil, Ecuador and Paraguay based on a text originally drafted by a global expert committee under the auspices of the World Blind Union, which is aimed at harmonization of copyright laws at an international level.

Objectives of the Right to Read Campaign

To accelerate change in copyright law

To raise public awareness on the issue

To gather Indian support for the Treaty on Copyright and the Reading Disabled being tabled at WIPO's Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights by the Governments of Brazil, Ecuador and Paraguay based on a text originally drafted by a global expert committee under the auspices of the World Blind Union.

Campaign Managers

Centre for Internet and Society (www.cis-india.org): The Centre for Internet and Society critically engages with concerns of digital pluralism, public accountability and pedagogic practices in the field of Internet and Society, with particular emphasis on South-South dialogues and exchange. In association with the Daisy Forum of India and Bookbole, the CIS is engaged in conducting the Right to Read Campaign supporting the acceleration of amendments in Copyright Law, creating public awareness and by gathering Indian support for the Treaty for the Blind proposed by the World Blind Union at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

DAISY Forum of India (www.daisyindia.org): DFI is a forum of 75 Not for Profit organizations from India who are involved in production of books and reading materials in accessible formats for persons who cannot read normal print. The DAISY Consortium envisions a world where people with print disabilities have equal access to information and knowledge without delay or additional expense. The DAISY Forum of India endorses this vision and is working towards its realization in India.

Bookbole (www.bookbole.com): Bookbole is a library of books in multiple formats which can be accessed by persons using screen readers. Bookbole allows users to find, share, and manage personal libraries in a very easy fashion. This website has been developed by Inclusive Planet, a social venture involved in creating web based products and services for the differently-abled.

Loyola College (Chennai) (www.loyolacollege.edu/index.html): Loyola College has played an important role in the history of education in India. Founded in 1925 by Rev. Fr. Bertram, S.J., who himself was twice the acting Vice- Chancellor of the Madras University, Loyola College has emerged in the last seventy-five years as a premier educational Institution in the country and it is striving to break new paths in education. One of the major breakthroughs in its history is the autonomous status it received in the year 1978. Situated in the heart of Chennai, and having a large campus of about 98 acres, this institution provides an ideal environment for both teachers and students to enrich themselves intellectually, emotionally and physically by actively participating in the academic and co-curricular activities. Loyola has started several Centres of Excellence such as LIFE, (Loyola Institute of Frontier Energy) Entomology Research Institute, ACE, (Academy for Cumulative Excellence) Culture and Communication, LIVE (Loyola Institute of Vocational Education) and LISOR (Loyola Institute of Industrial and Social Science Research).

Campaign activities

The nationwide Right to Read Campaign seeks to achieve the objective through a series of events like,

Nationwide road-shows
Public rallies
Televised debates
Online petitions
Signature campaigns
Audio-video clips
Stalls where accessibility tools are demonstrated
Submission of a legal paper to the government on international scenario and constitutional compulsions for the amendment of the copyright law.

Social Networks

The Right to read campaign has been active on various social networks like blogs, Twitter and Facebook. The campaign has been well received by the users and is succeeding in raising awareness on the issue.

Media Coverage

Even before its first event, the R2R campaign attracted significant press coverage in both Bangalore and Chennai. For details of the articles on the campaign in various newspapers both before and after the campaign please refer to Annexure A.

Website: www.righttoread.in

This website, dedicated for the Right to Read campaign has details about the issue faced with regard to the copyright law and the objective of the campaign. It has a provision for signing the online petition and declaration forms. It has regular updates on the events being conducted and provides an opportunity to exploit ones creativity by blogging, shooting videos, clicking photos and writing slogans about the campaign. Its major objective is to spread awareness about the campaign.

Launch of Right to Read Campaign

The first roadshow of the R2R campaign was launched at Chennai.

Venue: Loyola College

Date: 26^th September, 2009

Time: 9:30 AM

Topic: Amend copyright law to grant access to reading materials for the print impaired

Agenda

Launch of the campaign

This was the first major event with respect to the Right to Read campaign. A wide range of dignitaries were invited for the launch. The audience included students, social activists and visually challenged people. About 4oo students from 100 colleges around Chennai and 150 NSS volunteers attended from outside and an almost equal number of students participated from within Loyola College to make this a very large gathering of almost 800-1000 persons. The event was organized by the students of Department of Sociology at Loyola College, Chennai in collaboration with the campaign managers.

The Chief Guest of the event was Mr. Shri Kumar Verma, a well known writer, social activist and a professor of creative English and English literature. He spoke about the issue faced by print impaired persons and how apprehensive people are about sharing books in accessible formats as it is a legal infringement. He appreciated the fact that people have recognized the need for attention to this issue. He observed that Loyola College was the most appropriate venue for this event since students are proactively engaged with social issues. He promised to take initiatives and spread awareness about the campaign and expected the same from others.

Other dignitaries who honored the event were Dr. N. Raja Hussain, Program coordinator, NSS, University of Madras; Mr. Dipendra Manocha, Member, Executive Council, World Blind Union and President, Daisy Forum of India; Mr. Chandrasekar, Treasurer, National Association for the Blind; Ms. Nirmita Narasimhan, Programme Manager, CIS and Mr. Rahul Cherian, Policy Head, Inclusive Planet.

They spoke about the need for the amendment and importance of spreading awareness about this burning issue. In her introduction to the campaign, Nirmita explained that it was not a question of just making the books available in particular formats. If people can read books, it will help literacy, education, employment and promote independent living. A majority of the visually impaired population don't pursue courses because they don't have study materials in accessible formats. This is substantiated by looking at the statistics of Delhi University - they have about 1,500 seats reserved for the handicapped. Despite that, in 2008, only 270 students applied and in 2009, only 350 applied. This just goes to show that in addition to making reservations, it is also necessary to provide an enabling reading framework to persons with disabilities by providing materials in accessible formats and a good support system. This statistics served as an eye opener to the audience.

Signature Campaign

The launch was followed by a signature campaign where a huge banner supporting the campaign was signed by the dignitaries and other participants of the event. In addition to this, volunteers were committed to the task of carrying out a signature campaign on paper. Supporters of the campaign were invited to sign on the declaration and to put down their names to volunteer for the campaign or to help out the print impaired in a sustained fashion by specifying the manner in which they would like to contribute.

Rally

The students had organized a rally supporting the need for amendment of the copyright law and to spread awareness about the campaign. 200 students walked around the 97 acre campus with 100 banners carrying slogans like- “Support the Right to Read”, “Change Copyright Law,- free a world of knowledge”, “One Alphabet- several words; one book- several formats “, “Different states, different languages, different cultures- why not different formats? And so on.

Declaration forms

Interested people signed the declaration forms to endorse the campaign by voluntarily engaging themselves in any of the activities like creating awareness among public, gathering public support for The Treaty for the Blind at WIPO, online petitions and promoting the campaign online.
Declaration

Panel Discussion - ‘We the people’

The panel discussion kicked off at 1130 hrs with the Master of the Ceremony introducing the panelists; Mr. Dipendra Manocha, President, The Daisy Forum of India (DFI); Prof. Sivaraman, Professor of English, Presidency College, Chennai and Mr. Vijaykumar, Advocate. Ms. Nirmita Narasimhan, Programme Manager, Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) and Mr. Rahul Cherian, Co-founder and Policy Head, Inclusive Planet, were the moderators of the discussion. A salient point to be noted here was that all the panelists present were totally/partially visually challenged.

The discussion started off with Prof. Sivaraman citing his experiences with access to literature other than printed format since 2004. He shared information on the technology that he had been using to ‘read’ books that were prescribed for the students. These were text books or reference material that had been used over a period of time. However, he also threw light on the shortcomings – that newly published text books or literature were not readily available in accessible formats. It usually takes him a considerable amount of time and effort to get materials in Braille or audio formats and hence it is impossible for him to keep abreast of contemporary literature.

An equally important concern that was raised was that only new books with clear print and paper could be accurately scanned electronically owing to quality of the printed characters as well as deterioration of paper quality over time. Any pictorial representation including figures, charts or graphs and even italicized words present problems during scanning. Thus,

What is most urgently required to solve this problem is a digital library as in the case of USA, where the publishers deposit the electronic files of the books. These can be picked up and converted into any accessible format required for a print impaired person without wasting much time, effort and resources. Taking it a step further, he also put forth his views on the unauthorized access and ill-use that electronic books or e-books are put to. Persons who are not visually challenged can also access such books that are present online without any restrictions. Websites that are designed to be used by the visually challenged specifically state in their Terms of Use that accessing/reading of downloading of e-books are strictly meant for persons with partial/total sight impairment, persons with other forms of disabilities that would prevent them from reading printed material or for persons/aides assisting the above mentioned and that any download made by people other than those mentioned would be treated as infringement of the law. But not many people take these terms seriously and still would download such books that are meant for the visually challenged. Right now, there are no technological/legal measures in place to check this infringement owing to the inability to track the perpetrators identity/location. Since it is almost impossible to restrict the access to e-books to only the visually impaired, this acts as a serious set-back in persuading the government to amend the Copyright Act.

Mr. Vijaykumar continued the discussion, citing Article 14 of the Constitution of India which mandates Equality before law and equal protection for everybody, saying that the fundamental right of Indian citizens – the right to read for everybody has not been upheld in India owing to the restrictions imposed by the Copyright Act of 1957 and that the Copyright Act, by not including any exceptions or provisions, has failed to protect the interests of persons with visual impairment.

Mr. Dipendra Manocha, President, Daisy Forum of India, gave the international and technological perspective to the panel discussion. He explained about the DAISY (Digital Accessible Information System format) format which acts as a standard format to make 1 source document. This can then be used to convert into other accessible formats. He enlightened the crowd about the three factors that would help in solving the problems currently faced by persons with print impairment in India: First, technology such as Laptops or DAISY players and other handheld devices/readers that would assist in translating/reading out aloud e-books. Secondly, creation of e-books in accessible formats, the current high cost-of-conversion of which can be brought down by volunteering and thirdly by bringing in a change in the government policy on Copyright law. Mr. Manocha also informed the audience of how the US Government had amended their copyright law to include provisions for the visually challenged. This has brought down the cost of conversion of printed material into accessible formats to Rs. 2,000 from a whooping Rs. 20,000. He also highlighted the fact that in a developing country like India, it is not feasible to spend Rs. 20,000 for conversion of just one copy.

Answering the question as to what steps the Daisy Forum of India is taking with respect to making accessible formats available to the print-impaired, Mr. Manocha responded by saying that the DFI has been negotiating a deal with Adobe Systems Inc. USA, provider of the .pdf format of e-books, to include an option to Save As Daisy format. Also, providing books in accessible formats at the same cost as that of its printed counterpart was one of the visions of DFI.
When asked by a member of audience if we can take the law in our hands and start uploading/using e-books from the internet, Mr. Manocha again pointed out that it is the duty and responsibility of the Indian govt. to provide equal opportunities to everybody. In case the government fails to do that, citizens can take measures that would help alleviate the pains caused. But such measures should be taken keeping in mind all the stakeholders involved. Large-scale usage of electronic forms of literature would affect the business of authors/publishers. Hurting publishers is never the intention of this campaign. Mr. Manocha, Mr. Vijaykumar and Prof. Sivaraman made it clear that a coordinated effort was required on the part of all the stake-holders viz. the government, the copyright owners (authors, publishers etc.), the persons with print impairment and the organizations representing them, as well as the general public. The amendments to the Copyright Act should take into consideration the interests of all stake holders.

When the floor was opened to questions, the participation from audience was overwhelming. Many of the questions were from print impaired persons in the audience who were students in colleges or represented a disability organization like the National Federation for the Blind (NFB) and so on. Due to paucity of time, the interactive question and answer session was restricted to half an hour post the panel discussion but the audience were invited to discuss further questions with the panelists after the session.

Musical Extravaganza

After some serious food-for-thought, the silence of the convention hall was broken by a musical performance rendered by a Music Band from NFB Chennai. The performance began by two singers rendering a song in praise of the Gods and then went on to lighter numbers like Jai Ho, from the movie Slumdog Millionaire and songs from some Tamil movies, which left the audience speechless.

Vote of Thanks

The volunteers from Loyola College presented the Vote of thanks to all the dignitaries and panelists on stage and also to the audience present in the function after which the National Anthem was played. Later, the guests and the audience proceeded for lunch.

Acknowledgements

We would to like to take this opportunity to specially thank
Rev. Fr. K. Amal SJ (Rector, Loyola College);
Rev. Fr. Albert Muthumalai SJ (Principal, Loyola College);
Dr. S. Alphonse Raj (Vice- Principal & Faculty of Sociology Department, Loyola College);

Prof S. Iyyappan (Co-coordinator, Extension service Department (NSS), Loyola College)
Prof J. Jerald Inico, Faculty Incharge, Resource Center for Differently abled (RCDA);

Prof. Robert Bellarmine (Head, Department of Sociology);
Department of Sociology; students from RCDA; NSS; Students Union;
the teaching and non-teaching staff of Loyola College, who helped in organizing the campaign and without whom the first road show of the nationwide campaign would not have been a grand success that it has been.
We look forward to their continued support in the campaign.

We would also like to thank all the students and guests who came from different parts of the city and participated in the campaign.

Videos

Annexure A

Media Coverage

Details of the articles on the campaign in various newspapers both before and after the campaign are given below:

DNA – Bangalore, 24^th September, 2009

CIS campaign to alter copyright law to favour visually impaired - An article by N T Balanarayan, DNA Bangalore - 24th September, 2009
http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_cis-campaign-to-alter-copyright-law-to-favour-visually-imapired_1292662

As Indians we enjoy our right to education and to read, but should learning be restricted to books provided in school? What if, some wish to broaden their horizon and learn more, only to realize there are no books available?
That's the situation the visually impaired in India face now. But Bangalore-based Centre for Information and Society (CIS) is out to change it. They're starting a new campaign-- Right to Read--demanding changes in the copyright law so that books can be converted into a medium with which the visually impaired will feel more comfortable.
According to the group, only 0.5% of the books available in India can be accessed in Braille or audio format. Further, the World Blind Union estimates that only five per cent of the total books that get published in developed countries are converted into accessible formats.
According to Nirmita Narasimhan who works with CIS, it's not a question of just making the books available in particular formats. "If people can read books, it will help literacy, education, employment and promote independent living. A majority of the visually impaired population don't pursue courses because they don't have study materials in accessible formats. This is substantiated by looking at the statistics of Delhi University -- they have about 1,500 seats reserved for the handicapped. Despite that, in 2008, only 270 students applied and in 2009, only 350 came forward. This just goes to show that in addition to making reservations, it is also necessary to provide an enabling reading framework to persons with disabilities by providing materials in accessible formats and a good support system," she says.
"Further, it is not necessarily any particular format--with technologies and the prolific use of computers; accessible electronic formats (not being jpeg images which screen readers can't make sense of) are most appreciated. One will find that blind persons are always reaching out to each other for study materials in accessible formats--this varies from materials for board exams to text for competitive exams," she adds.
Through the campaign, a road show scheduled to start on September 26 at Loyola College, Chennai, the group wants changes to be made in the copyright law. The roadshow will be organized in three other metros as well.
The event will comprise presentations, debates and demonstrations along with book reading sessions and stalls where various accessibility tools will be demonstrated.

Times of India, 26^th September, 2009

Tara Textreader, a boon for the visually-challenged – by M Ramya

http://m.timesofindia.com/PDATOI/articleshow/5058157.cms
CHENNAI: Mahendran loses track of time as he listens to portions from Romeo and Juliet through Tara. The final year B A (Tamil) student of Loyola College is pleased with the Rs 1.35-lakh Tara Textreader that allows him to access printed material without help and convey information without a scribe. "The Sangeetha software has an Indian accent. So I have no problem accessing material in English," says Mahendran, who has visual disabilities.
Earlier, students like him could not access printed material that hadn't been digitized. Their computer systems could not read material that wasn't pre-recorded. Professor Jerald Inico, a lecturer in the computer science department and faculty in charge of the college's Resource Centre for Differently Abled, says the Textreader need not even be connected to a computer.
He says: "We were trying to come up with a formula to evaluate students with visual disabilities because we felt that when scribes write down the answers for the students some of the content would be lost in translation. The equipment can scan the question paper and read it out and will also allow the student to answer verbally and store it as an audio clip. For students who become blind later in life and have not learnt Braille this is a big help."
Tara, purchased from funds provided by the ministry of social justice and empowerment, can only speak English; now through Sangeetha the college is trying to install a Tamil optical character recognition software. While the students use Tara to read books now the equipment will be tested for exam evaluation during the April 2010 semester exams. But Mahendran is a bit wary. "If we can use Tara and still get extra time for the exams it will prove beneficial, but if we are given the same time as the others because we are using the textreader it will take time to comprehend what is being read to us and give the appropriate answers."
The college is also supporting a nationwide Right to Read' campaign for persons with print impairments to be launched in Chennai on Saturday. Nirmita Narasimhan, programme manager at the Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) which is one of the organisers of the campaign, says: "Two years ago when we proposed a change in the Copyright Act a clause was incoporated that said that books can be reproduced in formats exclusively for the use of the blind. This limits the reproduction to one or two options and newer technologies cannot be used. It also leaves out people with other disabilities like the dyslexic who also have print impairments. Technology is enabling, but law is disabling. We want to create awareness of the issue through the campaign."
Registration for the campaign begins at 8 am at the college. The CIS, DAISY Forum of India and Bookbole will take the campaign to other cities in the country.

The Hindu – 29^th September, 2009

‘Right to read’ campaign launched
http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092957440200.htm
CHENNAI: About 100 National Service Scheme (NSS) volunteers from various colleges in the State kick-started a ‘right to read’ campaign at Loyola College recently. The aim of the campaign is to make books accessible to persons with disabilities.
The speakers, who included the visually challenged, persons with low vision and dyslexia, said the Copyright Act did not allow persons with print impairments to convert reading matter using assistive technologies to accessible formats. Dipendra Manocha, executive committee member of World Blind Union, said: “We need organisations, individuals and volunteers to contribute and create accessible books.”
Nirmitha Narasimhan, programme manager of the Centre for Internet and Society felt access to information would ensure a better contribution by the visually challenged to society. “It is not that weare insensitive. The suggestion for amendments to the Copyright Act has not yet been incorporated,” she said.
Writer Sreekumar Varma, who inaugurated the campaign, recalled his experience as a scribe during his days as a lecturer. C.P. Chandrasekar, treasurer, National Association for the Blind, and Loyola College Principal Albert Muthumalai spoke.

Deccan Herald – 29^th September, 2009

‘Right to Read’ campaign launched - Fighting against copyright regulations – an article by L Subramani.

http://www.deccanherald.com/content/27678/right-read-campaign-launched.html

To highlight the issues faced by persons with print disability – those deprived of Indian books due to unfriendly copyright regulations – a group of organisations launched the Right To Read (R2R) campaign on September 26.
The campaign, jointly launched by the Bangalore-based Centre for Internet and Society (CIS), Daisy Forum of India (DFI), bookbole.com and Inclusive Planet, kickstarted at Loyola College in Chennai on Saturday.
“This campaign was part of the World Blind Union’s (WBU) global campaign,” said Nirmita Narasimhan, Programme Manager, CIS. “We are asking all the organisations to lend their support to our initiative.”
The campaign comes at a time when the Indian government is preparing to consider changes to the copyright law, which it failed to implement two years ago after disability rights campaigners objected to the proposal to make books and other print materials be made in an “exclusive” format.
Nirmita said that this would also be an occasion for activists to urge Government of India to throw its weight behind a WBU treaty tabled at the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) asking for a global copyright regulation that takes into account the needs of persons with print disabilities.
“The treaty is coming up for discussion at Geneva (WIPO's head quarters) in December,” Nirmita said and added: “Right now only three Latin American nations are supporting it. Since India has the largest number of persons with print disability, which includes the visually challenged, persons with autism and children with learning difficulties, our support would likely tilt the balance in favour of the treaty.” Now, the campaign will be gradually taken to other parts of the country, said Rahul Cherian from Inclusive Planet. A signature campaign and distribution of a declaration supporting accommodation of persons with print disability in copyright laws will also be held as part of the campaign.

NDTV – Hindu

The first event was covered by NDTV Hindu and an interview with Rahul Cherian and Nirmita Narasimhan was also telecast on 26^th September. A brief excerpt from the interview can be viewed at:

Part 1: http://www.youtube.com/user/ndtvhindu#play/uploads/16/o4sQ-ycaoBw

Part 2: http://www.youtube.com/user/ndtvhindu#play/uploads/15/Q5HCm2evUYE

Deccan Chronicle – 27^th September, 2009

Nirmita Narasimhan, Programme Manager, CIS, speaks at the launch of ‘Right to Read’ campaign. Loyola College in the city on Saturday launched the campaignto amend the Indian Copyright Act, 1957, and give visually challenged and dyslexic people better access to printed books in the form of Braille copy and big prints.

Tamil Murasu

Coverage in the October Issue of: CBR Forum - E- News Bulletin

Report Prepared by

Centre for Internet and Society

www.cis-india.org

29^th September, 2009

Videos

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/accessibility/blog/right-to-read-campaign-chennai

Right to Read campaign - Chennai (NDTV, Hindu)

radha — 2011-04-02T14:50:32Z

The first event was covered by NDTV Hindu and an interview with Rahul Cherian and Nirmita Narasimhan was telecast on 26th September.

Excerpts from the interview are available on the given links

Part 1

Part 2

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/news/right-to-read-campaign-chennai-ndtv-hindu

Deccan Chronicle – 27th September, 2009

radha — 2011-04-02T14:50:21Z

Nirmita Narasimhan, Programme Manager, CIS, speaks at the launch of ‘Right to Read’ campaign. Loyola College in the city on Saturday launched the campaign to amend the Indian Copyright Act, 1957, and give visually challenged and dyslexic people better access to printed books in the form of Braille copy and big prints.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/news/deccan-chronicle-2013-27th-september-2009

‘Right to read’ campaign launched (The Hindu)

radha — 2011-04-02T14:52:56Z

An article in The Hindu, 29th September, on the 'Right to Read' campaign, launched on 26th Sept, in Loyola College, Chennai

CHENNAI: About 100 National Service Scheme (NSS) volunteers from various colleges in the State kick-started a ‘right to read’ campaign at Loyola College recently. The aim of the campaign is to make books accessible to persons with disabilities.

The speakers, who included the visually challenged, persons with low vision and dyslexia, said the Copyright Act did not allow persons with print impairments to convert reading matter using assistive technologies to accessible formats. Dipendra Manocha, executive committee member of World Blind Union, said: “We need organisations, individuals and volunteers to contribute and create accessible books.”

Nirmitha Narasimhan, programme manager of the Centre for Internet and Society felt access to information would ensure a better contribution by the visually challenged to society. “It is not that we are insensitive. The suggestion for amendments to the Copyright Act has not yet been incorporated,” she said.

Writer Sreekumar Varma, who inaugurated the campaign, recalled his experience as a scribe during his days as a lecturer. C.P. Chandrasekar, treasurer, National Association for the Blind, and Loyola College Principal Albert Muthumalai spoke.

Link to the article in The Hindu

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/news/2018right-to-read2019-campaign-launched-the-hindu

Tara Textreader, a boon for the visually-challenged

radha — 2011-04-02T14:52:53Z

An article by M Ramya – Times of India, 26th September, 2009

CHENNAI: Mahendran loses track of time as he listens to portions from Romeo and Juliet through Tara. The final year B A (Tamil) student of Loyola College is pleased with the Rs 1.35-lakh Tara Textreader that allows him to access printed material without help and convey information without a scribe. "The Sangeetha software has an Indian accent. So I have no problem accessing material in English," says Mahendran, who has visual disabilities.

Earlier, students like him could not access printed material that hadn't been digitized. Their computer systems could not read material that wasn't pre-recorded. Professor Jerald Inico, a lecturer in the computer science department and faculty in charge of the college's Resource Centre for Differently Abled, says the Textreader need not even be connected to a computer.

He says: "We were trying to come up with a formula to evaluate students with visual disabilities because we felt that when scribes write down the answers for the students some of the content would be lost in translation. The equipment can scan the question paper and read it out and will also allow the student to answer verbally and store it as an audio clip. For students who become blind later in life and have not learnt Braille this is a big help."

Tara, purchased from funds provided by the ministry of social justice and empowerment, can only speak English; now through Sangeetha the college is trying to install a Tamil optical character recognition software.

While the students use Tara to read books now the equipment will be tested for exam evaluation during the April 2010 semester exams. But Mahendran is a bit wary. "If we can use Tara and still get extra time for the exams it will prove beneficial, but if we are given the same time as the others because we are using the textreader it will take time to comprehend what is being read to us and give the appropriate answers."

The college is also supporting a nationwide Right to Read' campaign for persons with print impairments to be launched in Chennai on Saturday. Nirmita Narasimhan, programme manager at the Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) which is one of the organisers of the campaign, says: "Two years ago when we proposed a change in the Copyright Act a clause was incoporated that said that books can be reproduced in formats exclusively for the use of the blind. This limits the reproduction to one or two options and newer technologies cannot be used. It also leaves out people with other disabilities like the dyslexic who also have print impairments. Technology is enabling, but law is disabling. We want to create awareness of the issue through the campaign."

Registration for the campaign begins at 8 am at the college. The CIS, DAISY Forum of India and Bookbole will take the campaign to other cities in the country.

Link to the article in TOI

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/news/2018right-to-read2019-campaign-launched-fighting-against-copyright-regulations-1

‘Right to Read’ campaign launched - Fighting against copyright regulations

radha — 2011-04-02T14:54:34Z

The campaign, jointly launched by the Bangalore-based Centre for Internet and Society (CIS), Daisy Forum of India (DFI), bookbole.com and Inclusive Planet, kickstarted at Loyola College in Chennai on Saturday.

“This campaign was part of the World Blind Union’s (WBU) global campaign,” said Nirmita Narasimhan, Programme Manager, CIS. “We are asking all the organisations to lend their support to our initiative.”

The campaign comes at a time when the Indian government is preparing to consider changes to the copyright law, which it failed to implement two years ago after disability rights campaigners objected to the proposal to make books and other print materials be made in an “exclusive” format.

Nirmita said that this would also be an occasion for activists to urge Government of India to throw its weight behind a WBU treaty tabled at the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) asking for a global copyright regulation that takes into account the needs of persons with print disabilities.

“The treaty is coming up for discussion at Geneva (WIPO's head quarters) in December,” Nirmita said and added: “Right now only three Latin American nations are supporting it. Since India has the largest number of persons with print disability, which includes the visually challenged, persons with autism and children with learning difficulties, our support would likely tilt the balance in favour of the treaty.” Now, the campaign will be gradually taken to other parts of the country, said Rahul Cherian from Inclusive Planet. A signature campaign and distribution of a declaration supporting accommodation of persons with print disability in copyright laws will also be held as part of the campaign.

Link to article in Deccan Herald

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/news/2018right-to-read2019-campaign-launched-fighting-against-copyright-regulations

Right to Read Campaign - Chennai

radha — 2009-09-29T05:35:53Z

Photos

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/home-images/right-to-read-campaign-chennai

A fight for the Right to Read

radha — 2011-04-02T14:53:14Z

The copyright Law remains blind to the rights of the Visually Impaired - An article by N T Balanarayan, DNA Bangalore - 24th September, 2009

According to the group, only 0.5 percent of the books available in India can be accessed in Braille or audio format. Further, the World Blind Union estimates that only five percent of the total books that get published in developed countries are converted into accessible formats.

According to Nirmita Narasimhan who works with CIS, it’s not a question of just making the books available in particular formats. “If people can read books, it will help literacy, education, employment and promote independent living. A majority of the visually impaired population don’t pursue courses because they don’t have study materials in accessible formats. This is substantiated by looking at the statistics of Delhi University – they have about 1,500 seats reserved for the handicapped. Despite that, in 2008, only 270 students applied and in 2009, only 350 came forward. This just goes to show that in addition to making reservations, it is also necessary to provide an enabling reading framework to persons with disabilities by providing materials in accessible formats and a good support system,” she says.

“Further, it is not necessarily any particular format – with technologies and the prolific use of computers; accessible electronic formats (not being jpeg images which screen readers can’t make sense of) are most appreciated. One will find that blind persons are always reaching out to each other for study materials in accessible formats – this varies from materials for board exams to text for competitive exams,” she adds.

Through the campaign, a roadshow scheduled to start on September 26^th at Loyola College, Chennai, the group wants changes to be made in the copyright law. The roadshow will be organised in three other metros as well.

The event will comprise presentations, debates and demonstrations along with book reading sessions and stalls where various accessibility tools will be demonstrated.

Change the Fineprint: Changes in the copyrights law will enable the visually-impaired in India to overcome their handicap and grow with the modern times.
- Indian Copyright Law does not allow persons with print impairments to convert books into accessible formats to read them
- Libraries for the blind like Bookshare, RFB&D, lend books only to print impaired persons living in countries where such a legal provision exists
- Remember that persons with visual disabilities are not the only ones who can’t read printed matter those who are dyslexic and mentally challenged count too

* Name given as Centre for Information and Society in the original article - the same is corrected here.

Here is the link to the Right to Read Campaign
http://cis-india.org/advocacy/accessibility/blog/the-right-to-read-campaign

Here is the link to the original article in DNA -
http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_cis-campaign-to-alter-copyright-law-to-favour-visually-imapired_1292662

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/news/a-fight-for-the-right-to-read

Reading options for persons with print disabilities

radha — 2011-08-02T01:35:28Z

An article by Mr.Dipendra Manocha (Regional co-ordinator for developing countries of the Daisy Consortium and president DFI) on the reading options which are available for the blind.

Most of the publications reach us in form of printed books. There are many people who cannot read these due to various reasons such as: persons with blindness or low vision, persons with dyslexia, Persons who cannot use both their hands to hold the book, People who cannot read due to illiteracy, etc. The printed text need to be converted into different format to enable such persons to acquire the knowledge hidden in these books. These formats are:

Braille: A tactile script used world over by persons with blindness.
Talking Books: Books recorded in Human Voice or computer voice distributed on Audio Cassettes or CDs.
e-text books which are in form of computer document which can be read on a computer or on special portable players
Large print books which are useful for persons with low vision.

The digital technology provide multiple ways of producing or reading books in the above mentioned formats. This creates confusion in the minds of end users and leaders of organizations serving persons with blindness or low vision. Below are some options which will try to provide some clarity in these matters.

In the digital world, it is possible that when you get a book in one format, you could convert it into another format. For example, we could get a talking book on a CD. This talking book could also be downloaded from the internet. How ever, it would take a long time to download this book in the audio recorded format. The alternative is that the same book could be downloaded in the e-text format and the reading device would convert text into audio at the time of reading the book itself. Thus, for a user it would make no difference between an audio book recorded in computer voice or a book which is being read by the device from the e-text version of the book. Difference between the time required to download the audio recorded book and the e-text book which is read by the special e-text reading device would be a lot. To provide clarity in the confusing world of Digital information systems, DAISY is trying to bring in some clarity. DAISY means Digital Accessible Information system. It deals with all the formats of accessible books including Braille, Talking Book, E-text books and large print books. There are various organizations which provide books to read in accessible format. Below are some such services. Which services would be useful to you will depend on what kind of reading device do you have with you. Thus, I am going to classify these services and reading options on some devices. Categories of reading devices are:

Computer
Mobile phone
DAISY Book Reader with TTS
DAISY Book Reader without TTS
CD player
Audio Cassette player
nothing

1. Reading Options for People who have computer with screen reading software:

Scan your book: Attach a scanner to your computer and you can start reading any printed book in English medium. This option is not available in any Indian language.
The Bookshare India Project: Bookshare.org is a online library for persons with print disabilities. Members of this library can download a book and read them on the computer. A special software is provided to all members of the library for reading their books. The books are in DAISY Text only format and provide navigation facility while reading the book. Current collection is in English but soon Indian language books are going to be introduced in this library. There is a collection of about 7000 books in this library and the collection is growing extremely fast here. Persons with print disability can become members of this library by paying annual membership fee of Rs. 400.
Web sites with e-text book collections: There are several web sites from where text of the books can be downloaded. You can read these books using the screen reading software. There are several web sites such as the web site of Project Gutenburg, Universal Digital Library etc. which provide thousands of books which can be downloaded. Most of these books are those which are out of copy right restrictions. How ever, online books resources such as Readable.in does provide copy righted books free of cost to persons with print disabilities. There are some subscription based databases of books and research articles. Universities provide access to such collections free of cost to their students and faculty members free of cost. J-Store and Ebrary are two such examples. There are no such online resources for books in Indian languages which are accessible to a screen reader user. National Institute for Visually Handicapped is planning to change this by introducing an online Braille library for Indian language books required by University Students.
Talking Book and Braille Book Libraries part of DAISY Forum of India: This is one resource which would provide books in Indian languages. 72 organisations from all round the country are part of DAISY Forum of India. These organizations provide talking books, Braille books or e-text books to persons with blindness or low vision. Any user can become a member of one of these 72 organisations and get access to all the books produced by any of the 72 organisations. One user need to become member of only one organization in this network. Your library can get a book for you from any other library of DAISY Forum of India.
The RSS Feed: This is an excellent way of reading news papers, magazines and text which is provided from time to time. A RSS Feed software provides an extremely convenient way of displaying list of articles from a news paper or a magazine such as frontline etc. If you have a screen reader in Indian language, you can read Indian language materials using this system.
Text packages for encyclopedia, dictionary telephone directories etc: There are several software packages sold on a CD which have collection of content. All these CD packages are not readable with screen reading software due to bad design of their user interface. How ever, lot of these are accessible and provide an excellent resource of reading materials.
Braille Books: All books that are described above can be read in Braille if a refreshable Braille display is attached to a computer. If you do not have access to this expensive device, then also you can get the computer text printed into Braille using computerized Braille embossers and many organisations provide such Braille printing facilities.

2. Mobile Phones
There is a category of mobile phones on which screen reading software and the DAISY player can be installed. These mobile phones are capable of not just a medium of audio and text communication, but also are personal organizers. Adding Screen reading software to them into book reader and these phones provide access to internet and e-mails. The DAISY Book Reader software of the phone turns this phone into a Audio and Text book reader. This phone is a mini computer and is extremely portable. All the materials that are available on the computer using any of the above mentioned resources can be transferred on to the mobile phone as text files or in form of DAISY digital talking books for reading.

3. DAISY Book reader with TTS
These are devices designed specially for persons with blindness or low vision. These are capable of playing audio books and also read computer files using text to speech software. These are very easy to use. All books available on the computers or from the talking book and e-text libraries can be transferred on this device for reading. These devices are very portable and can fit in the pocket.
4. DAISY Players without TTS
These are similar to the DAISY Players with TTS but do not capability to read text files in computer voice. All digital talking books available from talking book libraries can be transferred on these devices for reading. Text files can be converted into digital talking books using computer voice before transferring them to these players. In this way even the text files gathered on computer using any of off line and online resources can be read on these players also.
5. CD Players:
CD players are available at a very low cost. These CD players can provide access to Digital talking books recorded as DAISY Books or as MP3 talking books. These players are designed for listening to music. There fore these players lack some of the features required for reading books such as navigating to pages or next or previous sentences etc. In these players even the DAISY Books are played as MP3 books. You will not be able to resume the book from where you last left reading it.
6. Audio Cassette Player
This would give access only to talking books available from talking book libraries on audio cassettes. Text files and computer voice recorded books produced as talking books from text files cannot be copied on audio cassettes. Thus, only those books which have been produced on audio cassettes only can be made available in this format. These cannot be transformed into any other format such as Braille etc. These cannot be transferred to other reading devices also.
7. Nothing:
Braille books printed on hard copy paper do not need any device. How ever, printing of Braille books is very expensive and heavy subsidy is required to produce Braille books. There fore, nothing beyond basic text books are being produced in Braille book format.

Conclusion:
By far, computer is the most versatile reading device as it provides access to content which is produced for every one and content need not be converted into a specialized format to read it. Besides being a reading device, computer is also a writing device which is a huge advantage over any other reading options. Computers themselves are becoming portable. How ever, a combination of a portable device such as a Mobile phone or a DAISY Book reader along with a computer provides best reading options. Refreshable Braille devices can be provided at the institutional level and text books could also be provided in paper Braille format. There cannot be any comparison between the amount of books that can be made available on computers or mobile phones or the DAISY reading devices than on special format such as Braille. Millions of books and publications become accessible to persons with blindness if hey have access to a computer. Where as, on an average only about 5 to 10 braille books can be made available to a person with blindness or low vision.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/accessibility/blog/reading-options-for-persons-with-print-disabilities

Quantifying India's research output - Public Lecture by Prof. Subbiah Arunachalam

radha — 2011-04-02T14:54:51Z

International Strategic and Security Studies Programme, IISc. Bangalore, is organizing a Public lecture by Prof. Subbiah Arunachalam on Friday, Sept 25th, on Quantifying India's research output.

International Strategic and Security Studies Programme

National Institute of Advanced Studies

Indian Institute of Science Campus,Bangalore -12

Public Lecture

Date: Friday, September 25, 2009

Speaker: Prof. Subbiah Arunachalam

Distinguished Fellow, Center For Internet & Society, Bangalore

Visiting Professor, Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai

Email: subbiah.arunachalam@gmail.com

Chairperson: Dr .Lalitha Sundareshan

Visiting Professor

Title: Quantifying India's research output
Time: 11:30 am
Venue: Conference Hall 2

Abstract: Science policy makers around the world are keen to assess the research performed by different countries, institutions and even individuals. Much of such work is based on databases and is based on the premise that the literature of science is a mirror of science. A number of scientometricists have used Science Citation Index (Web of Science) and other (subject-based) databases for such studies. Often they depend on publication and citation counts. Unfortunately, many of them are not aware of the nuances involved in such studies. In this talk we will look at science indicators with special reference to India and the developing countries.

All are invited to attend

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/news/quantifying-indias-research-output-public-lecture-by-prof.-subbiah-arunachalam

ಕೃಷಿ ಸಂಪದ - ಇ-ಮ್ಯಾಗಜೀನ್ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ

radha — 2011-08-02T07:15:54Z

ಪರಿಸರ ಬರಹಗಾರ ನಾಗೇಶ್ ಹೆಗಡೆ ಅವರು ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರಿನ ಸ್ವಿಚ್ ಒತ್ತಿ ಪರದೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ ಪುಟ ಬೆಳಗಿ "ಕೃಷಿ ಸಂಪದ" ಇ-ಮ್ಯಾಗಜೀನನ್ನು ಇಂಟರ್ನೆಟ್ ಲೋಕಕ್ಕೆ ಅರ್ಪಿಸಿದರು.

"ನಮ್ಮ ಪಾರಂಪರಿಕ ಜ್ಞಾನವನ್ನು ರಕ್ಷಿಸಲಿಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಾನ ಮತ್ತು ಸಂವಹನದ ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಾನವನ್ನು ಸಮರ್ಥವಾಗಿ ಬಳಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕಾಗಿದೆ. ಇಂಟರ್ನೆಟ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾಗುವ ಇ-ಮ್ಯಾಗಜೀನಗಳು ಈ ನಿಟ್ಟಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಧಾನಪ್ರಾತ್ರವಹಿಸಬಲ್ಲವು. ಅದಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಕನ್ನಡದ ಮೊದಲ ಕೃಷಿ ಇ-ಮ್ಯಾಗಜೀನ್ "ಕೃಷಿ ಸಂಪದ" ವನ್ನು ಇಂದು ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ ಮಾಡಲು ಸಂತೋಷವಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ" ಎಂಬ ಮಾತುಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ಪರಿಸರ ಬರಹಗಾರ ನಾಗೇಶ್ ಹೆಗಡೆ ಅವರು ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರಿನ ಸ್ವಿಚ್ ಒತ್ತಿ ಪರದೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ ಪುಟ ಬೆಳಗಿ "ಕೃಷಿ ಸಂಪದ" ಇ-ಮ್ಯಾಗಜೀನನ್ನು ಇಂಟರ್ನೆಟ್ ಲೋಕಕ್ಕೆ ಅರ್ಪಿಸಿದರು.

ನಲವತ್ತು ವರುಷಗಳ ಮುಂಚೆ ಯು.ಎಸ್.ಎ ದೇಶದ ಗಗನಯಾತ್ರಿಗಳು ಚಂದ್ರನ ನೆಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಪ್ರಥಮ ಭಾರಿ ಪಾದಾರ್ಪಣೆ ಮಾಡಿದರು. ಇಡೀ ಜಗತ್ತು ಆ ಘಟನೆಯನ್ನು ಕಾತರದಿಂದ ನಿರೀಕ್ಷಿಸುತ್ತಿತ್ತು. ಮಾನವನೊಬ್ಬ ಚಂದ್ರನ ಮೇಲಿಟ್ಟ ಪುಟ್ಟ ಹೆಜ್ಜೆ ಮನುಕುಲದ ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ಪ್ರಗತಿಯ ಪಯಣದ ಪರ್ವತ ಹೆಜ್ಜೆ. ಆ ಕ್ಷಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಭೂಲೋಕದ ಜನರೆಲ್ಲ ಸಂಭ್ರಮಿಸಿದ್ದರು. ಅದೇ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಯು.ಎಸ್.ಎ ದೇಶದ ಮಿಲಿಟರಿ ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ಬೃಹತ್ ಯೋಜನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮುಳುಗಿತ್ತು - ರಷ್ಯಾ ದೇಶದಿಂದ ಪರಮಾಣು ಬಾಂಬ್ ದಾಳಿ ನೆಡೆದರೆ, ಯು.ಎಸ್.ಎ ದೇಶದ ಸರಕಾರ, ಸೇನಾಪಡೆಗಳು ಹಾಗು ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ಪ್ರಗತಿಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಅಗಾಧ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯನ್ನು ರಕ್ಷಿಸುವ ಯೋಜನೆ ಅದಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಅದಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ನಾಲ್ಕು ಬೇರೆ ಬೇರೆ ಸ್ಥಳಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇರಿಸಿದ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಶೇಖರಿಸಿಟ್ಟರು. ಒಂದು ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಬಾಂಬ್ ದಾಳಿಯಿಂದ ನಾಶವಾದರೂ ಉಳಿದ ಮೂರು ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅಗಾಧ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ಸುರಕ್ಷಿತವಾಗಿ ಉಳಿದಿರುತ್ತಿತ್ತು. ಈ ಪ್ರಾಜೆಕ್ಟಿಗೆ ಅರ್ಪಾನೆಟ್(ARPANET) ಎಂದು ಹೆಸರಿಡಲಾಗಿತ್ತು.ಇದುವೇ ಮುಂದೆ ಇಂಟರ್ನೆಟ್ ಆಗಿ ಬೆಳೆಯಿತು. ಇಂದು ಕನ್ನಡದ ಮಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಅದೇ ರೀತಿಯ ಸಂಭ್ರಮ. ಕೃಷಿ ಹಾಗು ಗ್ರಾಮೀಣರಂಗಗಳ ಅಗಾಧ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯನ್ನು ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಿಡುವ ಮಹಾತ್ವಾಕಾಂಕ್ಷೆಯ "ಕೃಷಿ ಸಂಪದ" ಯೋಜನೆ ಅನಾವರಣಗೊಂಡದ್ದು ನಾವೆಲ್ಲ ಹೆಮ್ಮೆ ಪಡಬೇಕಾದ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆ ಎಂದು ನಾಗೇಶ್ ಹೆಗಡೆಯವರು ಅಭಿಪ್ರಾಯಪಟ್ಟರು.

ಸಾವಿರಾರು ಕನ್ನಡ ಅಭಿಮಾನಿಗಳು ಸದಸ್ಯರಾಗಿರುವ ಇಂಟರ್ನೆಟ್ ಸಮುದಾಯ "ಸಂಪದ". ಇದರದೇ ಒಂದು ಭಾಗವಾದ ಕೃಷಿ ಸಂಪದದ ಹೊಸದೊಂದು ಯೋಜನೆ "ಕೃಷಿ ಸಂಪದ" ಎಂಬ ಇ-ಮ್ಯಾಗಜೀನ್. ಇದು "ಕ್ರಿಯೇಟೀವ್ ಕಾಮನ್ಸ್" ಲೈಸೆನ್ಸ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾಗುತ್ತಿರುವ ಪ್ರಥಮ ಕನ್ನಡದ ಇ-ಮ್ಯಾಗಜೀನ್. ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಇದರಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಕಂಟೆಂಟನ್ನು (ಬರಹಗಳು, ಪೊಟೋಗಳು ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ) ಯಾರುಬೇಕಾದರೂ "ಇದ್ದದ್ದು ಇದ್ದ ಹಾಗೆ" ಮರುಬಳಕೆ ಮಾಡಬಹುದು. ಅಂದರೆ ಲಾಭರಹಿತ ಉದ್ದೇಶಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಮರುಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಬಹುದು ಅಥವಾ ಪ್ರತಿಗಳನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದು ಆಸಕ್ತರಿಗೆ ಹಂಚಬಹುದು ಎಂದು "ಸಂಪದ" ತಂಡದ ಪರವಾಗಿ ಹರಿಪ್ರಸಾದ್ ನಾಡಿಗ್ ಆರಂಭದಲ್ಲಿ ತಿಳಿಸಿದರು.

ಇದೇ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಕೃಷಿ ಸಂಪದದ ಸಂಪಾದಕರಾದ ಅಡ್ಡೂರು ಕೃಷ್ಣರಾವ್ ರವರು, ಕೃಷಿ ಹಾಗು ಗ್ರಾಮೀಣ ಬದುಕಿನ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಕಾಳಜಿಯಿರುವ ಎಲ್ಲರಿಗೂ ವೇದಿಕೆ ಒದಗಿಸುವ ಉದ್ದೇಶದಿಂದ ಇ-ಮ್ಯಾಗಜೀನ್ ಅನ್ನು ಆರಂಭಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ ಎಂದು ತಿಳಿಸಿ, ಇದರ ಉದ್ದೇಶಗಳನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸಿದರು.

ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನ "ಕೃಷಿ ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞರ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ" ಯಲ್ಲಿ ನೆಡೆದ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಹಲವಾರು ಆಸಕ್ತರು ಭಾಗವಹಿಸಿದ್ದರು. "ಕೃಷಿ ಸಂಪದ" ಬಿಡುಗಡೆಯ ಬಳಿಕ ಜರುಗಿದ ಸಂವಾದದಲ್ಲಿ ಚುರುಕಿನ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೋತ್ತರ ಜರುಗಿತು. ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮ ಸೆಂಟರ್ ಫಾರ್ ಇಂಟರ್ನೆಟ್ & ಸೊಸೈಟಿ, ಸಂಪದ ಹಾಗು ಕೃಷಿ ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞರ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ - ಇವರ ಸಹಯೋಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಯೋಜಿಸಲಾಗಿತ್ತು.

ಇ-ಮ್ಯಾಗಜೀನ್ ಪ್ರತಿಯನ್ನು ಕೃಷಿ ಸಂಪದದ ತಾಣದಿಂದ ಡೌನ್ ಲೋಡ್ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ: http://krushi.sampada.net

ನಿಮ್ಮ ಅನಿಸಿಕೆ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿಗಳನ್ನು ಕೃಷಿಸಂಪದ ತಂಡಕ್ಕೆ ಇ-ಮೈಲ್ ಮೂಲಕ ಕಳುಹಿಸಿ ಕೊಡಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ: krushi@sampada.net

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/c95cc3cb7cbf-cb8c82caaca6-c87-caeccdcafcbec97c9cca8ccd-caccbfca1cc1c97ca1cc6

National Workshop on Web Accessibility

radha — 2011-08-31T10:46:56Z

The Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) and Society for Promotion of Alternative Computing and Employment (SPACE) are organizing a workshop on web accessibility for web developers from the public and private sector from September 25th to 26th, 2009.

The workshop seeks to bring together practitioners from Government Departments, as well as from small and medium enterprises across the country. The primary aim of this workshop is to demonstrate the importance of creating accessible web sites and to educate the developers of government and private web sites on how to incorporate accessibility features into new as well as existing web sites.

The training comprises both theory-oriented and practical sessions. The trainers are specialists in various aspects of web accessibility. The main focus will be on WCAG 2.0 guidelines. The workshop is for persons already involved in developing web sites with good knowledge of HTML, XML, CSS, etc. In addition to training web developers in accessibility, the workshop will also serve as a platform for capacity building by training potential accessibility trainers.

The programme is supported by Kerala State IT Mission, which runs INSIGHT - ICT Centre for the differently abled in association with SPACE.

The workshop will take place at Christ Nagar International School, Kowdiar, Thiruvananthapuram, between 09:30-17:30 hours each day.

Hurry! Interested persons are requested to register immediately as seats are limited.

Candidates may register directly on the website at http://c11.space-kerala.org/webw/ OR fill the application form attached and post/ submit to SPACE office (contact@space-kerala.org, thomas@space-kerala.org)

SPACE Office Address
Society for Promotion of Alternative Computing and Employment
C-11, Elankom Gardens,
Vellayambalam, Thiruvananthapuram
Kerala, India

To download the registeration form, please click here

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/events/announcement-of-national-workshop-on-web-accessibility

Wiki Academy

radha — 2009-09-17T10:56:47Z

More information on press coverage on the workshop held in Mangalore on Wiki Academy

Pre-event:

Press Coverage:

http://beta.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/article6940.ece - “You can edit Wikipedia in your own language”
http://beta.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/article6904.ece - “Learn Wikipedia today in Mangalore”

http://deccanheraldepaper.com//svww_showarticle.php?art=20090822q_003100017 – Deccan Herald

Post-event:

Press Coverage, Blogs:

http://beta.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/article6904.ece – The Hindu (“Tale of another Mangalore on Wikipedia”)
http://beta.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/article7437.ece?viewImage=1 – release of St. Aloysius media booklet/mag.
http://staloysiuscollege.wordpress.com/2009/08/22/ - St. Aloysius wrap up.
http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=64564&n_tit=Manglore%3A+State-level+%27Wiki+Academy%27+Daylong+Seminar+at+St+Aloysius – Daiji World
http://www.deccanherald.com/content/21128/information-should-allowed-travel-freely.html

Translation of press account:

ಮಂಗಳೂರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಕಿಮೀಡಿಯಾ ಕಾರ್ಯಾಗಾರ
(ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾದಲ್ಲೂ ಮಂಗಳೂರು ಉಂಟು!)
ತುಂಬಿದ ಸಭೆಯ ನಡುವಿನಿಂದ ಒಬ್ಬ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಕೇಳಿದ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಎಲ್ಲರನ್ನೂ ಚಕಿತಗೊಳಿಸಿತು. 'ಮಂಗಳೂರು ಅಂತ ನೀವು ಹೇಳೋದು ಯಾವ ಊರಿನ ಬಗ್ಗೆ? ಅದು ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ ಕಡಲನಗರಿ ಮಂಗಳೂರಾ ಅಥವಾ ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾದ ಪಟ್ಟಣದ ಬಗ್ಗೆಯಾ?'
ವೇದಿಕೆ ಮೇಲಿದ್ದ ಸಂಪನ್ಮೂಲ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳಾದ ಹರಿ ಪ್ರಸಾದ ನಾಡಿಗ್‌ ಮತ್ತು ಜಿ.ಎನ್‌. ಪ್ರಶಾಂತ್ ಸೇರಿದಂತೆ ಎಲ್ಲರೂ ಅರೆಕ್ಷಣ ಅವಾಕ್ಕಾದರು.
ಆಗಸ್ಟ್‌ ೨೧ ಹಾಗೂ ೨೨ರಂದು ಮಂಗಳೂರಿನ ಸೇಂಟ್‌ ಅಲೋಷಿಯಸ್‌ ಕಾಲೇಜಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಹಮ್ಮಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲಾಗಿದ್ದ ವಿಕಿ ಮೀಡಿಯಾ ಕಾರ್ಯಾಗಾರ ಶುರುವಾಗಿದ್ದು ಹೀಗೆ. ಕಾಲೇಜಿನ ಪತ್ರಿಕೋದ್ಯಮ ಮತ್ತು ಸಂವನಹ ವಿಭಾಗ, ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನ ವಿಕಿ ಮೀಡಿಯಾ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ ಜಂಟಿಯಾಗಿ ಹಮ್ಮಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದ ಈ ಕಾರ್ಯಾಗಾರ ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು ಕುತೂಹಲ ಕೆರಳಿಸಿತ್ತು. ಹೀಗಾಗಿ, ಸಭೆ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಗುತ್ತಲೇ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳು ಶುರುವಾದವು.
'ಮಂಗಳೂರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ಕಾರ್ಯಾಗಾರ ಹಮ್ಮಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ತುಂಬ ಸಂತಸವಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ' ಎಂದು ಮಾತು ಶುರು ಮಾಡಿದ ಪ್ರಶಾಂತ್, ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾದ ವಿಶೇಷತೆಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ವಿವರಿಸಿದರು. 'ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾರು ಬೇಕಾದರೂ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ಸೇರಿಸಬಹುದು, ಎಡಿಟ್ ಮಾಡಬಹುದು, ಇದು ಮಾಹಿತಿ ಕೋಶ ಇದ್ದಂತೆ. ನಿತ್ಯ, ಹೊಸ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ಸೇರ್ಪಡೆಯಾಗುತ್ತಲೇ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ' ಎಂದೆಲ್ಲ ಹೇಳಿದರು. 'ಮಂಗಳೂರು ಕುರಿತು ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಸುಮಾರು ೨೫ ಭಾಷೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಸ್ತಾಪ ಇದೆ' ಎಂದು ಹೇಳುತ್ತಿದ್ದಂತೆ ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹೆಮ್ಮೆ, ರೋಮಾಂಚನ.
ಆಗ ಬಂದಿದ್ದೇ ಎಲ್ಲರನ್ನೂ ಚಕಿತಗೊಳಿಸಿದ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ: ಸಭೆಯ ನಡುವಿನಿಂದ ಎದ್ದು ನಿಂತ ಪ್ರೇಕ್ಷಕರೊಬ್ಬರು, 'ನೀವು ಪ್ರಸ್ತಾಪಿಸುತ್ತಿರುವುದು ಯಾವ ಮಂಗಳೂರಿನ ಬಗ್ಗೆ? ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ ಮಂಗಳೂರಾ ಅಥವಾ ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾದ ವಿಕ್ಟೋರಿಯಾದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಮಂಗಳೂರಾ?' ಎಂದು ಪ್ರಶ್ನಿಸಿದಾಗ, ಸಂಪನ್ಮೂಲ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳಾದ ಹರಿ ಪ್ರಸಾದ್ ನಾಡಿಗ್‌ ಮತ್ತು ಜಿ.ಎನ್‌. ಪ್ರಶಾಂತ್ ಅಷ್ಟೇ ಅಲ್ಲ, ವೇದಿಕೆಯ ಮೇಲಿದ್ದ ಪ್ರಾಚಾರ್ಯರಾದ ಸ್ವೆಬೆರ್ಟ್‌ ಡಿಸಿಲ್ವಾ, ಪತ್ರಿಕೋದ್ಯಮ ವಿಭಾಗದ ಮುಖ್ಯಸ್ಥ ರಿಚರ್ಡ್‌ ರೇಗೊ ಕೂಡ ಚಕಿತರಾದರು.
ತಕ್ಷಣ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಂಗಳೂರು ಶಬ್ದ ಟೈಪಿಸಿ ಶೋಧ ನಡೆಸಲಾಯಿತು. ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ ಮಂಗಳೂರಿನ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು ಮಾಹಿತಿ ಇದ್ದರೂ, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾದ ಮಂಗಳೂರು ಎಂಬ ಪಟ್ಟಣದ ಬಗ್ಗೆಯೂ ಪ್ರಸ್ತಾಪವಿರುವ ಅಂಶ ಬೆಳಕಿಗೆ ಬಂತು. ಅಷ್ಟೇ ಅಲ್ಲ, ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾದ ಮಂಗಳೂರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ರೈಲ್ವೇ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ ಮತ್ತು ವಿಮಾನ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣವೂ ಇದೆ ಎಂಬ ವಿಷಯ ಗೊತ್ತಾಯಿತು. ಅದನ್ನು ನೋಡಿ ಎಲ್ಲರಿಗೂ ಆಶ್ಚರ್ಯ. ನಮ್ಮೂರಿನ ಹೆಸರಿನದೇ ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ಊರು ದೂರದ ದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿದೆ ಎಂಬ ಅಂಶ ತಿಳಿದುಕೊಂಡ ಸಂಭ್ರಮ.
ಇಂಥ ಹಲವಾರು ವಿಷಯಗಳಿಗೆ ಎರಡು ದಿನದ ವಿಕಿಮೀಡಿಯಾ ಕಾರ್ಯಾಗಾರ ಸಾಕ್ಷಿಯಾಯಿತು. 'ಒಂದೇ ಹೆಸರಿನ ಎರಡು ಸ್ಥಳಗಳ ವಿಷಯ ಬಂದಾಗ, ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾ ಅದನ್ನು ಸ್ಪಷ್ಟವಾಗಿ ಗುರುತಿಸಿ ನಿಮ್ಮೆದುರು ಆಯ್ಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ಇರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ನಿಮಗೆ ಬೇಕಾದ ಸ್ಥಳದ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯನ್ನು ನೀವಲ್ಲಿ ಸುಲಭವಾಗಿ ಪಡೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಬಹುದು' ಎಂದರು ಪ್ರಶಾಂತ್ ಮತ್ತು ನಾಡಿಗ್. ವಿವಾದಾತ್ಮ,ಕ ವಿಷಯಗಳ ಕುರಿತಂತೆ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾ ಸ್ಪಷ್ಟ ನಿಲುವು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ. 'ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಬರಹ ಪೂರ್ಣವಲ್ಲ, ಈ ಕುರಿತಂತೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯನ್ನು ಅಥವಾ ಇನ್ನೂ ನಿಖರವಾದ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯನ್ನು ಒದಗಿಸಬಹುದು ಎಂದು ಸ್ಪಷ್ಟಪಡಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಎಷ್ಟೋ ವಿಷಯಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದಂತೆ, ಇಲ್ಲಿಯ ಬರವಣಿಗೆ ವಿಕಿಮೀಡಿಯಾ ಒಪ್ಪಿದ ಮಾದರಿಯಲ್ಲಿಲ್ಲ. ನೀವದನ್ನು ಸೂಕ್ತವಾಗಿ ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಬಹುದು ಎಂಬ ಸೂಚನೆ ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಹೀಗಾಗಿ, ಇದು ನಿತ್ಯ ಬದಲಾಗುವ, ಸಮೃದ್ಧವಾಗುವ ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ' ಎಂದರು ಅವರು.
ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾದ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭದ ದಿನದಿಂದ ಸಕ್ರಿಯವಾಗಿ ಪಾಲ್ಗೊಂಡಿರುವ ಹರಿ ಪ್ರಸಾದ್‌ ನಾಡಿಗ್‌ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾದ ಹುಟ್ಟು, ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆ, ನೀತಿ, ಪಾಲ್ಗೊಳ್ಳುವಿಕೆ ಮುಂತಾದವನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸಿದರು. ವಿಷಯವನ್ನು ಸೇರಿಸುವುದು ಹೇಗೆ? ಎಡಿಟ್‌ ಹೇಗೆ ಮಾಡಬೇಕು? ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು ಪ್ರಾಯೋಗಿಕವಾಗಿ ತೋರಿಸಿದರು. ಕಾರ್ಯಾಗಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ಪಾಲ್ಗೊಂಡ ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಗಳಿಂದಲೇ ಎಡಿಟ್ ಮಾಡಿಸಿದರು. ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾ ಬರಹಗಳಲ್ಲಾದ ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ಬರವಣಿಗೆಯನ್ನೂ ನಿರ್ವಾಹಕರಾಗಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುವ ಸ್ವಯಂ ಸೇವಕರು ಪರಿಶೀಲಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಹೀಗಾಗಿ, ಗುಣಮಟ್ಟ ಕಾಪಾಡಿಕೊಂಡು ಬರಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾಗಿದೆ ಎಂದು ನಾಡಿಗ್ ವಿವರಿಸಿದರು.
ಕಾರ್ಯಾಗಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆಳಕಿಗೆ ಬಂದ ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ಮಹತ್ವದ ವಿಷಯವೆಂದರೆ, ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಯೊಬ್ಬ ಈಗಾಗಲೇ ಹಲವಾರು ಲೇಖನಗಳನ್ನು ಸೇರಿಸಿರುವುದು. ಮಿಲಿಟರಿಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದಂತೆ ತಾನು ಬರೆದಿರುವ ಲೇಖನಗಳನ್ನು ಆತ ತೋರಿಸಿದಾಗ ಎಲ್ಲರಿಗೂ ಆಶ್ಚರ್ಯ. ಜೊತೆಗೆ, ತಾವು ಕೂಡಾ ಈ ರೀತಿ ಸಕ್ರಿಯರಾಗಬಹುದು ಎಂಬ ಖುಷಿ.
ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾದ ಹಲವಾರು ಸಾಧ್ಯತೆಗಳ ಕುರಿತೂ ಕಾರ್ಯಾಗಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿವರಿಸಲಾಯ್ತು. 'ಯಾರು, ಯಾವ ವಿಷಯದ ಬಗ್ಗೆಯೂ ಲೇಖನ ಬರೆಯಬಹುದು, ಬರೆದಿದ್ದನ್ನು ಎಡಿಟ್ ಮಾಡಬಹುದು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ವ್ಯಕ್ತವಾದ ಅಭಿಪ್ರಾಯಗಳನ್ನು ಪ್ರಶ್ನಿಸಬಹುದು, ಚರ್ಚೆ ನಡೆಸಬಹುದು. ಈ ಎಲ್ಲ ಕೆಲಸದಿಂದ ಸಿಗುವ ಲಾಭವೆಂದರೆ, ತೃಪ್ತಿ' ಎಂದರು ಪ್ರಶಾಂತ್ ಮತ್ತು ಹರಿ ಪ್ರಸಾದ ನಾಡಿಗ್‌.
ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾ ಕನ್ನಡ ಆವೃತ್ತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಈಗಾಗಲೇ ೬,೫೦೦ಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಲೇಖನಗಳಿವೆ. ನಿತ್ಯ ಹೊಸ ಲೇಖನಗಳು ಸೇರ್ಪಡೆಯಾಗುವುದರ ಜೊತೆಗೆ, ಹಲವಾರು ಲೇಖನಗಳು ಪುನರ್ ಸಂಪಾದನೆಯಾಗುತ್ತಲೇ ಇವೆ. ಇದೊಂದು ಚಲನಶೀಲ ತಾಣ ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು ಕಾರ್ಯಾಗಾರ ಬಿಂಬಿಸಿತು. ಹಲವಾರು ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಗಳು ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾ ಕೆಲಸದಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಯಮಿತವಾಗಿ ತೊಡಗುವ ಉತ್ಸಾಹ ತೋರಿದರು.
ಎರಡು ದಿನಗಳ ಅವಧಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ಪಾಲಿಗೆ ಹೊಸ ಜಗತ್ತೊಂದು ತೆರೆದುಕೊಂಡಿತ್ತು.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/uploads/wiki-academy

Agriculture, ICT and Community

radha — 2011-04-05T04:29:16Z

Sampada Foundation in collaboration with Centre for Internet and Society, Bangalore and Institution of Agricultural Technologists present: 'Agriculture, ICT and Community'

Sampada Foundation in collaboration with Centre for Internet and Society, Bangalore and Institution of Agricultural Technologists present:
Agriculture, ICT and Community on the 21st of September, 2009 at 10am. The agenda for the day will be as follows:

Sampada Community - an overview (15 minutes)
Introduction: Krushi Sampada (15 minutes)
Launch of e-book - By Nagesh Hegde
Talk by Addoor Krishna Rao: “Transformations in Agricultural Sector”
Discussion: Agriculture, ICT and Community

There will be no entry or registration fees. All are invited and are welcome to bring their friends along.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/events/agriculture-ict-and-community

User generated content, citizen journalism and news

radha — 2011-04-05T04:28:42Z

Public Talk by Jamillah Knowles who is an online and radio journalist for the BBC on the 26th of September, Saturday at 16:00 hrs

Jamillah Knowles is an online and radio journalist for the BBC. She has 15 years experience working in the new business on many platforms. Starting in newspapers as a photographer she spent a great deal of time in print, moving on to radio for several years with BBC Radio Five Live and World Service before making a jump to online news.

Currently she works in the User Generated Content Hub at the BBC providing contacts, images, case studies and eyewitness accounts in multimedia form for all news outlets across the corporation.

In her spare time she makes the Pods and Blogs radio show for BBC Radio Five Live about digital life online. Over the past year she has been working on developing relationships with online citizen reporters and looking at how social networks can play a role in creative news making.

This talk is about how the BBC has embraced user generated content and how it has changed our news environment in the way we research and provide news for radio, television and online.

VIDEOS

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/events/user-generated-content-citizen-journalism-and-news