The Centre for Internet and Society
https://cis-india.org
These are the search results for the query, showing results 121 to 135.
Podcast on 'Abortion rights and privacy' with PI
https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/podcast-on-abortion-rights-and-privacy-with-pi
<b>Ambika Tandon recorded a podcast with Privacy International on abortion rights, bodily autonomy, and privacy in the Indian and Argentinian context, which was released on December 6, 2018.</b>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The participants in the podcast are Eva Blum-Dumontet from Privacy International, Eduardo Ferreyra from Asociacion pos los Derechos Civiles, and Ambika herself. Listen to the <a class="external-link" href="https://soundcloud.com/privacyinternational/gender-and-privacy-series-abortion">podcast here</a>.</p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/podcast-on-abortion-rights-and-privacy-with-pi'>https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/podcast-on-abortion-rights-and-privacy-with-pi</a>
</p>
No publisherAdminInternet GovernancePrivacy2018-12-25T01:09:47ZNews ItemTeaching at Shristi Interlude
https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/teaching-at-shristi-interlude
<b>Shweta Mohandas is participating as a mentor for Srishti Interlude (a set of workshops that help the design students to produce outputs on a given theme) the theme of this year is Privacy. The course would end on December 7, 2018.</b>
<p>1. Aravani Art Project</p>
<ul>
<li> Is LGBTQ desire only public at a queer pride parade?</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li> How private is my bedroom?</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li> How does an insult unfold in ‘public view’ ? </li>
</ul>
<p><br /> 2. Padmini Ray Murray</p>
<ul>
<li> Is LGBTQ desire only public at a queer pride parade?</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li> How private is my bedroom?</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li> “Move fast and break things.” Do you trust Facebook with your privacy?</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><br /> 3. Joshua Muyiwa</p>
<ul>
<li> Is LGBTQ desire only public at a queer pride parade?</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li> How private is my bedroom?</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li> Profits should be private, risks should be public and art should be beautiful?</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><br /> 4. Roshan Sahi</p>
<ul>
<li> Profits should be private, risks should be public and art should be beautiful?</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li> “Move fast and break things.” Do you trust Facebook with your privacy?</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li> How does an insult unfold in ‘public view’ ? </li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><br /> 5. Shweta Mohandas</p>
<ul>
<li> “Move fast and break things.” Do you trust Facebook with your privacy?</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li> Is caste “Sensitive Personal Data”? How does an insult unfold in ‘public view’? </li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><br /> 6. Suresh Kumar</p>
<ul>
<li> Is caste “Sensitive Personal Data”?</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li> Profits should be private, risks should be public and art should be beautiful?</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li> How does an insult unfold in ‘public view’? </li>
</ul>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/teaching-at-shristi-interlude'>https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/teaching-at-shristi-interlude</a>
</p>
No publisherAdminInternet GovernancePrivacy2018-12-05T02:53:15ZNews ItemReport: From Oppression to Liberation: Reclaiming the Right to Privacy
https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/report-from-oppression-to-liberation-reclaiming-the-right-to-privacy
<b>Eva Blum-Dumontet, Research Officer at Privacy International, published her report on gender and privacy on November 28, 2018. The report, titled 'From Oppression to Liberation: Reclaiming the Right to Privacy', traces the history of privacy as a tool of oppressing women across different spheres, eventually calling for a feminist reclamation of privacy. Ambika Tandon was quoted. </b>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Whose privacy are we fighting for when we say we defend the right to privacy? In this report we take a hard look at the right to privacy and its reality for women, trans and gender diverse people. We highlight how historically privacy has been appropriated by patriarchal rule and systems of oppression to keep women, trans and gender diverse people in the private sphere. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>For us, this report is also an opportunity to show how surveillance and data exploitation are also uniquely affecting women, trans and gender diverse people. We demonstrate how patriarchy and systems of oppression rely on surveillance to perpetuate themselves and how surveillance and data exploitation need the rigid and gender-normative categories of patriarchy to function. We conclude by presenting how protecting the right to privacy can address some of these challenges.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>We hope this report will be read as a call for action: privacy needs to be reclaimed by women, trans and gender diverse people.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><a class="external-link" href="http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/files/from-opression-to-liberation">Download the report</a><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/report-from-oppression-to-liberation-reclaiming-the-right-to-privacy'>https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/report-from-oppression-to-liberation-reclaiming-the-right-to-privacy</a>
</p>
No publisherAdminInternet GovernancePrivacy2018-12-05T02:48:31ZNews ItemFacebook Privacy Design Sprint
https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/facebook-privacy-design-sprint
<b>Pranav Bidare and Saumyaa Naidu participated in the Facebook Privacy Design Sprint on Friday, November 30, 2018.</b>
<p><img src="https://cis-india.org/home-images/FacebookPrivacyDesignSprintInvitation30thNovember.png/@@images/a737a9d8-6924-405e-a31b-45310d2d2a9b.png" alt="Facebook Privacy Design " class="image-inline" title="Facebook Privacy Design " /></p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/facebook-privacy-design-sprint'>https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/facebook-privacy-design-sprint</a>
</p>
No publisherAdminInternet GovernancePrivacy2018-12-04T16:28:41ZNews ItemDanish Expert Group on Data Ethics
https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/danish-expert-group-on-data-ethics
<b>Amber Sinha was one of the stakeholders who provided inputs to the Danish Expert Group on Data Ethics in June 2018 during their visit to New Delhi. The Expert Group has prepared and submitted its final report.</b>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><span>In April the Danish Expert Group on Data Ethics commenced work on developing recommendations on Data Ethics for the Danish Government. The expert group have now handed over their recommendations to the Danish Minister of Industry, Business and Financial Affairs. <a class="external-link" href="http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/files/data-for-the-benefit-of-people">Read the report</a>.<br /></span></p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/danish-expert-group-on-data-ethics'>https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/danish-expert-group-on-data-ethics</a>
</p>
No publisherAdminInternet GovernanceData ProtectionData ManagementPrivacy2018-12-01T04:42:42ZNews ItemCyberspace and External Affairs:A Memorandum for India Summary
https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/arindrajit-basu-and-elonnai-hickok-november-30-2018-cyberspace-and-external-affairs
<b>This memorandum seeks to summarise the state of the global debate in cyberspace; outline how India can craft it’s global strategic vision and finally, provides a set of recommendations for the MEA as they craft their cyber diplomacy strategy.</b>
<p class="moz-quote-pre" style="text-align: justify; ">It limits itself to advocating certain procedural steps that the Ministry of External Affairs should take towards propelling India forward as a leading voice in the global cyber norms space and explains why occupying this leadership position should be a vital foreign policy priority. It does not delve into content-based recommendations at this stage. Further, this memorandum is not meant to serve as exhaustive academic research on the subject but builds on previous research by the Centre for Internet & Society in this area to highlight key policy windows that can be driven by India.</p>
<p class="moz-quote-pre" style="text-align: justify; ">This memorandum provides a background to global norms formation focussing on key global developments over the past month; traces the opportunities s for India to play a lead role in the global norms formulation debate and then charts out process related recommendations on next steps towards India taking this forward.</p>
<hr />
<p class="moz-quote-pre" style="text-align: justify; "><a class="external-link" href="http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/files/cyberspace-and-external-affairs">Click here</a> to read more</p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/arindrajit-basu-and-elonnai-hickok-november-30-2018-cyberspace-and-external-affairs'>https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/arindrajit-basu-and-elonnai-hickok-november-30-2018-cyberspace-and-external-affairs</a>
</p>
No publisherArindrajit Basu and Elonnai HickokCyber SecurityInternet GovernancePrivacy2018-12-01T04:10:51ZBlog EntryInformational Privacy in India: An Emerging Discourse
https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/informational-privacy-in-india-an-emerging-discourse
<b>Centre for Policy Research supported by Omidyar Network organized this event in New Delhi on November 29, 2018. Amber Sinha was a speaker on the first panel on privacy and its tradeoffs.</b>
<h3>Concept Note</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The last few years have seen a formalisation of the right to informational privacy within India’s constitutional framework. While the context to this – the challenge to the validity of the Aadhaar project – has entailed broader issues on delivery of public goods and services, the response to whether an individual can assert control over key informational aspects of her life has become a critical part of our rights jurisprudence.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The Supreme Court verdict in Justice Puttaswamy’s case (2017) unequivocally affirmed this right despite leaving open several important aspects including the permissibility of restrictions on this right, and the level of scrutiny which the judiciary could exercise to safeguard them. What was particularly striking was the judicial reliance on considerable scholarship emerging from India and Indian scholars on important themes pertaining to this right: the differing conceptions of privacy and the role for each of them within India’s constitutional framework; the impact of privacy erosion on citizen-State relationship and private transactions in the commercial realm; surveillance tools and technologies in India; the need for an indigenous data protection law, and much more. The court has picked up on this thread in the second Puttaswamy verdict upholding the constitutional validity of Aadhaar with some important caveats and exceptions.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Recently, the Expert Committee headed by retired Justice Srikrishna also convened to come out with a draft personal data protection bill. The centrality of data to both commercial activity and governance purposes has found recognition in this bill. While the present legal regime to regulate data in India can be considered chequered at best with divergent regulations across finance, healthcare, telecom, mobility etc., the new bill aims to create a “big data-ready” framework. It impacts any private enterprise handling personal data by stipulating new internal procedures and strong penalties. The major themes in the bill are new user rights for data principals (individuals) who share their data with data fiduciaries (technology companies); data localisation and crossborder data flows; data protection authority (DPA) and its powers; data fiduciaries and new compliance requirements; and exceptions including law enforcement. Each of these carries major implications for data-driven solutions.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">During the deliberations of the Committee too, substantial Indian scholarship on the themes listed above have been referenced and relied upon. This is truly a breakout moment for privacy and data protection in India. It is changing the terrain of institutional responses to personal data, technology architectures, and digital trade.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Discussion Objectives and Format</b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">With the above background, the Centre for Policy Research conducted a closed-door, invite only discussion on November 29, 2018 on the theme Informational Privacy in India: An Emerging Discourse. This discussion sought to engage with representatives from embassies, chambers of commerce and research funding organisations located in India. It took place from 10.00 to 13.00 hours at the Taj Vivanta Ambassador, Sujan Singh Park off Subramaniam Bharti Marg, New Delhi 110003.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The core objectives driving this workshop were to:</p>
<ul>
<li>Highlight informational privacy debates in India;</li>
<li>Locate informational privacy within India’s constitutional setting, closely re-examining the Supreme Court verdicts in this regard;</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Explore themes such as the notice-and-consent framework, regulatory interventions and structural changes, and other key themes on privacy and data protection in India;</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Demystify concepts introduced to strengthen personal data protection, including actor and data categories, and new user rights, and their potential impact on technology design;</li>
<li>Highlight the ramifications of data localization and cross-border data transfer restrictions, on digital trade and e-commerce;</li>
<li>Decode the new structural mechanisms proposed to mitigate risks in collection, storage, and processing of personal data;</li>
<li>Identify the impact of these mechanisms on the functioning of data-driven businesses and the future of data innovation in India.</li>
</ul>
<div>Click to <a class="external-link" href="http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/files/informational-privacy-in-india">view the agenda</a></div>
<ul>
</ul>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/informational-privacy-in-india-an-emerging-discourse'>https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/informational-privacy-in-india-an-emerging-discourse</a>
</p>
No publisherAdminInternet GovernancePrivacy2018-12-01T05:40:31ZNews ItemBriefing on BBC News pan-India research on how 'fake news' / digital misinformation spreads
https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/briefing-on-bbc-news-pan-india-research-on-how-fake-news-digital-misinformation-spreads
<b>Amber Sinha participated in a special private briefing on the BBC's pan India research on how misinformation spreads. The briefing was conducted on November 16, 2018 in New Delhi.</b>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The briefing was very useful in understanding both the methodology employed by the researchers, and how they arrived ate certain findings. The report can be <a class="external-link" href="https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/duty-identity-credibility.pdf">accessed here</a>.</p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/briefing-on-bbc-news-pan-india-research-on-how-fake-news-digital-misinformation-spreads'>https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/briefing-on-bbc-news-pan-india-research-on-how-fake-news-digital-misinformation-spreads</a>
</p>
No publisherAdminInternet GovernancePrivacy2018-12-05T14:01:10ZNews ItemBuilding a Community of Practice: Reflections from 2nd All Partners
https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/building-a-community-of-practice-reflections-from-2nd-all-partners
<b>On Wednesday, November 14th, the Partnership on AI held its 2nd annual All Partners Meeting in San Francisco, California. Representatives from our 80+ member organizations – for-profit companies, civil society organizations, academic institutions, and advocacy groups – traveled from across the globe to reflect on 2018 progress, and to plan for the future.</b>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Elonnai Hickok participated in the event held in San Francisco on November 14 and 15, 2018. The event was organized by Partnership on AI. On November 14, Elonnai spoke on the panel on the PAI working groups and on November 15 she co-lead the AI Labor and Economy working group meeting as co-chair of the group. More details can be <a class="external-link" href="https://www.partnershiponai.org/building-a-community-of-practice-reflections-from-our-2nd-all-partners-meeting/">accessed here</a>.</p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/building-a-community-of-practice-reflections-from-2nd-all-partners'>https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/building-a-community-of-practice-reflections-from-2nd-all-partners</a>
</p>
No publisherAdminInternet GovernancePrivacy2018-12-01T04:18:52ZNews ItemSurveillance Stories: Optimizing rights and governance
https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/surveillance-stories-optimizing-rights-and-governance
<b>Sunil Abraham gave a talk at the National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore on October 16, 2018. Sunil used a series of stories to explain how surveillance works and fails in the context of theft, murder, insider trading, terrorism, demonetization and encounter killings. </b>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><img src="https://cis-india.org/home-images/Abraham.jpg/@@images/27cd9d50-b82d-4556-aad2-431d99174b07.jpeg" alt="Surveillance Talk" class="image-inline" title="Surveillance Talk" /></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">These stories were used to explore multiple technical solutions for solving the “surveillance optimization problem”. Policy makers have to simultaneously maximize various rights — the right to privacy, the right to transparency, the right to free speech — and uphold the imperatives of the nation state: national security, law enforcement and effective governance. <br /> <br />Two decades ago, Lawrence Lessig introduced a socioeconomic theory of regulation called the ‘pathetic dot theory’, which discusses how individuals in a society are regulated by four forces — law, code or technical infrastructure, market and social norms. The talk will explore how these four regulatory options contribute to solving the surveillance optimization problem.</p>
<hr />
<p style="text-align: justify; ">This was published on the website of <a class="external-link" href="https://www.ncbs.res.in/events/apls-20181016-surveillance-abraham">National Centre for Biological Sciences</a></p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/surveillance-stories-optimizing-rights-and-governance'>https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/surveillance-stories-optimizing-rights-and-governance</a>
</p>
No publisherAdminSurveillanceInternet GovernancePrivacy2018-10-31T01:39:56ZNews ItemParticipation in the meetings of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27 'IT Security techniques'
https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/participation-in-the-meetings-of-iso-iec-jtc-1-sc-27-it-security-techniques
<b>From 30 September 2018 to 4 October 2018, Gurshabad Grover participated in the meetings of the working groups of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27 'IT Security techniques' held in Gjøvik, Norway. The meetings were organized by Standards Norway with support from NTNU, Microsoft, Telenor, et.al.</b>
<p>Gurshabad mainly focused on the meetings of Working Group 5 responsible for standards and research in "Identity management and privacy technologies" in SC 27. I attended sessions discussing work related to current ISO/IEC standards and upcoming work in the WG, such as:</p>
<ul>
<li>Establishing a PII deletion concept in organizations</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Privacy guidelines for smart cities</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Additional privacy-enhancing data de-identification standards</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Extension to ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 for privacy information management</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>User-centric framework for PII handling based on user privacy preferences</li>
</ul>
<p><br />Gurshabad will be a co-rapporteur on a 12-month study period to investigate the 'Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Privacy' which was initiated by the WG in the meeting. Additionally, I was a part of the drafting committee which prepared the final resolutions and liaison statements from the meeting.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Gurshabad also attended the Norwegian Business Forum on cyber security which was held on October 4th, which featured talks by professionals and academicians working in cyber security in their different sectors. The agenda for the business forum can be <a class="external-link" href="http://www.standard.no/en/kurs-og-arrangementer/arrangement-standard-norge-og-nek/arrangement-fra-standard-norge/business-forum---cyber-security/">found here</a>.</p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/participation-in-the-meetings-of-iso-iec-jtc-1-sc-27-it-security-techniques'>https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/participation-in-the-meetings-of-iso-iec-jtc-1-sc-27-it-security-techniques</a>
</p>
No publisherAdminInternet GovernanceArtificial IntelligencePrivacy2018-10-31T01:28:29ZNews ItemTechnology Foresight Group Tandem Research's AI policy lab on the theme AI and Environment
https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/technology-foresight-group-tandem-researchs-ai-policy-lab-on-the-theme-ai-and-environment
<b>Shweta Mohandas attended a roundtable discussion on artificial intelligence and environment held at Tandem Research's office in Goa on October 5, 2018. She also made the framing intervention for the first session by addressing the question - What are the likely ethical conundrums, and plausible unintended consequences of the use of AI for sustainability?</b>
<dl style="text-align: justify; ">
<p>Conversations at the lab clustered around four main themes:</p>
<p><b>AI in the Anthropocene</b><br />What are the most critical sustainability challenges in India – and can AI be useful in addressing them? What are the likely ethical conundrums, and plausible unintended consequences of the use of AI for sustainability?<br /><br /><b>Conservation after nature</b><br />What AI interventions are possible to foster better conservation and can AI driven citizen science initiatives improve people’s relationship with the natural world? Can AI help imagine a more dynamic and proximate co-existence with other species, after nature?<br /><br /><b>Water ecosystems</b><br />Can AI help us imagine new paradigm of water control and infrastructure that are more dynamic and ‘mirror’ the complexity of natural water systems? Will AI lead to decentralization and empowerment of water users or will it result in centralized models and loss of power and agency of water users?<br /><br /><b>Future Cities</b><br />Can AI systems be used to foster sustainability practices around mobility, energy, waste, and help better plan development zones and create early warning systems? What systems can be built to encourage citizen participation for solving sustainability problems and increase transparency and accountability of municipal governments?</p>
</dl>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/technology-foresight-group-tandem-researchs-ai-policy-lab-on-the-theme-ai-and-environment'>https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/technology-foresight-group-tandem-researchs-ai-policy-lab-on-the-theme-ai-and-environment</a>
</p>
No publisherAdminInternet GovernanceArtificial IntelligencePrivacy2018-10-31T01:10:34ZNews ItemConfidentiality of Communications and Privacy of Data in the Digital Age
https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/confidentiality-of-communications-and-privacy-of-data-in-the-digital-age
<b>On September 25, 2018, Elonnai Hickok participated in a side event Confidentiality of Communications and Privacy of Data in the Digital Age organized by INCLO and Privacy International at the Human Rights Council 39th ordinary session. Elonnai spoke on artificial intelligence and privacy.</b>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/confidentiality-of-communications-and-privacy-of-data-in-the-digital-age'>https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/confidentiality-of-communications-and-privacy-of-data-in-the-digital-age</a>
</p>
No publisherpraskrishnaInternet GovernanceArtificial IntelligencePrivacy2018-10-28T06:02:07ZNews ItemDiscrimination in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/oxford-human-rights-hub-arindrajit-basu-october-23-2018-discrimination-in-the-age-of-artificial-intelligence
<b>The dawn of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been celebrated by both government and industry across the globe. AI offers the potential to augment many existing bureaucratic processes and improve human capacity, if implemented in accordance with principles of the rule of law and international human rights norms. Unfortunately, AI-powered solutions have often been implemented in ways that have resulted in the automation, rather than mitigation, of existing societal inequalities.</b>
<p>This was originally published by <a class="external-link" href="http://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/discrimination-in-the-age-of-artificial-intelligence/">Oxford Human Rights Hub</a> on October 23, 2018</p>
<hr />
<p style="text-align: justify; "><img src="https://cis-india.org/home-images/ArtificialIntelligence.jpg/@@images/3b551d39-e419-442c-8c9d-7916a2d39378.jpeg" alt="Artificial Intelligence" class="image-inline" title="Artificial Intelligence" /></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Image Credit: Sarla Catt via Flickr, used under a Creative Commons license available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">In the international human rights law context, AI solutions pose a threat to norms which prohibit discrimination. International Human Rights Law <a href="https://books.google.co.in/books/about/International_Human_Rights_Law.html?id=YkcXAgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y">recognizes that discrimination</a> may take place in two possible ways, directly or indirectly. Direct discrimination occurs when an individual is treated less favourably than someone else similarly situated on one of the grounds prohibited in international law, which, as per the <a href="http://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/Human%20Rights%20Committee,%20General%20Comment%2018.pdf">Human Rights Committee,</a> includes race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Indirect discrimination occurs when a policy, rule or requirement is ‘outwardly neutral’ but has a disproportionate impact on certain groups that are meant to be protected by one of the prohibited grounds of discrimination. A clear example of indirect discrimination recognized by the European Court of Human Rights arose in the case of <a href="http://www.errc.org/cikk.php?cikk=3559"><i>DH&Ors v Czech Republic</i></a>. The ECtHR struck down an apparently neutral set of statutory rules, which implemented a set of tests designed to evaluate the intellectual capability of children but which resulted in an excessively high proportion of minority Roma children scoring poorly and consequently being sent to special schools, possibly because the tests were blind to cultural and linguistic differences. This case acts as a useful analogy for the potential disparate impacts of AI and should serve as useful precedent for future litigation against AI-driven solutions.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Indirect discrimination by AI may occur <a href="https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/ai-and-governance-case-study-pdf">at two stages</a>. First is the <b>usage of incomplete or inaccurate training data</b> that results in the algorithm processing data that may not accurately reflect reality. Cathy O’Neil explains this <a href="https://weaponsofmathdestructionbook.com/">using a simple example</a>. There are two types of crimes-those that are ‘reported’ and others that are only ‘found’ if a policeman is patrolling the area. The first category includes serious crimes such as murder or rape while the second includes petty crimes such as vandalism or possession of illicit drugs in small quantities. Increased police surveillance in areas in US cities where Black or Hispanic people reside lead to more crimes being ‘found’ there. Thus, data is likely to suggest that these communities commit a higher proportion of crimes than they actually do – indirect discrimination that has been empirically been shown through research published by <a href="https://www.propublica.org/article/bias-in-criminal-risk-scores-is-mathematically-inevitable-researchers-say">Pro Publica</a>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Discrimination may also occur at the stage of <b>data processing</b>, which is done through a metaphorical <a href="https://www.sentient.ai/blog/understanding-black-box-artificial-intelligence/">‘black-box’</a> that accepts inputs and generates outputs without revealing to the human developer how the data was processed. This conundrum is compounded by the fact that the algorithms are often utilised to solve an amorphous problem-which attempts to break down a complex question into a simple answer. An example is the development of ‘risk profiles’ of individuals for the <a href="http://fortune.com/longform/ai-bias-problem/">determination of insurance premiums.</a> Data might show that an accident is more likely to take place in inner cities due to more densely packed populations in these areas. Racial and ethnic minorities tend to reside more in these areas, which means that algorithms could learn that minorities are more likely to get into accidents, thereby generating an outcome (‘risk profile’) that indirectly discriminates on grounds of race or ethnicity.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">It would be wrong to ignore discrimination, both direct and indirect, that occurs as a result of human prejudice. The key difference between that and discrimination by AI lies in the ability of other individuals to compel the decision-maker to explain the factors that lead to the outcome in question and testing its validity against principles of human rights. The increasing amounts of discretion and, consequently, power being delegated to autonomous systems mean that principles of accountability which audit and check indirect discrimination need to be built into the design of these systems. In the absence of these principles, we risk surrendering core tenets of human rights law to the whims of an algorithmically crafted reality.</p>
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For more details visit <a href='https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/oxford-human-rights-hub-arindrajit-basu-october-23-2018-discrimination-in-the-age-of-artificial-intelligence'>https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/oxford-human-rights-hub-arindrajit-basu-october-23-2018-discrimination-in-the-age-of-artificial-intelligence</a>
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No publisherArindrajit BasuInternet GovernanceArtificial IntelligencePrivacy2018-10-26T14:47:57ZBlog EntryDebating Ethics: Dignity and Respect in Data Driven Life
https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/debating-ethics-dignity-and-respect-in-data-driven-life
<b>Elonnai Hickok was a speaker in the panel "Move Slower and Fix Things" which was part of the 40th International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners. The event was organized by International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners (ICDPPC) from October 22 - 26, 2018 in Brussels. Elonnai participated in the event on October 24 and 25, 2018.</b>
<p><a class="external-link" href="https://www.privacyconference2018.org/en/conference/programme#day5">Click to read about the Programme here</a></p>
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For more details visit <a href='https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/debating-ethics-dignity-and-respect-in-data-driven-life'>https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/debating-ethics-dignity-and-respect-in-data-driven-life</a>
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No publisherAdminInternet GovernancePrivacy2018-11-07T03:03:25ZNews Item