Centre for Internet and Society

Responsible Data Forum: Discussion on the Risks and Mitigations of releasing Data

vanya — 2015-09-06T14:29:14Z

The Responsible Data Forum initiated a discussion on 26^th August 2015 to discuss the risks and mitigations of releasing data.

The discussion was regarding the question of adoption of adequate measures to mitigate risks to people and communities when some data is prepared to be released or for sharing purposes.

The following concerns entailed the discussion:

What is risk- risks in releasing development data and PII
What kinds of risks are there
Risk to whom?
Risks in dealing with PII, discussed by way of several examples
What is missing from the world

The first thing to be done is that if a dataset is made, then you have the responsibility that no harm is caused to the people who are connected to the dataset and a balance must be created between good use of the data on one hand and protecting data subjects, sources and managers on the other.

To answer what is risk, it was defined to be the “probability of something happening multiplied by the resulting cost or benefit if it does” (Oxford English Dictionary). So it is based on cost/benefit, probability, and a subject. For probability, all possible risks must be considered and work in terms of how much harm would happen and how likely that is about to happen. These issues must be considered necessarily.

An example in this context was that of the Syrian government where the bakeries were targeted as the bombers knew where the bakeries are, making them easy targets. It was discussed how in this backdrop of secure data release mechanism, local context is an important issue.

Another example of bad practice was the leak of information in the Ashley Madison case wherein several people have committed suicide.

Kinds of risk:

physical harm:

The next point of discussion was regarding kinds of the physical risks to data subjects when there is release/sharing of data related to them. Some of them were:

i. security issues
ii. hate speech
iii. voter issues
iv. police action

Hence PII goes both ways- where some choose to run the risk of PII being identified; on the other hand some run the risk of being identified as the releaser of information.

Legal harms- to explain what can be legal harms posed in releasing or sharing data, an example was discussed of an image marking exercise of a military camp wherein people joined in, marked military equipment and discovered people who are from that country.
Reputational harm as an organization primarily.
Privacy breach- which can lead to all sorts of harms.

Risk to whom?

Data subjects – this includes:

i. Data collectors
ii. Data processing team
iii. Person releasing the data
iv. Person using the data

Also, the likely hood of risk ranges from low, medium and high. We as a community are at a risk at worse.

PII:

- Any data which can be used to identify any specific individual. Such information does not only include names, addresses or phone numbers but could also be data sets that don’t in themselves identify an individual.

For example, in some places sharing of social security number is required for HIV+ status check-up; hence, one needs to be aware of the environment of data sets that go into it. In another situation where there is a small population and there is a need to identify people of a street, village or town for the purpose of religion, then even this data set can put them to risk.

Hence, awareness with respect to the demographics is important to ascertain how many people reside in that place, be aware of the environment and accordingly decide what data set must be made.

- Another way to mitigate risks at the time of release/sharing of data is partial release only to some groups, like for the purpose of academics or to data subjects.

- Different examples were discussed to identify how release of data irresponsibly has affected the data subjects and there is a need to work to mitigate harms caused in such cases.

Example- in the New York City taxi case data about every taxi ride was released-including pickup and drop locations, times, fares. Here it becomes more problematic if someone is visiting strip clubs, then re-identification takes place and this necessitates protection of people against such insinuation.

This shows how data sets can lead to re-identification, even when it is not required. Hence, the involved actors must understand the responsibilities when engaging in data collection or release and accordingly mitigate the risks so associated.

- A concern was raised over collection and processing of the information of genetic diseases of a small population since practically it is not possible to guarantee that the information of data subjects to whom the data relates will not be released or exposed or it won’t be re-identifiable. Though best efforts would be made by experts, however, realistically, it is not possible to guarantee people that they will not be identified. So the question of informing people of such risks is highly crucial. It is suggested that one way of mitigating risks is involving the people and letting them know. Awareness regarding potential impact by breach of data or identification is very important.

- Another factor for consideration is the context in which the information was collected. The context for collection of data seems to change over a period of time. For example, many human rights funders want information on their websites changed or removed in the backdrop of changing contexts, circumstances and situation. In this case also, the collection and release of data and the risks associated become important due to changing contexts.

What is missing from the world?

Though recognition of risks has been done and is an ongoing process, what is missing from the world are uniform guidelines, rules or law. There are no policies for informed consent or for any means to mitigate risks collectively in a uniform manner. There must be adoption of principles of necessity, proportionality and informed consent.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/responsible-data-forum

Reply to RTI Application under RTI Act of 2005 from Vanya Rakesh

vanya — 2016-01-13T02:40:57Z

Unique Identification Authority of India replied to the RTI application filed by Vanya Rakesh.

Madam,

Please refer to your RTI application dated 3.12.2015 received in the Division on 10.12.2015 on the subject mentioned above requesting to provide the information in electronic form via the email address vanya@cis-india.org, copies of the artwork in print media released by UIDAI to create awareness about use of Aadhaar not being mandatory.
I am directed to furnish herewith in electronic form, copy of the artwork in print media released / published in the epapers edition of the Times of India and Dainik Jagran in their respective editions of dated 29.8.2015 in a soft copy, about obtaining of Aadhaar not being mandatory for a citizen, as desired.
In case, you want to go for an appeal in connection with the information provided, you may appeal to the Appellate Authority indicated below within thirty days from the date of receipt of this letter.
Shri Harish Lal Verma,
Deputy Director (Media),
Unique Identification Authority of India
3nd Floor, Tower – II, Jeevan Bharati Building,
New Delhi – 110001.

Yours faithfully,

(T Gou Khangin)
Section Officer & CPIO Media Division

Copy for information to: Deputy Director (Establishment) & Nodal CPIO

Below scanned copies:

RTI Reply

Coverage in Dainik Jagran

Download the coverage in the Times of India here. Read the earlier blog entry here.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/reply-to-rti-application-under-rti-act-of-2005-from-vanya-rakesh

Privacy Policy Research

vanya — 2016-01-03T09:40:37Z

The Centre Internet and Society, India has been researching privacy policy in India since the year 2010 with the following objectives.

Raising public awareness and dialogue around privacy,
Undertaking in depth research of domestic and international policy pertaining to privacy
Driving comprehensive privacy legislation in India through research.

India does not have a comprehensive legislation covering issues of privacy or establishing the right to privacy In 2010 an "Approach Paper on Privacy" was published, in 2011 the Department of Personnel and Training released a draft Right to Privacy Bill, in 2012 the Planning Commission constituted a group of experts which published The Report of the Group of Experts on Privacy, in 2013 CIS drafted the citizens Privacy Protection Bill, and in 2014 the Right to Privacy Bill was leaked. Currently the Government is in the process of drafting and finalizing the Bill.

Privacy Research -

1. Approach Paper on Privacy, 2010 -

The following article contains the reply drafted by CIS in response to the Paper on Privacy in 2010. The Paper on Privacy was a document drafted by a group of officers created to develop a framework for a privacy legislation that would balance the need for privacy protection, security, sectoral interests, and respond to the domain legislation on the subject.

CIS Responds to Privacy Approach Paper http://bit.ly/16dEPB3

2. Report on Privacy, 2012 -

The Report on Privacy, 2012 was drafted and published by a group of experts under the Planning Commission pertaining to the current legislation with respect to privacy. The following articles contain the responses and criticisms to the report and the current legislation.

The National Cyber Security Policy: Not a Real Policy http://bit.ly/16yLYFq

Privacy Law Must Fit the Bill http://bit.ly/19DNYjs

3. Privacy Protection Bill, 2013 -

The Privacy Protection Bill, 2013 was a legislation that aims to formulate the rules and law that governs privacy protection. The following articles refer to this legislation including a citizen's draft of the legislation.

The Privacy (Protection) Bill 2013: A Citizen's Draft http://bit.ly/1bXYbL6

Privacy Protection Bill, 2013 (With Amendments based on Public Feedback) http://bit.ly/1efkgbe

Privacy (Protection) Bill, 2013: Updated Third Draft http://bit.ly/14WAgI7

The Privacy Protection Bill, 2013 http://bit.ly/1g3TwIX

The New Right to Privacy Bill 2011: A Blind Man's View of the Elephant http://bit.ly/17VSgCH

4. Right to Privacy Act, 2014 (Leaked Bill) -

The Right to Privacy Act, 2014 is a bill still under proposal that was leaked, linked below.

Leaked Privacy Bill: 2014 vs. 2011 http://bit.ly/QV0Y0w

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/privacy-policy-research

Privacy and Security Implications of Public Wi-Fi - A Case Study

vanya — 2016-12-12T12:29:49Z

Today internet is an essential necessity in everyday work and recognizing its vital role, governments across the world including the Indian government, are giving access to public Wi-Fi. However, use of public Wi-Fi brings along with it certain privacy and security risks. This research paper analyses some of these concerns, along with the privacy policies of key ISPs in India providing public Wi-Fi service in Bangalore-namely D-VoIS and Tata Docomo, as a case study to provide suitable recommendations.

Download (PDF)

1. Introduction

2. Global Scenario

3. Overview of Public Wi-Fi in India

4. Indian Policy and Legal Conundrum

5. Public Wi-Fi and Privacy Concerns

5.1. Data Theft

5.2. Tracking an Individual

5.3. Makes the Electronic Devices Prone to Hacking and Setting up Fake Networks

5.4. Illegal Use of Data

6. Ranking Digital Rights Project

6.1. D-VoIS, Bangalore

6.2. Tata Docomo, Bangalore

7. Compliance of Privacy Policies with Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011

8. Conclusion and Recommendations

8.1. Commitment

8.2. Freedom of Expression

8.3. Privacy

1. Introduction

Recognizing internet as a critical tool for day-to-day work and facilitating increased access to it in the past few years,^[1] the Indian Government as well as Governments across the world have rolled out plans for offering public Wi-Fi. However, privacy risks of using public Wi-Fi have also been flagged across jurisdictions, which will be discussed in this paper. Apart from highlighting key privacy concerns associated with the use of free public Wi-Fi, this case study aims to analyse the privacy policies of two of the Internet Service Providers in India-namely Tata Docomo^[2] and D-VoiS^[3], which offer public Wi-Fi services in Bangalore city against the indicators listed under the Ranking Digital Rights project^[4], as well as the Information Technology (Reasonable security practices and procedures and sensitive personal data or information) Rules, 2011^[5]. Based on this analysis, this paper shall list key recommendations to these ISPs to ensure sound privacy policies and practices with a view to have a balanced framework and ecosystem in light of key privacy considerations, especially in light of public Wi-Fi.

2. Global Scenario

Security and privacy concerns around the use of free and public Wi-Fi have been raised in India^[6] as well as across the globe. In various cities like Bangalore, Delhi, Hyderabad, New York, London, Paris, etc., privacy experts have raised concerns over the public Wi-Fi systems at metro stations, malls, payphones and other such public places.^[7]

For many years, New York City has been in the process of developing a “free” public Wi-Fi project called LinkNYC^[8] to bring wireless Internet access to the residents of the city. However, privacy concerns have been raised by the users and privacy advocates like the New York Civil Liberties Union, where the latter also issued a letter to the Mayor's office regarding this^[9] as the collection of potentially sensitive personal, locational and behavioral data, without adequate safeguards could result in sharing of such data without the data subject’s consent or knowledge. For example, one of the concerns raised has been regarding retention of user's data by CityBridge, the company behind the LinkNYC kiosks, often indefinitely, for building a massive database which carries a risk of security breaches and unwarranted surveillance by the police. ^[10] Also, users are concerned that their internet browsing history may reveal sensitive information about their political views, religious affiliations or medical issues^[11], since registration is required to use LinkNYC by submitting their email addresses and by agreeing to allow CityBridge to collect information about the websites they visit, the duration for which they linger on certain information on a webpage and the links they click on. On the contrary, the privacy policy of CityBridge states that this massive amount of personally identifiable user information would be cleared only if there have been 12 months of user inactivity, raising an alarm in light of privacy concerns.^[12]

In the year 2015, the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) conducted a review of public Wi-Fi services on a UK high street, where it was found that the Wi-Fi networks requested for varying levels of personal data, which was also processed for marketing purposes. The results highlighted that while some networks did not request any personal data, others asked for varying amounts, including information regarding name, postal and email address, mobile number, gender, as well as asking for a date of birth as a mandatory requirement (except for gender). During the sign-up process, though some Wi-Fi networks provided users with the choice to opt-in or opt-out for receiving electronic newsletters and updates, others offered no choice at all.^[13] As a result of the review process, the ICO notified Wi-Fi network providers that it had reviewed and advised them of improvements that they could make to their service and issued guidance^[14] regarding the dangers of using public Wi-Fi^[15]. ICO also recommended users to take time to read all the information given by providers of Wi-Fi services before connecting.

In 2006, the European Data Retention Directive 2006/24/EC^[16] was introduced for the retention of communications data by providers of public electronic communications services for national security. The Directive provides an obligation for providers of publicly available electronic communications services and public communications networks to retain traffic and location data for the purpose of the investigation, detection, and prosecution of serious crime.^[17] Also, the Data Retention (EC Directive) Regulations 2009^[18] were introduced to implement the Directive in the UK. However, this was challenged on grounds of insufficient safeguards for the privacy rights of individuals, given the substantial interference which it facilitated with those rights.^[19]

To ensure protection of user’s data and information, the Data Protection Act 1998^[20] in UK obliges businesses retaining people’s data to comply with the law, which involves informing people about what data is being collected and ensure that the data is stored securely.^[21] . Therefore, in case of ISP’s providing public Wi-Fi service, this would relate to the information people provide when they log on, such as their email address. Under the Act, the data protection principles must be complied with by the data controllers and it needs to be ensured that the information is used fairly and lawfully, for limited and stated purposes, used in a way that is adequate, relevant and not excessive, kept for no longer than is absolutely necessary, handled according to people’s data protection rights, kept safe and secure and not transferred outside the European Economic Area without adequate protection.^[22] This would soon be updated and synced with the European Union’s General Data Protection Directive (GDPR).

3. Overview of Public Wi-Fi in India

In India, the public Wi-Fi in some cases has been offered free for a limited duration, in several cities across the country. For example, in 2014, Bangalore became the first city in the country to establish free public Wi-Fi- Namma Wi-Fi (802.11N) to make Bangalore a smart and connected city. The service is offered at MG Road, Brigade Road and four other locations in Bangalore including Traffic and Transit Management Centres (TTMCs) at Shanthinagar, Yeshwanthpur, Koramangala and CMH Road in Indiranagar.^[23] The internet and Wi-Fi service provider for Namma Wi-Fi is D-VoiS Broadband Ltd,a city-based firm.^[24] However, it seems the State Government plans to pull the plug on the project, funds, lack of awareness and difficulty in access as key constraints.^[25] Tata Docomo has inked an agreement with GMR Airports to offer Wi-Fi services at several International Airports in the country, including the Bangalore International Airport. It offers access to access free Wi-Fi service for 45 minutes, following which they users are required to pay for the service online, to continue using the Wi-Fi service.^[26]

Delhi has also introduced free Wi-Fi at its premier shopping hubs of Connaught Place and Khan Market in the year 2014, and BSNL launched a free WiFi service at Karnataka’s Malpe beach in the year 2016 making it the first WiFi beach in the three coastal districts of the state.^[27] The State Governments of Mumbai, Kolkata, Patna and Ahmedabad also offer free Wi-Fi services in limited areas.^[28] As part of the flagship programme by Indian Government, Digital India, the Government announced the rollout of Wi-Fi services by June 2015 at select public places in 25 Indian cities with population of over 10 lakh and tourist destinations by December 2015.^[29] Also, the Government has plans to digitise India by rolling out free Wi-Fi in 2500 towns and cities over a span of 3 years.^[30] Google plans to deploy WiFi at 100 railway stations in partnership with Railtel. Under this scheme, Mumbai Central was the first station to get free Wi-Fi in the year 2016.^[31] Also, Google's Project Loon aims to provide internet connectivity in remote and rural areas in India, which is currently being tested in other countries.^[32].

4. Indian Policy and Legal Conundrum

In light of national security concerns around the misuse of public Wi-Fi, the Department of Telecommunication, GoI, published a regulation^[33] dated February 2009, defining procedures for the establishment and use of public Wi-Fi to prevent misuse of public Wi-Fi and to be able to track the perpetrator in case of abuse. Indeed, the DOT has stated that “Insecure Wi-Fi networks are capable of being misused without any trail of user at later date”.^[34]

As per the 2009 Regulations, DoT has instructed ISPs to enforce centralized authentication using Login ID and Password for each user to ensure that the identity of the user can be traced.^[35] Regarding Wi-Fi services provided at public places, the Regulations state that bulk login IDs shall be created for controlled distribution, with authentication done at a centralized server. The subscribers are required to use public Wi-Fi by registering with temporary user ID and password, in the following methods:

Obtaining copy of photo identity of the subscriber, to be maintained by Licensee for one year; or
Providing details of user ID and password via SMS on subscriber's mobile phone , to be used as his/her identity by keeping the mobile number for one year.

Additionally, the data protection regime in India is governed by section 43A of the Information Technology Act, 2000 and the Rules^[36] notified under it. It obliges corporate bodies which possess, deal or handle any sensitive personal data to implement and maintain reasonable security practices, failing which they would be held liable to compensate those affected by any negligence attributable to this failure. The said Rules also define requirements and safeguards that every Body Corporate is legally required to incorporate into the company's privacy policy. The Rules put restrictions on body corporates on collecting sensitive personal information, and also states that it must obtain prior consent from the “provider of information” regarding “purpose, means and modes of use of the information, along with limiting disclosure of such information.^[37] Most of the ISPs in India being a private company, like D-VoiS and Tata Docomo, are obliged to comply with these provisions. Also, under the model License Agreement for Unified License^[38] by Ministry of Communication & IT, Department of Telecommunications, Government of India, where the Unified Access License Framework allows for a single license for multiple services such as telecom, the internet and television and provides certain security guidelines, privacy of communications is to be maintained by the Licensee (the ISPs in this case) and network security practices and audits are mandated along with penalties for contravention in addition to what is prescribed under the Information Technology Act,2000. It also provides for ensuring unauthorized interception of messages does not take place. Therefore, the ISPs providing public Wi-Fi services in various cities across India would be governed by the data protection regime and could be held liable under these provisions in case of non-compliance with the security measures so stated.

In July 2016, the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (hereinafter referred as “TRAI”) floated a Consultation paper on Proliferation of Broadband through Public Wi-Fi Networks^[39] with an objective to examine the need of encouraging public Wi-Fi networks in the country from a public policy point of view and discuss the issues as well as solutions in its proliferation. The paper recognises the fact that India is still in a green field deployment phase in terms of adoption of public Wi-Fi services and requires solutions for resolving the challenges and risks being faced in the process and lay a strong foundation to evolve towards a meaningful position in the advancement of initiatives related to Internet of Things, Smart Cities, etc.^[40] This is an important step towards fulfilment of the Digital India scheme of the Indian Government to ensure better connectivity. In the paper, TRAI has advocated development of a payment platform which allows easy access to Wi-Fi services across internet service providers (ISPs) and through any payment instrument.^[41] Besides that, the paper raises issues of various regulatory, licensing or policy measures required to encourage ubiquitous city-wide Wi-Fi networks as well as expansion of Wi-Fi networks in remote or rural areas, along with the issue of encouraging interoperability between the Wi-Fi networks of different service providers, both within the country and internationally, as well as between cellular and Wi-Fi networks.^[42]

5. Public Wi-Fi and Privacy Concerns

Since proliferation of public Wi-Fi in India is happening at a moderate pace, the paper discusses key issues towards this, one of them being the logistics of deploying this service. This section briefly states and acknowledges privacy and security concerns as an important factor that may be posing issues in the adoption of public Wi-Fi services in the country. Since there have been numerous cases of security vulnerabilities in public Wi-Fi networks worldwide, security of networks and cyber crimes is a key issue for consideration.^[43]

Deployment of public wireless access points has made it more convenient for people to access the Internet outside of their offices or homes. Despite advantages like ease of accessibility, connectivity and convenience, public Wi-Fi connection pose serious concerns as well. “The proliferation of public Wi-Fi is one of the biggest threats to consumer data”, says David Kennedy, founder of TrustedSec, a specialised information security consulting company based in the United States of America.^[44] Also, the networks become an easier target with little public awareness about the existence of such threats wherein users expose valuable personal data over Wi-Fi hotspots. The recently released Norton Cyber Security Report 2016^[45] shows how the benefit of constant connectivity is often outweighed by consumer complacency, leaving consumers and their Wi-Fi networks at risk. For the purpose of this report, Norton surveyed 20,000 people (over a 1,000 from India ) which reflects that though users in India may be increasingly becoming aware of the cyber threats they face due to use of public Wi-Fi, they don’t fully understand the accompanying risks and their online behaviour is often contradictory.^[46] Also, it is important to consider that the services which claim to be free, actually generate revenue by advertisements, where the model works by providing free access to internet in exchange for user's’ personal and behavioral data, which is subsequently used to target ads to them.^[47]

Some of the privacy harms stemming from use of public Wi-Fi are listed below.

5.1. Data Theft

With hackers finding it easy to access personal information of the data subjects, data can be hijacked by unauthorized internet access by spoofing the MAC and IP addresses of the authenticated user’s device or by use of default settings (saved passwords or IPs).^[48] The following kinds of data is at a risk of being stolen and further misused:

demographic and locational data^[49]
forms of personal information acting as identifiers like financial information, social and personal information^[50]
private information like passwords to social networking sites, email accounts and banking websites^[51]
historical data from the devices^[52]

5.2. Tracking an Individual

Like cell phones, Wi-Fi devices have unique identifiers that can be used for tracking purposes which can cause potential security issues. Tracking by using a Wi-Fi hotspot can also lead to third party harms like stalking.^[53] To receive or use a service, often websites require the user to share their personal information such as name, age, ZIP code, or personal preferences, which is many times shared with advertisers and other third parties, without the knowledge or consent of the users.^[54]

5.3. Makes the Electronic Devices Prone to Hacking and Setting up Fake Networks

A recent experiment conducted by the chief scientist at mobile security firm Appknox at the Bengaluru International Airport, India, found that the wireless devices could be easily hacked over the airport’s free Wi-Fi network due to the easily exploitable security holes in the software made by Apple, Google, and Microsoft.^[55] A similar experiment was backed by the European law enforcement agency, Europol, where a mobile hotspot was created in central London^[56] and the hacker was able to gain access to passwords, apps, and even credit card and banking information with ease.^[57] Lack of secure softwares and prevalence of open, unprotected Wi-Fi has made it fairly easy for hackers to set up fake twin access points that give them access to data histories and personal information.^[58] This makes is easy to track data histories of users. Even if certain softwares use encryption codes, a simple decryption software can be used to obtain the information.^[59]

5.4. Illegal Use of Data

By authorities: the authorities have easier access to people’s browsing details and habits, and with justification in the name of national security, could be used to monitor the people without their consent.^[60]

Wi-Fi provider: can sell the user’s demographic and location information. ^[61] Also, it was revealed in a study that the personal information of users is often transmitted by service providers without encryption. Anyone along the path between the user and the service’s data center can then intercept this information, opening users to grave privacy and security risks.^[62]

By hackers: steal information and hack into unsuspecting victim’s bank accounts and misuse corporate financial information and secrets^[63]

6. Ranking Digital Rights Project

The "Ranking Digital Rights" project, an ongoing international non-profit research initiative, aims to promote greater respect for freedom of expression and privacy by focusing on the policies and practices of companies in the information communications technology (ICT) sector^[64], rank such companies in this light, and undertake research to develop the ranking methodology.^[65]

In November 2015, the Ranking Digital Rights project launched the Corporate Accountability Index. Since several actors like the Internet and telecommunications companies, software producers, and device and networking equipment manufacturers exert growing influence over the political and civil lives of people all over the world, it is important to state that these organisations share a responsibility to respect human rights. For this purpose, 16 Internet and telecommunications companies were evaluated according to 31 indicators, which focused on corporate disclosure of policies and practices that affect users’ freedom of expression and privacy.^[66]

The data produced by the index can help companies improve their policies, practices and help them identify challenges faced by companies in meeting their corporate obligations to respect human rights like Freedom of Expression and Privacy in the digital space.^[67] Some of the key corporate practices which affect these rights are :

How companies handle government requests to hand over user data or restrict content;
How companies enforce their own terms of service;
What information companies collect about users and how long they retain it; and
To whom they share or sell user information.^[68]

The 2015 Corporate Accountability Index assesses transparency levels of the World’s most powerful Internet and telecommunications companies regarding their commitments, policies and practices that affect users’ freedom of expression and privacy and evaluates what companies share about these practices and offers recommendations for improvement. The methodology adopted relies on publicly available information so that advocates, researchers, journalists, policy makers, investors, and users can understand the extent to which different companies respect freedom of expression and privacy, and make appropriate policy, investment, and advocacy decisions. Also, public disclosures would enable researchers and journalists to investigate and verify the accuracy of company statements.^[69]

For the purpose of this research, we would apply this index and the indicators to the internet service provider of public Wi-Fi in Bangalore-D-VoiS Ltd. and Tata Docomo to understand how comprehensive their privacy policies are when compared to global standards and make informed recommendations. Analysing policies against the index can help these companies identify best practices, as well as the obstacles they face in meeting their corporate obligations to respect human rights in the very digital spheres they helped to create.^[70] The information has been gathered and analysed on the basis of publicly available information, and this can help companies empower users to make informed decisions about how they use technology, which would help build trust between users and companies in the long run.^[71]

6.1. D-VoIS^[72], Bangalore

For the purpose of this case study, the Privacy Policies of D-VoIS have been analysed on the basis of the Corporate Accountability index, and the answers can be accessed in Annex 1.

Summary

On the basis of the indicators and the information available, it can be ascertained that:

The Company has a freely available and understandable Privacy Policy and Terms of Use, though only in the English language.

The company does not commit to notify users in case of changes in the privacy policy of the company.

The company states circumstances in which it would restrict use of its services, along with reasons for content restriction.

The Company commits to the principle of data minimization, discloses circumstances when it shares information with third parties, and provides users with options to control the company’s collection and sharing of their information

Deploys industry standards for security of products and services.

Analysis

Commitment: D-VoIS fares low on Commitment since it has made no overarching public commitments to protect users’ freedom of expression or privacy in a manner that meets the Index’s criteria. The Company lacks adequate top-level policy commitments to users’ freedom of expression and privacy, establishing executive and management oversight over these issues, creating a process for human rights impact assessment, and lacks stakeholder engagement and a grievance mechanism.

Freedom of Expression: The Company also fares low on Freedom of Expression as the terms of services, though easily available, are only in English language. Also, it does not commit to notify users about changes to the terms of service. While the company discloses what content and activities it prohibits , it provides no information about how the company notifies these restrictions to the users.

Regarding transparency about content restriction requests, since the Indian law prevents the company from disclosing government requests for content removal^[73], but it does not prevent the company from publishing more information about private requests for content restriction. D-VoIS does not provide any information with respect to this.

Privacy: D-VoIS is required by law to have a privacy policy available on its website, this policy is available in English, but not in other languages spoken in India. Also, D-VoIS does not disclose what user information is collected, how and why, nor does it offer users meaningful access to their information. D-VoIS does not disclose any information regarding retention of user information, and the company could improve its disclosures about what user information it collects and how long it is retained.

Though the company discloses information about its security practices, it does not disclose any information regarding its efforts to educate users about security threats. It also does not disclose information regarding requests by non-governmental entities for user data.

6.2. Tata Docomo^[74], Bangalore

The Privacy Policy and Terms & Conditions of Tata Docomo have been analysed on the basis of the Corporate Accountability index, and the answers can be accessed in Annex 2.

Summary

On the basis of the indicators and the information available, it can be ascertained that:

The Company has a freely available and understandable Data Privacy Policy and Terms of Use, though only in English language.

The Company has established electronic and administrative safeguards designed to secure the information collected to prevent unauthorized access to or disclosure of that information and to ensure it is used appropriately.

The company states circumstances in which it would restrict use of its services, along with reasons for content restriction. The company’s disclosed policies and practices demonstrate how it works to avoid contributing to actions that may interfere with the right to freedom of expression, except where such actions are lawful, proportionate and for a justifiable purpose.

The Company clearly states the kind of information collected, ways of collection and the reasons for collection as well as sharing.

Deploys industry standards for security of products and services

Analysis

Commitment: Tata Docomo fares low on Commitment since it has made no overarching public commitments to protect users’ freedom of expression or privacy in a manner that meets the Index’s criteria. Though the Company has established electronic and administrative safeguards designed to secure the information collected, it lacks adequate top-level policy commitments to users’ freedom of expression and privacy, establishing executive and management oversight over these issues, creating a process for human rights impact assessment, and lack of stakeholder engagement.

Freedom of Expression: The Company fares low on Freedom of Expression as the terms of services, though easily available, are only in English language. Also, it does not commit to notify users about changes to the terms of service. While the company discloses what content and activities it prohibits , it provides no information about how the company notifies these restrictions to the users.

Regarding transparency about content restriction requests, since the Indian law prevents the company from disclosing government requests for content removal, it does not prevent the company from publishing more information about private requests for content restriction. Tata Docomo does not provide any information with respect to that.

Privacy: Tata Docomo is required by law to have a privacy policy available on its website, this policy is available in English, but not in other languages spoken in India. No information is publically available regarding users option to control company's collection of information. Tata Docomo discloses that user information shall be retained as long as required and does not mention a specific duration for the same. Though the company discloses information about its security practices, it does not disclose any information regarding its efforts to educate users about security threats. It also does not disclose information regarding requests by non-governmental entities for user data.

7. Compliance of Privacy Policies with Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011

The Privacy Policy and Terms & Conditions of D-VoIS and Tata Docomo have been analysed on the basis of the security measures and procedures stated under the Information Technology (Reasonable security practices and procedures and sensitive personal data or information) Rules, 2011 to ascertain how sound and compliant the framework is with the existing data protection regime in India. The comparison can be accessed in Annex 3.

Comparing the requirements listed under the Rules with the policies of both the companies, it can be said that though the websites of both companies provide privacy policies and are easily accessible, they lack crucial information regarding consent of the user before collection as well as sharing of information. Also, though the policies state the purpose of sharing such data with third parties, it does not state the purpose of collection of the information. The policies are also silent regarding the requirements to be complied with before transferring personal data into another jurisdiction . There is also no information about the companies having a grievance officer. Additionally, though the terms of services of D-VoIS state that the customer may choose to restrict the collection or use of their personal information, both companies do not specifically provide for an opt out mechanism to its users.

8. Conclusion and Recommendations

To allay the numerous concerns regarding privacy and security with respect to public Wi-Fi’s, the ISPs must have a sound Privacy Policy in place. For this purpose, adherence to the indicators as listed under the Corporate Accountability Index, along with requirements for security of personal information stated under the Information Technology (Reasonable security practices and procedures and sensitive personal data or information) Rules, 2011 and improving the policies accordingly shall greatly contribute to protection of Freedom of Expression and ensure Privacy of user information. Ensuring compliance with the existing data protection regime in the country becomes more important in light of the growing privacy and security concerns due to proliferation of free and public Wi-Fi service in India. Adequate measures like acquiring consent for collection and sharing of user data, commitment by company executives to ensure protection of rights of individuals, adoption of security standards, creating awareness about security concerns, etc. by such corporate must be considered to ensure protection of personal information and reduce the likelihood of a data breach. Both D-VoIS and Tata Docomo must consider the following recommendations in order to meet the criteria set by the Ranking Digital Rights project, ensuring commitment towards protection of right to freedom of expression and privacy of the users.

8.1. Commitment

Set in place an oversight mechanism to monitor how the company’s policies and practices affect freedom of expression and privacy. In case the Company already has that in place, information regarding the same must be made publically available for greater transparency.
Also, they must conduct regular, comprehensive, and credible due diligence, such as human rights impact assessments, to identify how all aspects of their business impact freedom of expression and privacy.
In addition to that, they must Provide for a remedy or grievance mechanism. The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India also requires that all service providers have redress mechanisms. In case the Company already has that in place, information regarding the same must be made publically available for greater transparency.

8.2. Freedom of Expression

The Companies must make an effort to make the Terms of Service available in the most commonly spoken languages by its users, besides English.
Also, it is recommended that the Companies must ensure to provide meaningful notice to users regarding change in terms of service.
Besides disclosing what content and activities the companies prohibit, they must disclose information regarding how it enforces these prohibitions and should provide examples regarding the circumstances under which it may suspend service to individuals or areas to help users understand such policies.
The Companies must also disclose information regarding the process for evaluating and responding to requests from third parties to restrict content or service. Additionally, it must disclose how long it retains user information, publish process for evaluating and responding to requests from government and other third parties for stored user data and/or real-time communications.

8.3. Privacy

Though both the Companies disclose that the user information shall be shared with third parties, and Tata Docomo discloses what information is collected and how, yet there should be no legal impediment for the companies to improve its disclosures about what user information it collects, with whom it is shared, and how long it is retained to protect the privacy of the users.
Though Tata Docomo allows the users to review and correct their Personal Information collected by the Company, D-VoIS must release information regarding whether the users are able to view, download or otherwise obtain all of the information about them that the company holds. In case it does not allow, the Company must duly change its policy regarding the same.
The Companies must also publish information to help users defend against cyber threats.

^[1] The Financial Express, ‘Free wi-fi: Digital Dilemma’, February 22, 2015,

http://www.financialexpress.com/article/economy/free-Wi-Fi-digital-dilemma/45804/

^[2] Tata Docomo, http://www.tatadocomo.com/

^[3] D-VoIS Communication Pvt. Ltd. http://www.dvois.com/

^[4] Ranking Digital Rights, https://rankingdigitalrights.org/

^[5] the Information Technology (Reasonable security practices and procedures and sensitive personal data or information) Rules, 2011. Available at : http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/in/in098en.pdf

^[6] See : http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/technology-others/public-wifi-can-be-used-to-steal-private-information-it-security-expert/, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/03/india-unlocking-public-wi-fi-hotspots-160308072320835.html , http://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/indians-most-willing-to-share-personal-data-over-public-wifi-116083000673_1.html and http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-05-20/news/62413108_1_corporate-espionage-hotspots-bengaluru-airport

^[7] Scroll, ‘Free wifi in Delhi is good news but here is the catch’, November 21, 2014, http://scroll.in/article/690755/free-wifi-in-delhi-is-good-news-but-here-is-the-catch

^[8] LinkNYC, https://www.link.nyc/

^[9] See : http://www.nyclu.org/files/releases/city%20wifi%20letter.pdf

^[10] The Huffingtonpost, ‘Maybe You Shouldn't Use Public Wi-Fi In New York City’, March 16, 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/public-wifi-nyc_us_56e96b1ce4b0b25c9183f74a

^[11] NYCLU, ‘City’s Public Wi-Fi Raises Privacy Concerns’, March 16, 2016,

http://www.nyclu.org/news/citys-public-wi-fi-raises-privacy-concerns

^[12] NYCLU, ‘City’s Public Wi-Fi Raises Privacy Concerns’, March 16, 2016,

http://www.nyclu.org/news/citys-public-wi-fi-raises-privacy-concerns

^[13]Information Commissioner’s Office Blog, ‘Be wary of public Wi-Fi’September 25, 2015, https://iconewsblog.wordpress.com/2015/09/25/be-wary-of-public-Wi-Fi/

^[14]Information Commissioner’s Office Blog, ‘Be wary of public Wi-Fi’September 25, 2015, https://iconewsblog.wordpress.com/2015/09/25/be-wary-of-public-Wi-Fi/

^[15]Marketing Law, ‘The ICO sounds a warning on public wi-fi and privacy’, November 24, 2015,

http://marketinglaw.osborneclarke.com/data-and-privacy/the-ico-sounds-a-warning-on-public-Wi-Fi-and-privacy/

^[16]Directive 2006/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32006L0024

^[17] Feiler, L., "The Legality of the Data Retention Directive in Light of the Fundamental Rights to Privacy and Data Protection", European Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 1, Issue 3, 2010, http://ejlt.org/article/view/29/75

^[18] The Data Retention (EC Directive) Regulations 2009 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukdsi/2009/9780111473894/pdfs/ukdsi_9780111473894_en.pdf

^[19] Purple, ‘Update on the legal implications of offering public WiFi in the UK’, September 10, 2014, http://purple.ai/update-legal-implications-offering-public-wifi-uk/

^[20] Data Protection Act 1998, http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/29/contents

^[21] Wireless Social, http://www.wireless-social.com/how-it-works/legal-compliance/

^[22] Data Protection Act 1998, https://www.gov.uk/data-protection/the-data-protection-act

^[23]The Hindu, ‘Free wifi on M.G. Road and Brigade Road from Friday’, January 23, 2014, http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/free-wifi-on-mg-road-and-brigade-road-from-friday/article5606757.ece

^[24]The Telegraph, ‘Free Wi-fi on tech city streets- Bangalore offers five public hotspots’, January 25, 2014, http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140125/jsp/nation/story_17863705.jsp#.VwIv_Zx97IU

^[25]Economic Times, ‘Karnataka Govt pulls the plug on public Wi-Fi spots in Bengaluru’, March 15, 2016, http://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/internet/karnataka-govt-pulls-the-plug-on-public-Wi-Fi-spots-in-bengaluru/51404414

^[26] Medianama, ‘Why Don’t Indian Airports Offer Free WiFi To Passengers?’, May 22, 2013, http://www.medianama.com/2013/05/223-indian-airports-free-wifi/

^[27]Hindustan Times, ‘BSNL launches free public WiFi at Karnataka’s Malpe beach’, January 25, 2016, http://www.hindustantimes.com/tech/bsnl-launches-free-public-wifi-on-karnataka-s-malpe-beach/story-XVM06KQKIcoyqV8CLJoYzJ.html

^[28]TechTree, ‘Problems With Free City-Wide Wi-Fi Hotspots In India’, September 28, 2015,

http://www.techtree.com/content/features/9914/problems-free-city-wide-Wi-Fi-hotspots-india.html#sthash.2ZSf9kq7.dpuf

^[29]India Today, ‘25 Indian cities to get free public Wi-Fi by June 2015’, December 17, 2014, http://indiatoday.intoday.in/technology/story/25-indian-cities-to-get-free-public-Wi-Fi-by-june-2015/1/407214.html

^[30]Business Insider, ‘Modi Government To Roll Out Free Wi-Fi In 2,500 Towns And Cities To Make India Digital’, January 23, 2015, http://www.businessinsider.in/Modi-Government-To-Roll-Out-Free-Wi-Fi-In-2500-Towns-And-Cities-To-Make-India-Digital/articleshow/45989339.cms

^[31]RailTel launches free high-speed public Wi-Fi service with Google at Mumbai Central, http://www.railtelindia.com/images/Mumbai.pdf

^[32]Economic Times, ‘Google may get government nod to conduct pilot for Project Loon in India’, May 24, 2016,

http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/google-may-get-government-nod-to-conduct-pilot-for-project-loon-in-india/articleshow/52408455.cms

^[33]Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of Communications & IT, Government of India, February 23, 2009, http://www.dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/Wi-%20fi%20Direction%20to%20UASL-CMTS-BASIC%2023%20Feb%2009.pdf

^[34] Scroll, ‘Free wifi in Delhi is good news but here is the catch’ November 21, 2014, http://scroll.in/article/690755/free-wifi-in-delhi-is-good-news-but-here-is-the-catch

^[35]MojoNetworks, ‘Complying with DoT Regulation on Secure Use of WiFi: Less in Letter, More in Spirit’, http://www.mojonetworks.com/fileadmin/pdf/Implementing_DoT_Regulation_on_WiFi_Security.pdf

^[36] Information Technology (Reasonable security practices and procedures and sensitive personal data or information) Rules, 2011

^[37]The Centre for Internet & Society, ‘Privacy and the Information Technology Act — Do we have the Safeguards for Electronic Privacy?’, April 7, 2011, http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/privacy/safeguards-for-electronic-privacy

^[38]License Agreement for Unified License, http://www.dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/Unified%20Licence.pdf

^[39] Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, ‘Consultation Paper on Proliferation of Broadband through Public Wi-Fi Networks’ July 13, 2016, https://www.mygov.in/sites/default/files/mygov_1468492162190667.pdf

^[40] Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, ‘Consultation Paper on Proliferation of Broadband through Public Wi-Fi Networks’ July 13, 2016, https://www.mygov.in/sites/default/files/mygov_1468492162190667.pdf

^[41] The Economic Times, ‘Trai floats consultation paper to boost broadband through Wi-Fi in public places’, July 14, 2016, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/53195586.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

^[42] Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, ‘Consultation Paper on Proliferation of Broadband through Public Wi-Fi Networks’ July 13, 2016, https://www.mygov.in/sites/default/files/mygov_1468492162190667.pdf

^[43]Mint, ‘Trai issues paper on public Wi-Fi networks’ July 14, 2016, http://www.livemint.com/Industry/1jVgso2R2Lz4NR5IYFaCtN/Trai-issues-paper-on-public-WiFi-networks.html

^[44]Forbes,’How To Avoid Data Theft When Using Public Wi-Fi’, March 4, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/amadoudiallo/2014/03/04/hackers-love-public-wi-fi-but-you-can-make-it-safe/#373c75e32476

^[45]Symantec, ‘Norton Cyber Security Insights Report’, 2016, https://www.symantec.com/content/dam/symantec/docs/reports/2016-norton-cyber-security-insights-report.pdf

^[46]The Indian Express, ‘Indian cybercrime victims don’t learn from past experience: Norton Report’, November 18, 2016, http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/indian-users-complacent-when-it-comes-to-cyber-security-norton-report/

^[47]Mashable, ‘This is the real price you pay for 'free' public Wi-Fi’, January 26, 2016, http://mashable.com/2016/01/25/actual-cost-free-Wi-Fi/?utm_cid=mash-com-Tw-main-link#WmAJGJ_COiq5

^[48]MojoNetworks, ‘Complying with DoT Regulation on Secure Use of WiFi: Less in Letter, More in Spirit’, http://www.mojonetworks.com/fileadmin/pdf/Implementing_DoT_Regulation_on_WiFi_Security.pdf

^[49]Network Computing, ‘Public WiFi, Location Data & Privacy Anxiety’, July 4, 2015, http://www.networkcomputing.com/wireless/public-wifi-location-data-privacy-anxiety/1496375374

^[50]Network Computing, ‘Public WiFi, Location Data & Privacy Anxiety’, July 4, 2015, http://www.networkcomputing.com/wireless/public-wifi-location-data-privacy-anxiety/1496375374

^[51]The Indian Express, ‘Public Wifi can be used to steal private information: IT Security Expert’, May 19, 2015, http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/technology-others/public-wifi-can-be-used-to-steal-private-information-it-security-expert/#sthash.xiuWtL6v.dpuf

^[52]Medium, ‘Maybe Better If You Don’t Read This Story on Public WiFi’, October 14, 2014, https://medium.com/matter/heres-why-public-wifi-is-a-public-health-hazard-dd5b8dcb55e6#.3061h6lsv

^[53]Network Computing, ‘Public WiFi, Location Data & Privacy Anxiety’, July 4, 2015, http://www.networkcomputing.com/wireless/public-wifi-location-data-privacy-anxiety/1496375374

^[54]University of Washington, Computer Science and Engineering, ‘When I am on Wi-Fi, I am Fearless:” Privacy Concerns & Practices in Everyday Wi-Fi Use’, https://djw.cs.washington.edu/papers/wifi-CHI09.pdf

^[55]Breitbart, ‘Fre Public Wi-Fi poses security risks’, May 19, 2015, http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/05/19/free-public-wifi-poses-security-risk/

^[56]The Guardian, ‘Londoners give up eldest children in public Wi-Fi security horror show’, September 29, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/sep/29/londoners-Wi-Fi-security-herod-clause

^[57] Medium, ‘Maybe Better If You Don’t Read This Story on Public WiFi’, October 14, 2014, https://medium.com/matter/heres-why-public-wifi-is-a-public-health-hazard-dd5b8dcb55e6#.3061h6lsv

^[58]ABC13, ‘Hackers set up fake Wi-Fi hotspots to steal your information, July 10, 2015, http://abc13.com/technology/hackers-set-up-fake-Wi-Fi-hotspots-to-steal-your-information/835223/

^[59]Medium, ‘Maybe Better If You Don’t Read This Story on Public WiFi’, October 14, 2014, https://medium.com/matter/heres-why-public-wifi-is-a-public-health-hazard-dd5b8dcb55e6#.3061h6lsv

^[60] Scroll, ‘Free wifi in Delhi is good news but here is the catch’ November 21, 2014, http://scroll.in/article/690755/free-wifi-in-delhi-is-good-news-but-here-is-the-catch

^[61] Scroll, ‘Free wifi in Delhi is good news but here is the catch’ November 21, 2014, http://scroll.in/article/690755/free-wifi-in-delhi-is-good-news-but-here-is-the-catch

^[62]University of Washington, Computer Science and Engineering, ‘When I am on Wi-Fi, I am Fearless:” Privacy Concerns & Practices in Everyday Wi-Fi Use’, https://djw.cs.washington.edu/papers/wifi-CHI09.pdf

^[63] Breitbart, ‘Fre Public Wi-Fi poses security risks’, May 19, 2015, http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/05/19/free-public-wifi-poses-security-risk/

^[64] Ranking Digital Rights, https://rankingdigitalrights.org/who/frequently-asked-questions/

^[65] Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, ‘Ranking Digital Rights Project’, http ://business-humanrights.org/en/documents/ranking-digital-rights-project

^[66] Ranking Digital Rights, https://rankingdigitalrights.org/about/

^[67] Ranking Digital Rights, https://rankingdigitalrights.org/about/

^[68] Ranking Digital Rights, https://rankingdigitalrights.org/who/frequently-asked-questions/

^[69] Ranking Digital Rights, https://rankingdigitalrights.org/who/frequently-asked-questions/

^[70] Ranking Digital Rights, https://rankingdigitalrights.org/about/

^[71] Ranking Digital Rights, https://rankingdigitalrights.org/who/frequently-asked-questions/

^[72] D-VoIS Communication Pvt. Ltd. http://www.dvois.com/

^[73]Section 16 of the Information Technology (Procedure and Safeguards for Blocking for Access of Information by Public) Rules, 2009 states that all request and complaints must be kept confidential.

^[74] Tata Docomo, http://www.tatadocomo.com/

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/privacy-and-security-implications-of-public-wi-fi-a-case-study

Open Governance and Privacy in a Post-Snowden World : Webinar

vanya — 2015-10-04T11:09:12Z

On 10th September 2015, the OGP Support Unit, the Open Government Guide, and the World Bank held a webinar on “Open Governance and Privacy in a Post-Snowden World” presented by Carly Nyst, Independent consultant and former Legal Director of Privacy International and Javier Ruiz, Policy Director of Open Rights Group. This is a summary of the key issues that were discussed by the speakers and the participants.

See Open Governance and Privacy in a Post-Snowden World

Summary

The webinar discussed how Government surveillance has become an important and key issue in the 21^st century, thanks to Edward Snowden. The main concern raised was with respect to what a democracy should look like in the present day. Should the states’ use of technology enable state surveillance or an open government? Typically, there is a balance that must be achieved between the privacy of an individual and the security of the state – particularly as the former is primarily about social rights and collective interest of citizens.

At the international level, the right to privacy has been recognized as a basic human right and an enabler of other individual freedoms. This right encapsulates protection of personal data where citizens have the authority to choose whether to share or reveal their personal data or not. Due to technological advancement that has enabled collection, storage and sharing of personal data, the right to privacy and data protection frameworks have become of utmost importance and relevance with regard to open government efforts. Therefore, it is important for Governments to be transparent in handling sensitive data that they collect and use.

Many countries have also introduced laws to balance the right to privacy and right to information. The role of the private sector and NGOs involved in enabling an open and transparent government must also be duly addressed at a national level.

Key Questions:

Why should the government release information?

There are multiple reasons for doing so including:

For the purposes of research and public policy (which relates to healthcare, social issues, economics, national statistics, census, etc.)

Transparency and accountability (politicians, registers, public expenses, subsidies, fraud, court records, education)

Public participation and public services (budgets, anti-corruption, engagement, and e-governance).

However, all these have certain risks and privacy implications:

Risk of identification of individual: Any individual whose information is released has the risk of identification, followed by issues like identity theft, discrimination, stigmatization or repression. Normally, the solution for this would be anonymization of the data; however, this is not an absolute solution. Privacy laws can generally cope with such risks, but with pseudonymous data it becomes difficult in preventing identification.
Profiling of social categories which can lead to discrimination: In such a situation, policies and other legislations regulating the use of data and providing remedy for violations can help.
Exploitation and unfair/unethical use of information: When understanding the potential exploitation of information it is useful to consider who is going to benefit from the release of information. For example, in UK, with respect to release of Health Data, the main concern is that people and companies will benefit commercially from the information released, despite of the result potentially being improved drugs and treatment.

What are the Solutions?

The webinar also discussed potential solutions to the questions and challenges posed. For example, when commitments of Open Government Data Partnership are considered, privacy legislations must also be proposed. Further, key stakeholders must make commitments to take pro-active measures to reduce informational asymmetries between the state and citizens. To reduce the risks, measures must be taken to publish what information the State has or what the Government knows about the citizens. For example, in UK, within the civil society network, it is being duly considered in the national plan that the government will publicize how it will share data and have a centralized view on the process of information handling and usage of the data.

The Open Government Guide provides for Illustrative Commitments like enactment of data protection legislation, establishing programmes for awareness and assessment of their impact, giving citizens control of their personal information and the right to redress when that information is misused, etc.

Surveillance

The issue of surveillance and the role of privacy in an open government context was also discussed. The need for creating a balance between the legitimate interest of national security and the privacy of individuals was emphasized. With the rise of digital technologies, many governmental measures pertaining to surveillance intervene in individual privacy. There are many forms of surveillance and this has serious privacy implications, especially in developing countries. For example:

Communications surveillance
Visual surveillance
Travel surveillance

This raises the question: When is surveillance legitimate and when must it be allowed?

The International Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance acts as a soft law and tries to set out what a good surveillance system looks like by ensuring that governments are in compliance with international human rights law.

In essence surveillance does not violate privacy, however, there must be a clear and foreseeable legal framework laying circumstances when the government has the power to collect data and when individuals might be able to foresee when they might be under surveillance.

Also, a competent judicial authority must be established to oversee surveillance and keep a check on executive power by placing restrictions on privacy invasions. The actions of the government must be proportionate and the benefits must not outweigh harm caused by surveillance.

Role of openness in a “mass surveillance” state

Surveillance measures that are being undertaken by governments are increasingly secretive. The European court of Human Rights has held that Secret surveillance may undermine democracy under the cloak of protecting it. Hence, open government and openness will work towards protecting privacy and not undermining it.

To balance the measure of government surveillance with privacy, there is a need to publish laws regulating such powers; publish transparency reports about surveillance, interception and access to communications data; reform legislations relating to surveillance by state agencies to ensure it complies with human rights and establish safeguards to ensure that new technologies used for surveillance and interception respect the right to privacy.

Conclusion

The conclusion one can draw is that Privacy concerns have gained importance in today’s data driven world. The main question that needs to be answered is whether Government’s should adopt surveillance measures or adopt an Open Government?

Considering equal importance of national security and privacy of individuals, it is required that a balance must be crafted between the two. This could be possibly done by enacting foreseeable and clear laws outlining scope of surveillance by the Government on one hand, and informing citizens about such measures on the other. Establishment of a competent judicial authority to keep a check on Government actions is also suggested to work out the delicate balance between surveillance and privacy.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/open-governance-and-privacy-in-a-post-snowden-world-webinar

ISO/IEC/ JTC 1/SC 27 Working Groups Meeting, Jaipur

vanya — 2015-12-21T02:38:46Z

I attended this event held from October 26 to 30, 2015 in Jaipur.

The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) in collaboration with Data Security Council of India (DSCI) hosted the global standards’ meeting – ISO/IEC/ JTC 1/SC 27 Working Groups Meeting in Jaipur, Rajasthan at Hotel Marriott from 26th to 30th of October, 2015, followed by a half day conference on Friday, 30th October on the importance of Standards in the domain. The event witnessed experts from across the globe deliberating on forging international standards on Privacy, Security and Risk management in IoT, Cloud Computing and many other contemporary technologies, along with updating existing standards. Under SC 27, 5 working groups parallely held the meetings on varied Projects and Study periods respectively. The 5 Working Groups are as follows:

WG1: Information Security Management Systems;
WG 2 :Cryptography and Security Mechanisms;
WG 3 : Security Evaluation, Testing and Specification;
WG 4 : Security Controls and Services; and
WG 5 :Identity Management and Privacy technologies; competence of security management

This key set of Working Groups (WG)met in India for the first time. Professionals discussed and debated development of standards under each working group to develop international standards to address issues regarding security, identity management and privacy.

CIS had the opportunity to attend meetings under Working Group 5. This group further had parallel meetings on several topics namely:

Privacy enhancing data de-identification techniques ISO/IEC NWIP 20889 : Data de-identification techniques are important when it comes to PII to enable the exploitation of the benefits of data processing while maintaining compliance with regulatory requirements and the relevant ISO/IEC 29100 privacy principles. The selection, design, use and assessment of these techniques need to be performed appropriately in order to effectively address the risks of re-identification in a given context. There is thus a need to classify known de-identification techniques using standardized terminology, and to describe their characteristics, including the underlying technologies, the applicability of each technique to reducing the risk of re-identification, and the usability of the de-identified data. This is the main goal of this International Standard. Meetings were conducted to resolve comments sent by organisations across the world, review draft documents and agree on next steps.
A study period on Privacy Engineering framework : This session deliberated upon contributions, terms of reference and discuss the scope for the emerging field of privacy engineering framework. The session also reviewed important terms to be included in the standard and identify possible improvements to existing privacy impact assessment and management standards. It was identified that the goal of this standard is to integrate privacy into systems as part of the systems engineering process. Another concern raised was that the framework must be consistent with Privacy framework under ISO 29100 and HL7 Privacy and security standards.
A study period on user friendly online privacy notice and consent: The basic purpose of this New Work Item Proposal is to assess the viability of producing a guideline for PII Controllers on providing easy to understand notices and consent procedures to PII Principals within WG5. At the Meeting, a brief overview of the contributions received was given,along with assessment of liaison to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 35 and other entities. This International Standard gives guidelines for the content and the structure of online privacy notices as well as documents asking for consent to collect and process personally identifiable information (PII) from PII principals online and is applicable to all situations where a PII controller or any other entity processing PII informs PII principals in any online context.
Some of the other sessions under Working Group 5 were on Privacy Impact Assessment ISO/IEC 29134, Standardization in the area of Biometrics and Biometric information protection, Code of Practise for the protection of personally identifiable information, Study period on User friendly online privacy notice and consent, etc.

ISO/IEC/JTC 1/ SC27 is a joint technical committee of the international standards bodies – ISO and IEC on Information Technology security techniques which conducts regular meetings across the world. JTC 1 has over 2600 published standards developed under the broad umbrella of the committee and its 20 subcommittees. Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committees are circulated to the national bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75% of the national bodies casting a vote in favour of the same. In India, the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is the National Standards Body. Standards are formulated keeping in view national priorities, industrial development, technical needs, export promotion, health, safety etc. and are harmonized with ISO/IEC standards (wherever they exist) to the extent possible, in order to facilitate adoption of ISO/IEC standards by all segments of industry and business.BIS has been actively participating in the Technical Committee work of ISO/IEC and is currently a Participating member in 417 and 74 Technical Committees/ Subcommittees and Observer member in 248 and 79 Technical Committees/Subcommittees of ISO and IEC respectively. BIS holds Secretarial responsibilities of 2 Technical Committees and 6 Subcommittees of ISO.

The last meeting was held in the month of May, 2015 in Malaysia, followed by this meeting in October, 2015 Jaipur. 51 countries play an active role as the ‘Participating Members, India being one, while a few countries as observing members. As a part of these sessions, the participating countries also have rights to vote in all official ballots related to standards. The representatives of the country work on the preparation and development of the International Standards and provide feedback to their national organizations.

There was an additional study group meeting on IoT to discuss comments on the previous drafts, suggest changes , review responses and identify standard gaps in SC 27.

On October 30, 2015 BIS-DSCI hosted a half day International conference on 30 October, 2015 on Cyber Security and Privacy Standards, comprising of keynotes and panel discussions, bringing together national and international experts to share experience and exchange views on cyber security techniques and protection of data and privacy in international standards, and their growing importance in their society. The conference looked at various themes like the Role of standards in smart cities, Responding to the Challenges of Investigating Cyber Crimes through Standards, etc. It was emphasised that due to an increasing digital world, there is a universal agreement for the need of cyber security as the infrastructure is globally connected, the cyber threats are also distributed as they are not restricted by the geographical boundaries. Hence, the need for technical and policy solutions, along with standards was highlighted for future protection of the digital world which is now deeply embedded in life, businesses and the government. Standards will help in setting crucial infrastructure for in data security and build associated infrastructure on these lines.

The importance of standards was highlighted in context of smart cities wherein the need for standards was discussed by experts. Harmonization of regulations with standards must be looked at, by primarily creating standards which could be referred to by the regulators. Broadly, the challenges faced by smart cities are data security, privacy and digital resilience of the infrastructure. It was suggested that in the beginning, these areas must be looked at for development of standards in smart cities. Also, the ISO/IEC has a Working Group and a Strategic Group focussing on Smart Cities. The risks of digitisation, network, identity management, etc. must be looked at to create the standards.

The next meeting has been scheduled for April 2016 in Tampa (USA).

This meeting was a good opportunity to interact with experts from various parts of the World and understand the working of ISO Meetings which are held twice/thrice every year. The Centre for Internet and Society will be continuing work and becoming involved in the standard setting process at the future Working group meetings.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/iso-iec-jtc-1-sc-27-working-groups-meeting-jaipur

ISO/IEC JTC 1 SC 27 Working Group Meetings - A Summary

vanya — 2016-12-16T23:53:19Z

The Centre for Internet & Society attended the ISO/IEC JTC 1 SC 27 Working Group Meetings from 22 to 27 October 2016 in Abu Dhabi at Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre.

Being a member of Working Group 5: Information technology - Security techniques – Identity management and privacy technologies, we attended the following meetings:

WD 29184 Guidelines for online privacy notices and consent- As technological advancement and wider availability of communication infrastructures has enabled collection and analysis of information regarding an individuals' activities, along with people becoming aware about privacy implications of the same, this standard aims to provides a framework for organizations to provide clear and easily under information to consumers about how the organization will process their PII.
SP PII Protection Considerations for Smartphone App providers - Being a 1-year long project proposed during the ISO/IEC SC 27 JTC 1 Working Group Meetings in Jaipur in the year 2015. This group aims to build off a privacy framework for mobile applications to guide app developers on the lines of ISO/IEC 29100 international standard (which defines a broad privacy framework for information technologies) in light of excessive data collection by apps in absence of consent or justification, lack of comprehensive policies, Non transparent practices, Lack of adequate choice and consent, to ensure protection of rights of the individuals, etc. and will work towards ensuring a harmonized and standardized privacy structure for mobile application data policies and practices.
WD 20889 Privacy enhancing data de-identification techniques- Given the importance of Data de-identification techniques when it comes to PII to enable the exploitation of the benefits of data processing while maintaining compliance with regulatory requirements and the relevant ISO/IEC 29100 privacy principles, the selection, design, use and assessment of these techniques needs to be performed appropriately in order to effectively address the risks of re-identification in a given context.
SP Privacy in Smart Cities- Being a 1-year long project proposed during the ISO/IEC SC 27 JTC 1 Working Group Meetings in Jaipur this group saw contributions from Japan, India, PRIPARE in EU, to name a few. The scope for the group was proposed to produce a framework in light of data ownership, communication channels, privacy risk and impact assessment in smart cities, data lifecycle privacy governance for smart cities, and Develop use cases and contexts for Privacy Controls w.r.t the data lifecycle in Smart Cities, along with detailed documentation of Privacy Controls for Smart Cities aligned to the primary controls and associated sub controls.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/iso-iec-jtc-1-sc-27-working-group-meetings-a-summary

India Electronics Week 2016 & the IoT Show

vanya — 2016-02-12T03:12:54Z

The India Electronics Week 2016 was held at the Bangalore International Exhibition Centre from 11th-13th January 2016, along with Bangalore's biggest IoT Exhibition and Conference, bringing the global electronics industry together. The event also had the EFY Expo 2016, supported by the Department of Electronics and Information Technology & the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India.

Expo

The show catered to manufacturers, developers and technology leaders interested in the domestic as well as global markets by displaying their products & services. EFY Expo was a catalyst for accelerated growth and value addition, acquisition of technology and joint ventures between Indian and global players to enable growth of Electronic Manufacturing in the country.

Conference
CIS had the opportunity to attend the conference on Smart Cities on the 13th with experts discussing Smart Governance, Risk Assessment of Iot, Role of IoT in Smart Cities, and building Smart Cities with everything as a service.

The session started with a talk on building secure and flexible IoT platforms, where the need to focus on risk and security was emphasised. Several issues which require attention from the security perspective were raised, including: the focus must be on end-to-end security with IoT being present everywhere. Secondly, there must be IoT resilient standards addressing authentication and device management, and the Industry and Government must adopt must open standards to make the ecosystem flexible. Also, the platforms must be secured and employ encryption to ensure trusted execution of software.

This was followed by a session on Smart Governance, discussing the changing nature of society where we see people moving from being connected with people to now being connected to devices. From the perspective of smart governance, the talk was divided into segments like Government to Government, Government to Business, Government to Employees and Government to Citizens. For smart cities, several e-governance initiatives have been undertaken so far, apart from e-delivery of services. After the Smart Cities Mission was announced, the Central Government sent several indicators of smart governance to the State Governments like : telecare (for example Karnataka had telejob portal), smart parking, smart grids, etc. From the business point of view, areas to be considered for building in-house competence for companies to build efficient and successful smart cities were suggested, some of them being: smarter education, buildings, environment, transportation, etc. It was suggested that smart governance can be ensured by regular measurement of the outcomes, redefining the gaps and analysis of these gaps with clearly laid policies. The key challenges to implementation of smart governance include :

The inherent IoT challenges
Government departments working in silos
Lack of clarity in objectives
Lack of transparency
No standardized platforms
Data privacy- the issue of personal data being stored in Government repository
Scalable infrastructure
Growing population

A survey was done to study the success rate of e-governance projects in India, where it was found that 50% of them were complete failures, while 35% were partial failures. Therefore, it becomes important to ponder over these challenges which may create a roadblock to smart governance raising concerns on projects like smart cities.

RIOT-Risk assessment of Internet of Things- A Session to understand the security issue in IoT and discuss about secure IoT implementation. In smart cities, IoT has huge potential which may face roadblocks due to lack of open platforms, lack of an ecosystem of sensors, gateways, platforms and the challenges of integration with existing systems. The IoT security issues, on the other hand, like absence of set standards, lack of motivation for security and little awareness about such issues need due attention. This requires levels of check, for example, at the IoT surface level in devices, the cloud or the mobile. Another important area here becomes the issue of data privacy and security for IoT implementation.

Everything as a service- An insight into what it takes to build a smart city with EaaS and understand the various components that go into this, how they interact and how it can be implemented. This session highlighted the importance of data in a city, as it becomes very useful to provide information like-about disasters, enabling the Government to make plans and take actions accordingly, information about the traffic in the city, the waste level, city health map, etc. With multiple actors using the same data, the use of such information in a smart city varies across various sectors like

Smart Government- for Transparency, accountability and better decision-making
Smart Mobility- Intelligent traffic, management, safer roads
Smart Healthcare- health maps, better emergency services
Smart Living- safety and security, better quality of life
Smart Utilities- Resource conservation, Resilience
Smart Environment- Better waste, management, air quality monitoring.

To use everything as a service, it is considered as an attribute/state where there is a nexus between the users and state. For this, information is collected on the basis of data captured so far, or new data is captured by opening up existing sources like telecom operators, machines, citizens , hospitals, etc., or install new sensors to generate new data. Here, the need for data privacy and government policy was emphasized upon . For EaaS, there is an urgent need to standardize the interface between the sensor network, data publisher, insight providers and service provider in a smart city.

The conference gave insight into the perspective of the industry about smart cities, along with the actors involved, issues and challenges envisioned by private companies in the development of smart cities in India. The companies see role of IoT as an integral part of the project, with data security, privacy and need to formulate/adopt standards for implementation of IoT in the new as well as the existing structure key for the Smart Cities Mission in India.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/india-electronics-week-2016-the-iot-show

Human DNA Profiling Bill 2012 v/s 2015 Bill

vanya — 2015-09-06T14:10:26Z

This entry analyses the Human DNA Profiling Bill introduced in 2012 with the provisions of the 2015 Bill

A comparison of changes that have been introduced in the Human DNA Profiling Bill, June 2015.

Definitions:

1. 2012 Bill: The definition of "analytical procedure" was included under clause 2 (1) (a) and was defined as an orderly step by step procedure designed to ensure operational uniformity.

2015 Bill: This definition has been included under the Explanation under clause 22 which provides for measures to be taken by DNA Laboratory.

2. 2012 Bill: The definition of "audit" was earlier defined under clause 2 (1) (b) and was defined as an inspection used to evaluate, confirm or verify activity related to quality.

2015 Bill: This definition has been included under the Explanation under clause 22 which provides for measures to be taken by DNA Laboratory.

3. 2012 Bill: There was no definition of "bodily substance".

2015 Bill: Clause 2(1) (b) defines bodily substance to be any biological material of or from a body of the person (whether living or dead) and includes intimate/non-intimate body samples as well.

4. 2012 Bill: The definition of "calibration" was included under clause 2 (1) (d) in the previous Bill.

2015 Bill: The definition has been removed from the definition clause and has been included as an explanation under clause 22.

5. 2012 Bill: Previously "DNA Data Bank" was defined under clause 2(1)(h) as a consolidated DNA profile storage and maintenance facility, whether in computerized or other form, containing the indices as mentioned in the Bill.

2015 Bill: However, in this version, the definition has been briefed under clause 2(1) (f) to mean as a DNA Data Bank as established under clause 24.

6. 2012 Bill: Previously a "DNA Data Bank Manager" was defined clause 2(1) (i) as the person responsible for supervision, execution and maintenance of the DNA Data Bank.

2015 Bill: In the new Bill, it is defined clause 2(1) (g) as a person appointed under clause 26.

7. 2012 Bill: Under clause 2(1) (j), the definition of "DNA laboratory" was defined to be any laboratory established to perform DNA procedures.

8. 2015 Bill: Under clause 2(1) (h) "DNA laboratory" has been now defined to be any laboratory established to perform DNA profiling.

9. 2012 Bill: "DNA procedure" was defined under clause 2(1) (k) as a procedure to develop DNA profile for use in the applicable instances as specified in the Schedule.

2015 Bill: This definition has been removed from the Bill.

10. 2012 Bill: There was no definition of "DNA Profiling".

2015 Bill: DNA profiling has been defined under clause 2(1) (j) as a procedure to develop DNA profile for human identification.

11. 2012 Bill: "DNA testing" was defined under clause 2(1) (n) as the identification and evaluation of biological evidence using DNA technologies for use in the applicable instances.

2015 Bill: This definition has been removed.

12. 2012 Bill: "forensic material" was defined under clause 2(1) (o) as biological material of or from the body of a person living or dead, and representing an intimate body sample or non-intimate body sample.

2015 Bill: This definition has been included under the definition of "bodily substance" under clause 2(1) (b).

13. 2012 Bill: "intimate body sample" was defined under clause 2(1) (q).

2015 Bill: This has been removed from the definitions clause and has been included as an explanation under clause 23 which addresses sources and manner of collection of samples for DNA profiling.

14. 2012 Bill: "intimate forensic procedure" was defined under 2(1) (r).

2015 Bill: This has been removed from the definitions clause and has been included as an explanation under clause 23 which addresses sources and manner of collection of samples for DNA profiling.

15. 2012 Bill: "non-intimate body sample" was defined under clause 2(1) (v) in 2012 Bill.

2015 Bill: The definition of "non-intimate body sample" has not been included in the definitions clause and has been included as an Explanation under clause 23 which addresses sources and manner of collection of samples for DNA profiling.

16. 2012 Bill: "non-intimate forensic procedure" was defined under clause 2(1) (w) in 2012 Bill.

2015 Bill: The definition of "non-intimate forensic procedure" has not been included in the definitions clause and has been included as an Explanation under clause 23 which addresses sources and manner of collection of samples for DNA profiling.

17. 2012 Bill: "undertrial" was defined under clause 2(1) (zk) as a person against whom a criminal proceeding is pending in a court of law.

2015 Bill: The definition now states such a person against whom charges have been framed for a specified offence in a court of law under clause 2(1) (zc).

DNA Profiling Board:

1. 2012 Bill: Under clause 4 (a), the Bill stated that a renowned molecular biologist must be appointed as the Chairperson.

2015 Bill: Under clause 4 addressing Composition of the Board, the Bill states that the Board shall consist of a Chairperson who shall be appointed by the Central Government and must have at least fifteen years' experience in the field of biological sciences.

2. 2012 Bill: Under clause 4 (i), the Chairman of National Bioethics Committee of Department of Biotechnology, Government of India was to be included as a member under the DNA Profiling Board.

2015 Bill: This member has been removed from the composition.

3. 2012 Bill: Under clause 4 (m), the term of 1 person from the field of genetics was not mentioned in the 2012 Bill.

2015 Bill: In this Bill under clause 4 (m), it has been stated that such a person must have minimum experience of twelve years in the field.

4. 2012 Bill: The term of 2 people from the field of biological sciences was not mentioned in the 2012 Bill under clause 4 (l).

2015 Bill: Under clause 4 (l), it has been stated that such 2 people must have minimum experience of twelve years in the field.

5. The following members have been included in the 2015 Bill-

i. Chairman of National Human Rights Commission or his nominees, as an ex-officio member under clause 4 (a).

ii. Secretary to Government of India, Ministry of Law and Justice or his nominees (not below rank of Joint Secretary), as an ex-officio member under clause 4 (b).

6. 2012 Bill: Under clause 5, the term of the members was not uniform and varied for all members.

2015 Bill: The term of people from the field of biological sciences and the person from the field of genetics has been states to be five years from the date of their entering upon the office, and would be eligible for re-appointment for not more than 2 consecutive terms.

Also, the age of a Chairperson or a member cannot exceed seventy years.

The term of members under clauses (c), (f), (h), and (i) of clause 4 is 3 years and for others the term shall continue as long as they hold the office.

Chief Executive Officer:

2012 Bill: Earlier it was stated in the Bill under clause 10 (3) that such a person should be a scientist with understanding of genetics and molecular biology.

2015 Bill: The Bill states under clause 11 (3) that the CEO shall be a person possessing qualifications and experience in science or as specified under regulations. The specific experience has been removed.

A new clause- 12(5) addresses power of the Board to co-opt the number of people for attending the meetings and take part in proceedings; however such a person shall be devoid of voting rights. Also, such a person shall be entitled to specified allowances for attending the meetings.

Officers and Other Employees of Board:

2012 Bill: The Bill stated under clause 11 (3) that the Board may appoint consultants required to assist in the discharge of its functions on such terms and conditions as may be specified by the regulations.

2015 Bill: The 2015 Bill states under clause 12 (3) that the Board may appoint experts to assist for discharging its functions and may hold consultations with people whose rights may be affected by DNA profiling.

Functions of the Board:

2012 Bill: 26 functions were stated in the 2012 Bill.

2015 Bill: The number of the functions has been reduced to 22 with a few changes based on recommendations of Expert Committee.

Power of Board to withdraw approval:

2015 Bill: The circumstances in which the Board could withdraw its approval have not been changed from the 2012 Bill (previously under clause 16). There's an addition to the list as provided under clause 17 (1) (d) wherein the Board can also withdraw its approval in case the DNA laboratory fails to comply with any directions issued by the DNA Profiling Board or any such regulatory Authority under any other Act.

Obligations of DNA Laboratory:

2015 Bill: There is an addition to the list of obligations to be undertaken by a DNA laboratory under clause 19 (d). The laboratory has an additional obligation to share the DNA data prepared and maintained by it with the State DNA Data Bank and the National DNA Data Bank.

Qualification and experience of Head, technical and managerial staff and employees of DNA Laboratory:

2012 Bill: The previous Bill clearly mandated under clause 19 (2) the qualifications of the Head of every DNA laboratory to be a person possessing educational qualifications of Doctorate in Life Sciences from a recognised University with knowledge and understanding of the foundation of molecular genetics as applied to DNA work and such other qualifications as may be specified by regulations made by the Board.

2015 Bill: The provision has been generalized and provides under clause 20 (1) for a person to be possess the specified educational qualifications and experience.

Measures to be taken by DNA Laboratory:

2012 Bill: In the previous Bill, there were separate clauses with regard to security, minimization of contamination, evidence control system, validation process, analytical procedure, equipment calibration and maintenance, audits of laboratory to be followed by a DNA Laboratory.

2015 Bill: In the 2015 Bill, these measures to be adopted by DNA Laboratory have been included under one clause itself-clause 22.

Infrastructure and training:

2012 Bill: The specific provisions regarding infrastructure, fee, recruitment, training and installing of security system in the DNA Laboratory were present in the Bill under clauses 28-31.

2015 Bill: These provisions have been removed from the 2015 Bill.

Sources and manner of collection of samples for DNA profiling:

2012 Bill: Part II of the Schedule in the Bill provided for sources and manner of collection of samples for DNA Profiling.

The sources include: Tissue and skeleton remains and Already preserved body fluids and other samples.

Also, it provided for a list of the manner in which the profiling can be done:

(1) Medical Examination (2) Autopsy examination (3) Exhumation

Also, provision for collection of intimate and non-intimate body samples was provided as an Explanation.

2015 Bill: Under Clause 23, the sources include bodily substances and other sources as specified in Regulations. The other sources remain unchanged.

Also, provision for collection of intimate and non-intimate body samples is addressed in clause 23(2).

The explanation to the provision states what would be implied by the terms medical practitioner, intimate body sample, intimate forensic procedure, non-intimate body sample and non-intimate forensic procedure.

DNA Data Bank:

- Establishment:

2012 Bill: The Bill did not specify any location for establishment of the National DNA Data Bank.

2015 Bill: The Bill states under clause 24 (1) that the Central Government shall establish a National DNA Data Bank at Hyderabad.

-Maintenance of indices of DNA Data Bank:

2012 Bill: Apart from the DNA profiles, every DNA Data Bank shall contain the identity of the person from whose body the substances are taken in case of a profile in the offenders' index as under clause 32 (6) (a).

2015 Bill: Clause 25 (2) (a) states that the DNA Data Bank shall contain the identity for the suspects' or offenders' index.

DNA Data Bank Manager:

2012 Bill: The Bill States under clause 33 (1) that a DNA Data Bank Manger shall be appointed for conducting all operations of the National DNA Data Bank. The functions were not specific.

2015 Bill: The Bill states under clause 26 (1) specifically that a DNA Data Bank Manger shall be appointed for the purposes of execution, maintenance and supervision of the National DNA Data Bank.

- Qualification:

2012 Bill: In the previous Bill, it was stated under clause 33 (3) that the DNA Data Bank Manager must be a scientist with understanding of computer applications and statistics.

2015: The Bill states under clause 26 (2) that the DNA Data Bank Manager must possess educational qualification in science and any such experience as prescribed by the regulations.

Officers and other employees of the National DNA Data Bank:

2012 Bill: The Bill stated under clause 34 (3) that the Board may appoint consultants required to assist in the discharge of the functions of the DNA Data Banks.

2015 Bill: The Bill provides under clause 27 (3) that the Board may appoint experts required to assist in the discharge of the functions of the DNA Data Banks

Comparison and Communication of DNA profiles:

2015 Bill: The New Bill specifically addresses comparison and communication the DNA profiles as that in the offenders' or crime scene index under clause 28 (1). Also, there is an additional provision under clause 29 (3) which states that the National DNA Data Bank Manger may communicate a DNA profile through Central Bureau of Investigation on request of a court, tribunal, law enforcement agency or DNA laboratory to the Government of a foreign State, an international organization or institution of Government.

Use of DNA profiles and DNA samples and records:

2012 Bill: The Bill provided under clause 39 that all DNA profiles, samples and records would be used solely for purpose of facilitating identification of perpetrator of an offence as listed under the Schedule. The proviso to this provision addressed the fact that such samples could be used to identify victims of accidents or disaster or missing persons, or any purpose of civil dispute.

2015 Bill: The Bill restricts the use of all DNA profiles, samples and records solely for purpose of facilitating identification of a person under the Act under clause 32.

DNA Profiling Board Fund:

2012 Bill: The Bill stated under clause 47 (2) that the financial power for the application of monies of the Fund shall be delegated to the Board in such manner as may be prescribed and as may be specified by the regulations made by the Board.

Also, the Bill stated that the Fund shall be applied for meeting remuneration requirements to be paid to the consultants under clause 47 (3) (c).

2015 Bill: This provision has not been included in the Bill. Also, the Bill does not include the provision of paying the remuneration to the experts from the Fund.

Delegation of Powers:

2012 Bill: The Bill provided under clause 61 that The Board may delegate its powers and functions to the Chairperson or any other Member or officer of the Board subject to such conditions, if necessary.

2015 Bill: This provision has not been included in the 2015 Bill.

Powers of Board to make rules:

2012 Bill: The Bill provided for an exhaustive list consisting of 33 powers listed under clause 65.

2015 Bill: The Bill provides for a list of 27 powers of the Board under clause 57.

Schedule:

2012 Bill: In the list of offense where human DNA profiling would be applicable, there was an inclusion of any law as may be specified by the regulations made by the Board.

2015 Bill: This provision has been removed from the 2015 Bill.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/human-dna-profiling-bill-2012-vs-2015

DNA Research

vanya — 2016-07-21T11:02:29Z

In 2006, the Department of Biotechnology drafted the Human DNA Profiling Bill. In 2012 a revised Bill was released and a group of Experts was constituted to finalize the Bill. In 2014, another version was released, the approval of which is pending before the Parliament. This legislation will allow the government of India to Create a National DNA Data Bank and a DNA Profiling Board for the purposes of forensic research and analysis. Here is a collection of our research on privacy and security concerns related to the Bill.

The Centre for Internet and Society, India has been researching privacy in India since the year 2010, with special focus on the following issues related to the DNA Bill:

Validity and legality of collection, usage and storage of DNA samples and information derived from the same.
Monitoring projects and policies around Human DNA Profiling.
Raising public awareness around issues concerning biometrics.

The Bill seeks to establish DNA Databases at the state and regional level and a national level database. The databases would store DNA profiles of suspects, offenders, missing persons, and deceased persons. The database could be used by courts, law enforcement (national and international) agencies, and other authorized persons for criminal and civil purposes. The Bill will also regulate DNA laboratories collecting DNA samples. Lack of adequate consent, the broad powers of the board, and the deletion of innocent persons profiles are just a few of the concerns voiced about the Bill.

Download the infographic. Credit: Scott Mason and CIS team.

1. DNA Bill

The Human DNA Profiling bill is a legislation that will allow the government of India to Create a National DNA Data Bank and a DNA Profiling Board for the purposes of forensic research and analysis. There have been many concerns raised about the infringement of privacy and the power that the government will have with such information raised by Human Rights Groups, individuals and NGOs. The bill proposes to profile people through their fingerprints and retinal scans which allow the government to create different unique profiles for individuals. Some of the concerns raised include the loss of privacy by such profiling and the manner in which they are conducted. Unless strictly controlled, monitored and protected, such a database of the citizens' fingerprints and retinal scans could lead to huge blowbacks in the form of security risks and privacy invasions. The following articles elaborate upon these matters.

2. Comparative Analysis with other Legislatures

Human DNA Profiling is a system that isn't proposed only in India. This system of identification has been proposed and implemented in many nations. Each of these systems differs from the other on bases dependent on the nation's and society's needs. The risks and criticisms that DNA profiling has faced may be the same but the manner in which solutions to such issues are varying. The following articles look into the different systems in place in different countries and create a comparison with the proposed system in India to give us a better understanding of the risks and implications of such a system being implemented.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/dna-research

Database on Big Data and Smart Cities International Standards

vanya — 2016-02-11T15:49:45Z

The Centre for Internet and Society is in the process of mapping international standards specifically around Big Data, IoT and Smart Cities. Here is a living document containing a database of some of these key globally accepted standards.

1. International Organisation for Standardization: ISO/IEC JTC 1 Working group on Big Data (WG 9 )

● Background

- The International Organization for Standardization /International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) Joint Technical Committee (JTC) 1, Information Technology announced the creation of a Working Group (WG) focused on standardization in connection with big data.

- JTC 1 is the standards development environment where experts come together to develop worldwide standards on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for integrating diverse and complex ICT technologies.^{^[1]}

- The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) holds the secretariat to JTC 1 and the ANSI-accredited U.S. Technical Advisory Group (TAG) Administrator to JTC 1 is theInterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards (INCITS) ^{^[2]}, an ANSI member and accredited standards developer (ASD). InterNational Committee for Information Technology standards (INCITS) is a technical committee on Big Data to serve as the US Technical Advisory Group (TAG) to JTC 1/WG 9 on Big Data/ pending approval of a New Work Item Proposal (NWIP). The INCITS/Big Data will address standardization in the areas assigned to JTC 1/WG 9. ^{^[3]}

- Under U.S. leadership, WG 9 on Big Data will serve as the focus of JTC 1's big data standardization program.

● Objective

- To identify standardization gaps.

- Develop foundational standards for Big Data.

- Develop and maintain liaisons with all relevant JTC 1 entities

- Grow the awareness of and encourage engagement in JTC 1 Big Data standardization efforts within JTC 1. ^{^[4]}

● Status

- JTC 1 appoints Mr. Wo Chang to serve as Convenor of the JTC 1 Working Group on Big Data.

- The WG has set up a Study Group on Big Data.

2. International Organisation for Standardization: ISO/IEC JTC 1 Study group on Big Data

● Background

- The ISO/IEC JTC1 Study Group on Big Data (JTC1 SGBD) was created by Resolution 27 at the November, 2013 JTC1 Plenary at the request of the USA and other national bodies for consideration of Big Data activities across all of JTC 1.

- A Study Group (SG) is an ISO mechanism by which the convener of a Working Group (WG) under a sub-committee appoints a smaller group of experts to do focused work in a specific area to identify a clear group to focus attention on a major area and expand the manpower of the committee.

- The goal of an SG is to create a proposal suitable for consideration by the whole WG, and it is the WG that will then decide whether and how to progress the work.^{^[5]}

● Objective

JTC 1 establishes a Study Group on Big Data for consideration of Big Data

activities across all of JTC 1 with the following objectives:

- Mapping the existing landscape: Map existing ICT landscape for key technologies and relevant standards /models/studies /use cases and scenarios for Big Data from JTC 1, ISO, IEC and other standards setting organizations,

- Identify key terms : Identify key terms and definitions commonly used in the area of Big Data,

- Assess status of big data standardization : Assess the current status of Big Data standardization market requirements, identify standards gaps, and propose standardization priorities to serve as a basis for future JTC 1 work, and

- Provide a report with recommendations and other potential deliverables to the 2014 JTC 1 Plenary. ^{^[6]}

● Current Status

- The study group released a preliminary report in the year 2014, which can be accessed here : http://www.iso.org/iso/big_data_report-jtc1.pdf.

3. The National Institute of Standards and Technology Big Data Interoperability Framework :

● Background

- NIST is leading the development of a Big Data Technology Roadmap which aims to define and prioritize requirements for interoperability, portability, reusability, and extensibility for big data analytic techniques and technology infrastructure to support secure and effective adoption of Big Data.

- To help develop the ideas in the Big Data Technology Roadmap, NIST is creating the Public Working Group for Big Data which Released Seven Volumes of Big Data Interoperability Framework on September 16, 2015.^{^[7]}

● Objective

- To advance progress in Big Data, the NIST Big Data Public Working Group (NBD-PWG) is working to develop consensus on important, fundamental concepts related to Big Data.

● Status

- The results are reported in the NIST Big Data Interoperability Framework series of volumes. Under the framework, seven volumes have been released by NIST, available here:

http://bigdatawg.nist.gov/V1_output_docs.php

4. IEEE Standards Association

● Background:

- The IEEE Standards Association introduced a number of standards

related to big-data applications.

● Status:

The following standard is under development:

- IEEE P2413

"IEEE Standard for an Architectural Framework for the Internet of Things (IoT)" defines the relationships among devices used in industries, including transportation and health care. It also provides a blueprint for data privacy, protection, safety, and security, as well as a means to document and mitigate architecture divergence.^{^[8]}

5. ITU

● Background:

- The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has announced its first standards for big data services, entitled 'Recommendation ITU-T Y.3600 "Big data - cloud computing based requirements and capabilities"', recognizing the need for strong technical standards considering the growth of big data to ensure that processing tools are able to achieve powerful results in the areas of collection, analysis, visualization, and more.^{^[9]}

● Objective:

- Recommendation Y.3600 provides requirements, capabilities and use cases of

cloud computing based big data as well as its system context. Cloud computing

based big data provides the capabilities to collect, store, analyze, visualize and

manage varieties of large volume datasets, which cannot be rapidly transferred

and analysed using traditional technologies.^{^[10]}

- It also outlines how cloud computing systems can be leveraged to provide big-data services.

● Status:

- The standard was relseased in the year 2015 and is avaiabe here: http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-Y.3600-201511-I .

Smart cities

1. ISO Standards on Smart Cities

● Background:

- ISO, the International Organization for Standardization, established a strategic advisory group in 2014 for smart cities, comprised of a wide range of international experts to advise ISO on how to coordinate current and future Smart City standardization activities, in cooperation with other international standards organizations, to benefit the market.^{^[11]}

- Seven countries, China, Germany, UK, France, Japan, Korea and USA, are currently involved in the research.

● Objective:

- The main aims of which are to formulate a definition of a Smart City

- Identify current and future ISO standards projects relating to Smart Cities

- Examine involvement of potential stakeholders, city requirements, potential interface problems. ^{^[12]}

● Status:

- ISO/TC 268, which is focused on sustainable development in communities, has one working group developing city indicators and other developing metrics for smart community infrastructures. In early 2016 this committee will be joined by another - IEC - systems committee. The first standard produced by ISO/TC 268 is ISO/TR 37150:2014.

- ISO/TR 37150:2014 Smart community infrastructures -- Review of existing activities relevant to metrics: this standard provides a review of existing activities relevant to metrics for smart community infrastructures. The concept of smartness is addressed in terms of performance relevant to technologically implementable solutions, in accordance with sustainable development and resilience of communities, as defined in ISO/TC 268. ISO/TR 37150:2014 addresses community infrastructures such as energy, water, transportation, waste and information and communications technology (ICT). It focuses on the technical aspects of existing activities which have been published, implemented or discussed. Economic, political or societal aspects are not analyzed in ISO/TR 37150:2014.^{^[13]}

- ISO 37120:2014 provides city leaders and citizens a set of clearly defined city performance indicators and a standard approach for measuring each. Though some indicators will be more helpful for cities than others, cities can now consistently apply these indicators and accurately benchmark their city services and quality of life against other cities.^{^[14]} This new international standard was developed using the framework of the Global City Indicators Facility (GCIF) that has been extensively tested by more than 255 cities worldwide. This is a demand-led standard, driven and created by cities, for cities. ISO 37120 defines and establishes definitions and methodologies for a set of indicators to steer and measure the performance of city services and quality of life. The standard includes a comprehensive set of 100 indicators - of which 46 are core - that measures a city's social, economic, and environmental performance. ^{^[15]}

The GCIF global network, supports the newly constituted World Council on City Data - a sister organization of the GCI/GCIF - which allows for independent, third party verification of ISO 37120 data.^{^[16]}

- ISO/TS 37151 and ISO/TR 37152 Smart community infrastructures -- Common framework for development & operation: outlines 14 categories of basic community needs (from the perspective of residents, city managers and the environment) to measure the performance of smart community infrastructures. These are typical community infrastructures like energy, water, transportation, waste and information and communication technology systems, which have been optimized with sustainable development and resilience in mind. ^{^[17]} The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 268, Sustainable development in communities, Subcommittee SC 1, Smart community infrastructures. The objective is to develop international consensus on a harmonised metrics to evaluate the smartness of key urban infrastructure.^{^[18]}

- ISO 37101 Sustainable development of communities -- Management systems -- Requirements with guidance for resilience and smartness : By setting out requirements and guidance to attain sustainability with the support of methods and tools including smartness and resilience, it can help communities improve in a number of areas such as: Developing holistic and integrated approaches instead of working in silos (which can hinder sustainability), Fostering social and environmental changes, Improving health and wellbeing, Encouraging responsible resource use and Achieving better governance. ^{^[19]} The objective is to develop a Management System Requirements Standard reflecting consensus on an integrated, cross-sector approach drawing on existing standards and best practices.

- ISO 37102 Sustainable development & resilience of communities - Vocabulary . The objective is to establish a common set of terms and definitions for standardization in sustainable development, resilience and smartness in communities, cities and territories since there is pressing need for harmonization and clarification. This would provide a common language for all interested parties and stakeholders at the national, regional and international levels and would lead to improved ability to conduct benchmarks and to share experiences and best practices.

- ISO/TR 37121 Inventory & review of existing indicators on sustainable development & resilience in cities : A common set of indicators useable by every city in the world and covering most issues related to sustainability, resilience and quality of life in cities. ^{^[20]}

- ISO/TR 12859:2009 gives general guidelines to developers of intelligent transport systems (ITS) standards and systems on data privacy aspects and associated legislative requirements for the development and revision of ITS standards and systems. ^{^[21]}

2. International Organisation for Standardization: ISO/IEC JTC 1 Working group on Smart Cities (WG 11 )

● Background:

- Serve as the focus of and proponent for JTC 1's Smart Cities standardization program and works for development of foundational standards for the use of ICT in Smart Cities - including the Smart City ICT Reference Framework and an Upper Level Ontology for Smart Cities - for guiding Smart Cities efforts throughout JTC 1 upon which other standards can be developed.^{^[22]}

● Objective:

- To develop a set of ICT related indicators for Smart Cities in collaboration with ISO/TC 268.

- Identify JTC 1 (and other organization) subgroups developing standards and related material that contribute to Smart Cities.

- Grow the awareness of, and encourage engagement in, JTC 1 Smart Cities standardization efforts within JTC 1.

● Status

- Ms Yuan Yuan is the Convenor of this Working group.

- The purpose was to provide a report with recommendations to the JTC 1 Plenary in the year 2014, to which a preliminary report was submitted. ^{^[23]}

3. International Organisation for Standardization: ISO/IEC JTC 1 Study Group (SG1) on Smart Cities

● Background:

- The Study Group (SG) - Smart Cities was established in 2013^{^[24]} SG 1 will explicitly consider the work going on in the following committees: ISO/TMB/AG on Smart Cities, IEC/SEG 1, ITU-T/FG SSC and ISO/TC 268. ^{^[25]}

● Objective :

- To examine the needs and potentials for standardization in this area.

● Status:

- SG 1 is paying particular attention to monitoring cloud computing activities, which it sees as the key element of the Smart Cities infrastructure. DIN's Information Technology and Selected IT Applications Standards Committee (NIA (www.nia.din.de)) is formally responsible for ISO/IEC JTC1 /SG 1, but an autonomous national mirror committee on Smart Cities does not yet exist and the work is being overseen by DIN's Smart Grid steering body. ^{^[26]}

- A preliminary report has been released in the 2014, available here- http://www.iso.org/iso/smart_cities_report-jtc1.pdf

4. ITU

● Background:

- ITU members have established an ITU-T Study Group titled "ITU-T Study Group 20: IoT and its applications, including smart cities and communities" ^{^[27]}

- ITU-T has also established a Focus Group on Smart Sustainable Cities (FG-SSC).

● Objective:

- The study group will address the standardization requirements of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, with an initial focus on IoT applications in smart cities.

- The focus group shall assess the standardization requirements of cities aiming to boost their social, economic and environmental sustainability through the integration of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in their infrastructures and operations.

- The Focus Group will act as an open platform for smart-city stakeholders - such as municipalities; academic and research institutes; non-governmental organizations (NGOs); and ICT organizations, industry forums and consortia - to exchange knowledge in the interests of identifying the standardized frameworks needed to support the integration of ICT services in smart cities.^{^[28]}

● Status:

- The study group will develop standards that leverage IoT technologies to address urban-development challenges.

- The FG-SSC concluded its work in May 2015 by approving 21 Technical Specifications and Reports. ^{^[29]}

- So far, ITU-T SG 5 FG-SSC has issued the following reports- Technical report "An overview of smart sustainable cities and the role of information and communication technologies", Technical report "Smart sustainable cities: an analysis of definitions", Technical report "Electromagnetic field (EMF) considerations in smart sustainable cities", Technical specifications "Overview of key performance indicators in smart sustainable cities", Technical report "Smart water management in cities".^{^[30]}

5. PRIPARE Project :

● Background:

- The 7001 - PRIPARE Smart City Strategy is to to ensure that ICT solutions integrated in EIP smart cities will be compliant with future privacy regulation.

- PRIPARE aims to develop a privacy and security-by-design software and systems engineering methodology, using the combined expertise of the research community and taking into account multiple viewpoints (advocacy, legal, engineering, business).

● Objective:

- The mission of PRIPARE is to facilitate the application of a privacy and security-by-design methodology that will contribute to the advent of unhindered usage of Internet against disruptions, censorship and surveillance, support its practice by the ICT research community to prepare for industry practice and foster risk management culture through educational material targeted to a diversity of stakeholders.

● Status:

- Liaison is currently on-going so that it becomes a standard (OASIS and ISO).^{^[31]}

6. BSI-UK

● Background:

- In the UK, the British Standards Institution (BSI) has been commissioned by the UK Department of Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) to conceive a Smart Cities Standards Strategy to identify vectors of smart city development where standards are needed.

- The standards would be developed through a consensus-driven process under the BSI to ensure good practise is shared between all the actors. ^{^[32]}

● Objective:

The BIS launched the City's Standards Institute to bring together cities and key

industry leaders and innovators :

- To work together in identifying the challenges facing cities,

- Providing solutions to common problems, and

- Defining the future of smart city standards.^{^[33]}

● Status:

The following standards and publications help address various issues for a city to

become a smart city:

- The development of a standard on Smart city terminology (PAS 180)

- The development of a Smart city framework standard (PAS 181)

- The development of a Data concept model for smart cities (PAS 182)

- A Smart city overview document (PD 8100)

- A Smart city planning guidelines document (PD 8101)

- BS 8904 Guidance for community sustainable development provides a decision-making framework that will help setting objectives in response to the needs and aspirations of city stakeholders

- BS 11000 Collaborative relationship management

- BSI BIP 2228:2013 Inclusive urban design - A guide to creating accessible public spaces.

7. Spain

● Background:

- AENOR, the Spanish standards developing organization (SDO), has issued two new standards on smart cities: the UNE 178303 and UNE-ISO 37120. These standards joined the already published UNE 178301.

● Objective:

- The texts, prepared by the Technical Committee of Standardization of AENOR on Smart Cities (AEN / CTN 178) and sponsored by the SETSI (Secretary of State for Telecommunications and Information Society of the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Tourism), aim to encourage the development of a new model of urban services management based on efficiency and sustainability.

● Status:

Some of the standards that have been developed are:

- UNE 178301 on Open Data evaluates the maturity of open data created or held by the public sector so that its reuse is provided in the field of Smart Cities.

- UNE 178303 establishes the requirements for proper management of municipal assets.

- UNE-ISO 37120 which collects the international urban sustainability indicators.

- Following the publication of these standards, 12 other draft standards on Smart Cities have just been made public, most of them corresponding to public services such as water, electricity and telecommunications, and multiservice city networks. ^{^[34]}

8. China

● Background:

Several national standardization committees and consortia have started

standardization work on Smart Cities, including:

- China National IT Standardization TC (NITS),

- China National CT Standardization TC,

- China National Intelligent Transportation System Standardization TC,

- China National TC on Digital Technique of Intelligent Building and Residence Community of Standardization Administration, China Strategic Alliance of Smart City Industrial Technology Innovation^{^[35]}

● Objective:

- In the year 2014, all the ministries involved in building smart cities in China joined with the Standardization Administration of China to create working groups whose job is to manage and standardize smart city development, though their activities have not been publicized. ^{^[36]}

● Status:

- China will continue to promote international standards in building smart cities and improve the competitiveness of its related industries in global market.

- Also, China's Standardization Administration has joined hands with National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in establishing and implementing standards for smart cities.

- When building smart cities, the country will adhere to the ISO 37120 and by the year 2020, China will establish 50 national standards on smart cities. ^{^[37]}

9. Germany

● Background :

- Member of European Innovation Partnership (EIP) for Smart Cities and Communities DKE (German Commission for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies) and DIN (GermanInstitute for Standardization) have developed a joint roadmap and Smart Cities recommendations for action in Germany.

● Objective:

- Its purpose is to highlight the need for standards and to serve as a strategic template for national and international standardization work in the field of smart city technology.

- The Standardization Roadmap highlights the main activities required to create smart cities. ^{^[38]}

● Status:

- An updated version of the standardization roadmap was released in the year 2015. ^{^[39]}

10. Poland

● Background:

- A coordination group on Smart and Sustainable Cities and Communities (SSCC) was set up in the beginning of 2014 to monitor any national standardization activities.

● Objective:

- It was decided to put forward a proposal to form a group at the Polish Committee for Standardization (PKN) providing recommendations for smart sustainable city standardization in Poland.

● Status:

It has two thematic groups:

- GT 1-2 on terminology and Technical Bodies in PKN Its scope covers a collection of English terms and their Polish equivalents related to smart and sustainable development of cities and communities to allow better communication among various smart city stakeholders. This includes the preparation of the list of Technical Bodies (OT) in PKN involved in standardization activities related to specific aspects of smart and sustainable local development and making proposals concerning the allocation of standardization works to the relevant OT in PKN.

- GT 3 for gathering information and the development and implementation of a work programme Its scope includes identifying stakeholders in Poland, and gathering information on any national "smart city" initiatives having an impact on environment-friendly development, sustainability, and liveability of a city. The group is also tasked with developing a work programme for GZ 1 based on identified priorities for Poland. Finally, its aim is to conduct communication and dissemination of activities to make the results of GZ 1 visible. ^{^[40]}

11. Europe

● Background:

- In 2012, the European standardization organizations CEN and CENELEC founded the Smart and Sustainable Cities and Communities Coordination Group (SSCC-CG), which is a Coordination Group established to coordinate standardization activities and foster collaboration around standardization work. ^{^[41]}

● Objective:

- The aim of the CEN-CENELEC-ETSI (SSCC-CG) is to coordinate and promote European standardization activities relating to Smart Cities and to advise the CEN and CENELEC (Technical) and ETSI Boards on standardization activities in the field of Smart and Sustainable Cities and Communities.

- The scope of the SSCC-CG is to advise on European interests and needs relating to standardization on Smart and Sustainable cities and communities.

● Status:

- Originally conceived to be completed by the end of 2014, SSCC-CG's mandate has been extended by the European standards organizations CEN, CENELEC and ETSI by a further two years and will run until the end of 2016.^{^[42]}

- The SSCC-CG does not develop standards, but reports directly to the management boards of the standardization organizations and plays an advisory role. Current members of the SSCC.CG include representatives of the relevant technical committees, the CEN/CENELEC secretariat, the European Commission, the European associations and the national standardization organizations.^{^[43]}

- CEN/CENELEC/ETSI Joint Working Group on Standards for Smart Grids: The aim of this document is to provide a strategic report which outlines the standardization requirements for implementing the European vision of smart grids, especially taking into account the initiatives by the Smart Grids Task Force of the European Commission. It provides an overview of standards, current activities, fields of action, international cooperation and strategic recommendations^{^[44]}

12. Singapore

● Background:

- In the year 2015, SPRING Singapore, the Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (IDA) and the Information Technology Standards Committee (ITSC), under the purview of the Singapore Standards Council (SSC), have laid out an Internet of Things (IoT) Standards Outline in support of Singapore's Smart Nation initiative.

● Objective:

- Realising importance of standards in laying the foundation for the nation empowered by big data, analytics technology and sensor networks in light of Singapore's vision of becoming a Smart Nation.

● Status:

Three types of standards - sensor network standards, IoT foundational standards and domain-specific standards - have been identified under the IoT Standards Outline. Singapore actively participates in the ISO Technical Committee (TC) working on smart city standards.^{^[45]}

^{^[1]} ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information Technology, http://www.iso.org/iso/jtc1_home.html

^{^[2]} The InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards, JTC 1 Working Group on Big Data, http://www.incits.org/committees/big-data

^{^[3]} ISO/IEC JTC 1 Forms Two Working Groups on Big Data and Internet of Things, 27th January 2015, https://www.ansi.org/news_publications/news_story.aspx?menuid=7&articleid=5b101d27-47b5-4540-bca3-657314402591

^{^[4]} JTC 1 November 2014 Resolution 28 - Establishment of a Working Group on Big Data, and Call for Participation, 20th January 2015, http://jtc1sc32.org/doc/N2601-2650/32N2625-J1N12445_JTC1_Big_Data-call_for_participation.pdf

^{^[5]} SD-3: Study Group Organizational Information, https://isocpp.org/std/standing-documents/sd-3-study-group-organizational-information

^{^[6]} ISO/IEC JTC 1 Study Group on Big Data (BD-SG), http://jtc1bigdatasg.nist.gov/home.php

^{^[7]} NIST Released V1.0 Seven Volumes of Big Data Interoperability Framework (September 16, 2015),http://bigdatawg.nist.gov/home.php

^{^[8]} Standards That Support Big Data, Monica Rozenfeld, 8th September 2014, http://theinstitute.ieee.org/benefits/standards/standards-that-support-big-data

^{^[9]} ITU releases first ever big data standards, Madolyn Smith, 21st December 2015, http://datadrivenjournalism.net/news_and_analysis/itu_releases_first_ever_big_data_standards#sthash.m3FBt63D.dpuf

^{^[10]} ITU-T Y.3600 (11/2015) Big data - Cloud computing based requirements and capabilities, http://www.itu.int/itu-t/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=12584

^{^[11]} ISO Strategic Advisory Group on Smart Cities - Demand-side survey, March 2015, http://www.platform31.nl/uploads/media_item/media_item/41/62/Toelichting_ISO_Smart_cities_Survey-1429540845.pdf

^{^[12]} The German Standardization Roadmap Smart City Version 1.1, May 2015, https://www.vde.com/en/dke/std/documents/nr_smartcity_en_v1.1.pdf

^{^[13]} ISO/TR 37150:2014 Smart community infrastructures -- Review of existing activities relevant to metrics, http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=62564

^{^[14]} Dissecting ISO 37120: Why this new smart city standard is good news for cities, 30th July 2014, http://smartcitiescouncil.com/article/dissecting-iso-37120-why-new-smart-city-standard-good-news-cities

^{^[15]} World Council for City Data, http://www.dataforcities.org/wccd/

^{^[16]} Global City Indicators Facility, http://www.cityindicators.org/

^{^[17]} How to measure the performance of smart cities, Maria Lazarte, 5th October 2015

http://www.iso.org/iso/home/news_index/news_archive/news.htm?refid=Ref2001

^{^[18]} http://iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/sites/energyefficiency/files/files/documents/events/slideslairoctober2014.pdf

^{^[19]} A standard for improving communities reaches final stage, Clare Naden, 12th February 2015,

http://www.iso.org/iso/news.htm?refid=Ref1932

^{^[20]} http://iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/sites/energyefficiency/files/files/documents/events/slideslairoctober2014.pdf

^{^[21]} ISO/TR 12859:2009 Intelligent transport systems -- System architecture -- Privacy aspects in ITS standards and systems, http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=52052

^{^[22]} ISO/IEC JTC 1 Information technology, WG 11 Smart Cities, http://www.iec.ch/dyn/www/f?p=103:14:0::::FSP_ORG_ID,FSP_LANG_ID:12973,25

^{^[23]} Work of ISO/IEC JTC1 Smart Ci4es Study group , https://interact.innovateuk.org/documents/3158891/17680585/2+JTC1+Smart+Cities+Group/e639c7f6-4354-4184-99bf-31abc87b5760

^{^[24]} JTC1 SAC - Meeting 13 , February 2015, http://www.finance.gov.au/blog/2015/08/05/jtc1-sac-meeting-13-february-2015/

^{^[25]} The German Standardization Roadmap Smart City Version 1.1, May 2015, https://www.vde.com/en/dke/std/documents/nr_smartcity_en_v1.1.pdf

^{^[26]} The German Standardization Roadmap Smart City Version 1.1, May 2015, https://www.vde.com/en/dke/std/documents/nr_smartcity_en_v1.1.pdf

^{^[27]} ITU standards to integrate Internet of Things in Smart Cities, 10th June 2015, https://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2015/22.aspx

^{^[28]} ITU-T Focus Group Smart Sustainable Cities, https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/oth/0b/04/T0B0400004F2C01PDFE.pdf

^{^[29]} Focus Group on Smart Sustainable Cities, http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/focusgroups/ssc/Pages/default.aspx

^{^[30]} The German Standardization Roadmap Smart City Version 1.1, May 2015, https://www.vde.com/en/dke/std/documents/nr_smartcity_en_v1.1.pdf

^{^[31]} 7001 - PRIPARE Smart City Strategy, https://eu-smartcities.eu/commitment/7001

^{^[32]} Financing Tomorrow's Cities: How Standards Can Support the Development of Smart Cities, http://www.longfinance.net/groups7/viewdiscussion/72-financing-financing-tomorrow-s-cities-how-standards-can-support-the-development-of-smart-cities.html?groupid=3

^{^[33]} BSI-Smart Cities, http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/

^{^[34]} New Set of Smart Cities Standards in Spain, https://eu-smartcities.eu/content/new-set-smart-cities-standards-spain

^{^[35]} Technical Report, M2M & ICT Enablement in Smart Cities, Telecommunication Engineering Centre, Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India, November 2015, http://tec.gov.in/pdf/M2M/ICT%20deployment%20and%20strategies%20for%20%20Smart%20Cities.pdf

^{^[36]} Smart City Development in China, Don Johnson, 17th June 2014, http://www.chinabusinessreview.com/smart-city-development-in-china/

^{^[37]} China to continue develop standards on smart cities, 17th December 2015, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2015wic/2015-12/17/content_22732897.htm

^{^[38]} The German Standardization Roadmap Smart City, April 2014, https://www.dke.de/de/std/documents/nr_smart%20city_en_version%201.0.pdf

^{^[39]} This version of the Smart City Standardization Roadmap, Version 1.1, is an incremental revision of Version 1.0. In Version 1.1, a special focus is placed on giving an overview of current standardization activities and interim results, thus illustrating German ambitions in this area.

^{^[40]} SSCC-CG Final report Smart and Sustainable Cities and Communities Coordination Group, January 2015, https://www.etsi.org/images/files/SSCC-CG_Final_Report-recommendations_Jan_2015.pdf

^{^[41]} Orchestrating infrastructure for sustainable Smart Cities , http://www.iec.ch/whitepaper/pdf/iecWP-smartcities-LR-en.pdf

^{^[42]} Urbanization- Why do we need standardization?, http://www.din.de/en/innovation-and-research/smart-cities-en

^{^[43]} CEN-CENELEC-ETSI Coordination Group 'Smart and Sustainable Cities and Communities' (SSCC-CG), http://www.cencenelec.eu/standards/Sectors/SmartLiving/smartcities/Pages/SSCC-CG.aspx

^{^[44]} Final report of the CEN/CENELEC/ETSI Joint Working Group on Standards for Smart Grids, https://www.etsi.org/WebSite/document/Report_CENCLCETSI_Standards_Smart%20Grids.pdf

^{^[45]} SPRING Singapore Supported Close to 600 Companies in Standards Adoption, and Service Excellence Projects , 12th August 2015, http://www.spring.gov.sg/NewsEvents/PR/Pages/Internet-of-Things-(IoT)-Standards-Outline-to-Support-Smart-Nation-Initiative-Unveiled-20150812.aspx

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/database-on-big-data-and-smart-cities-international-standards

Adoption of Standards in Smart Cities - Way Forward for India

vanya — 2016-04-11T03:04:46Z

With a paradigm shift towards the concept of “Smart Cities’ globally, as well as India, such cities have been defined by several international standardization bodies and countries, however, there is no uniform definition adopted globally. The glue that allows infrastructures to link and operate efficiently is standards as they make technologies interoperable and efficient.

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Globally, the pace of urbanization is increasing exponentially. The world’s urban population is projected to rise from 3.6 billion to 6.3 billion between 2011 and 2050. A solution for the same has been development of sustainable cities by improving efficiency and integrating infrastructure and services [1]. It has been estimated that during the next 20 years, 30 Indians will leave rural India for urban areas every minute, necessitating smart and sustainable cities to accommodate them [2]. The Smart Cities Mission of the Ministry of Urban Development was announced in the year 2014, followed by selection of 100 cities in the year 2015 and 20 of them being selected for the first Phase of the project in the year 2016. The Mission [3] lists the “core infrastructural elements” that a smart city would incorporate like adequate water supply, assured electricity, sanitation, efficient public transport, affordable housing (especially for the poor), robust IT connectivity and digitisation, e-governance and citizen participation, sustainable environment, safety and security for citizens, health and education.

With a paradigm shift towards the concept of “Smart Cities’ globally, as well as India, such cities have been defined by several international standardization bodies and countries, however, there is no uniform definition adopted globally. The envisioned modern and smart city promises delivery of high quality services to the citizens and will harness data capture and communication management technologies. The performance of such cities would be monitored on the basis of physical as well as the social structure comprising of smart approaches and solution to utilities and transport.

The glue that allows infrastructures to link and operate efficiently is standards as they make technologies interoperable and efficient. Interoperability is essential and to ensure smart integration of various systems in a smart city, internationally agreed standards that include technical specifications and classifications must be adhered to. Development of international standards ensure seamless interaction between components from different suppliers and technologies [4].

Standardized indicators within standards benefit smart cities in the following ways:

Effective governance and efficient delivery of services.
International and Local targets, benchmarking and planning.
Informed decision making and policy formulation.
Leverage for funding and recognition in international entities.
Transparency and open data for investment attractiveness.
A reliable foundation for use of big data and the information explosion to assist cities in building core knowledge for city decision-making, and enable comparative insight.

The adoption of standards for smart cities has been advocated across the world as they are perceived to be an effective tool to foster development of the cities. The Director of the ITU Telecommunication Standardization Bureau Chaesub Lee is of the view that “Smart cities will employ an abundance of technologies in the family of the Internet of Things (IoT) and standards will assist the harmonized implementation of IoT data and applications , contributing to effective horizontal integration of a city’s subsystems” [5].

Smart Cities standards in India

National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM) partnered with Accenture [6] to prepare a report called ‘Integrated ICT and Geospatial Technologies Framework for 100 Smart Cities Mission’ [7] to explore the role of ICT in developing smart cities [8], after the announcement of the Mission by Indian Government. The report, released in May 2015, lists down 55 global standards, keeping in view several city sub-systems like urban planning, transport, governance, energy, climate and pollution management, etc which could be applicable to the smart cities in India.

Though NASSCOM is working closely with the Ministry of Urban Development to create a sustainable model for smart cities [9], due to lack of regulatory standards for smart cities, the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) in India has undertaken the task to formulate standardised guidelines for central and state authorities in planning, design and construction of smart cities by setting up a technical committee under the Civil engineering department of the Bureau. However, adoption of the standards by implementing agencies would be voluntary and intends to complement internationally available documents in this area [10].

Developing national standards in line with these international standards would enable interoperability (i.e. devices and systems working together) and provide a roadmap to address key issues like data protection, privacy and other inherent risks in the digital delivery and use of public services in the envisioned smart cities, which call for comprehensive data management standards in India to instill public confidence and trust [11].

Key International Smart Cities Standards

Following are the key internationally accepted and recognized Smart Cities standards developed by leading organisations and the national standardization bodies of several countries that India could adopt or develop national standards in line with these.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) - Smart Cities Standards

ISO is an instrumental body advocating and developing for smart cities to safeguard rights of the people against a liveable and sustainable environment. The ISO Smart Cities Strategic Advisory Group uses the following working definition: A ‘Smart City’ is one that dramatically increases the pace at which it improves its social, economic and environmental (sustainability) outcomes, responding to challenges such as climate change, rapid population growth, and political and economic instability by fundamentally improving how it engages society, how it applies collaborative leadership methods, how it works across disciplines and city systems, and how it uses data information and modern technologies in order to transform services and quality of life for those in and involved with the city (residents, businesses, visitors), now and for the foreseeable future, without unfair disadvantage of others or degradation of the natural environment. [For details see ISO/TMB Smart Cities Strategic Advisory Group Final Report, September 2015 ( ISO Definition, June 2015)].

The ISO Technical Committee 268 works on standardization in the field of Sustainable Development in Communities [12] to encourage the development and implementation of holistic, cross-sector and area-based approaches to sustainable development in communities. The Committee comprises of 3 Working Groups [13]:

Working Group 1: System Management ISO 37101- This standard sets requirements, guidance and supporting techniques for sustainable development in communities. It is designed to help all kinds of communities manage their sustainability, smartness and resilience to improve the contribution of communities to sustainable development and assess their performance in this area [14].
Working Group 2 : City Indicators- The key Smart Cities Standards developed by ISO TC 268 WG 2 (City Indicators) are:

ISO 37120 Sustainable Development of Communities — Indicators for City Services and Quality of Life

One of the key standards and an important step in this regard was ISO 37120:2014 under the ISO’s Technical Committee 268 (See Working on Standardization in the field of Sustainable Development in Communities) providing clearly defined city performance indicators (divided into core and supporting indicators) as a benchmark for city services and quality of life, along with a standard approach for measuring each for city leaders and citizens [15]. The standard is global in scope and can help cities prioritize city budgets, improve operational transparency, support open data and applications [16]. It follows the principles [17] set out and can be used in conjunction with ISO 37101.

ISO 37120 was the first ISO Standard on Global City Indicators published in the year 2014, developed on the basis of a set of indicators developed and extensively tested by the Global City Indicators Facility (a project by University of Toronto) and its 250+ member cities globally. GCIF is committed to build standardized city indicators for performance management including a database of comparable statistics that allow cities to track their effectiveness on everything from planning and economic growth to transportation, safety and education [18].

The World Council on City Data (WCCD) [19] - a sister organization of the GCI/GCIF - was established in the year 2014 to operationalize ISO 37120 across cities globally. The standards encompasses 100 indicators developed around 17 themes to support city services and quality of life, and is accessible through the WCCD Open City Data Portal which allows for cutting-edge visualizations and comparisons. Indian cities are not yet listed with WCCD [20].

The indicators are listed under the following heads [21]:

Economy
Education
Environment
Energy
Finance
Fire and Emergency Responses
Governance
Health
Safety
Shelter
Recreation
Solid Waste
Telecommunication and innovation
Transportation
Urban Planning
Waste water
Water and Sanitation

This International Standard is applicable to any city, municipality or local government that undertakes to measure its performance in a comparable and verifiable manner, irrespective of size and location or level of development. City indicators have the potential to be used as critical tools for city managers, politicians, researchers, business leaders, planners, designers and other professionals [22]. The WCCD forum highlights need for cities to have a set of globally standardized indicators to [23]:

Manage and make informed decisions through data analysis
Benchmark and target
Leverage Funding with senior levels of government
Plan and establish new frameworks for sustainable urban development
Evaluate the impact of infrastructure projects on the overall performance of a city.

ISO/DTR 37121- Inventory and Review of Existing Indicators on Sustainable Development and Resilience in Cities

The second standard under ISO TC 268 WG 2 is ISO 37121, which defines additional indicators related to sustainable development and resilience in cities. Some of the indicators include: Smart Cities, Smart Grid, Economic Resilience, Green Buildings, Political Resilience, Protection of biodiversity, etc. The complete list can be viewed on the Resilient Cities website [24].

Working Group 3: Terminology - There are no publicly available documents so far, giving details about the status of the activities of this group. The ISO Technical Committee 268 also includes Sub Committee 1 (Smart Community Infrastructure) [25], comprising of the following Working Groups: 1) WG 1 Infrastructure metrics, and 2) WG 2 Smart Community Infrastructure.

The key Smart Cities Standards developed by ISO under this are:

ISO 37151:2015 Smart community infrastructures — Principles and Requirements for Performance Metrics
In the year 2015, a new ISO technical specification for smart cities- 37151:2015 for Principles and requirements for performance metrics was released. The purpose of standardization in the field of smart community infrastructures such as energy, water, transportation, waste, information and communications technology (ICT), etc. is to promote the international trade of community infrastructure products and services and improve sustainability in communities by establishing harmonized product standards [26]. The metrics in this standard will support city and community managers in planning and measuring performance, and also compare and select procurement proposals for products and services geared at improving community infrastructures [27].
This Technical Specification gives principles and specifies requirements for the definition,identification, optimization, and harmonization of community infrastructure performance metrics, and gives recommendations for analysis, regarding interoperability, safety, security of community infrastructures [28]. This new Technical Specification supports the use of the ISO 37120 [29].
ISO/TR 37150:2014 Smart Community Infrastructures - Review of Existing Activities Relevant to Metrics
This standard addresses community infrastructures such as energy, water, transportation, waste and information and communications technology (ICT). Smart community infrastructures take into consideration environmental impact, economic efficiency and quality of life by using information and communications technology (ICT) and renewable energies to achieve integrated management and optimized control of infrastructures. Integrating smart community infrastructures for a community helps improve the lifestyles of its citizens by, for example: reducing costs, increasing mobility and accessibility, and reducing environmental pollutants.
ISO/TR 37150 reviews relevant metrics for smart community infrastructures and provides stakeholders with a better understanding of the smart community infrastructures available around the world to help promote international trade of community infrastructure products and give information about leading-edge technologies to improve sustainability in communities [30]. This standard, along with the above mentioned standards [31] supports the multi-billion dollar smart cities technology industry.

Several other ISO Working Groups developing standards applicable to smart and sustainable cities have been listed in our website [32].

The International Telecommunications Union (ITU)

The ITU is another global body working on development of standards regarding smart cities.

A study group was formed in the year 2015 to tackle standardization requirements for the Internet of Things, with an initial focus on IoT applications in smart cities to address urban development challenges [33], to enable the coordinated development of IoT technologies, including machine-to-machine communications and ubiquitous sensor networks. The group is titled “ITU-T Study Group 20: IoT and its applications, including smart cities and communities”, established to develop standards that leverage IoT technologies to address urban-development challenges and the mechanisms for the interoperability of IoT applications and datasets employed by various vertically oriented industry sectors [34].

ITU-T also concluded a focused study group looking at smart sustainable cities in May 2015, acting as an open platform for smart city stakeholders to exchange knowledge in the interests of identifying the standardized frameworks needed to support the integration of ICT services in smart cities. Its parent group is ITU-T Study Group 5, which has agreed on the following definition of a Smart Sustainable City:
"A smart sustainable city is an innovative city that uses information and communication technologies (ICTs) and other means to improve quality of life, efficiency of urban operation and services, and competitiveness, while ensuring that it meets the needs of present and future generations with respect to economic, social, environmental as well as cultural aspects".

UK - British Standards Institution

Apart from the global standards setting organisations, many countries have been looking at developing standards to address the growth of smart cities across the globe. In the UK, the British Standards Institution (BSI) has been commissioned by the UK Department of Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) to conceive a Smart Cities Standards Strategy to identify vectors of smart city development where standards are needed. The standards would be developed through a consensus-driven process under the BSI to ensure good practise is shared between all the actors. The BIS launched the City's Standards Institute to bring together cities and key industry leaders and innovators to work together in identifying the challenges facing cities, providing solutions to common problems and defining the future of smart city standards [35].

PAS 181 Smart city framework- Guide to establishing strategies for smart cities and communities establishes a good practice framework for city leaders to develop, agree and deliver smart city strategies that can help transform their city’s ability to meet challenges faced in the future and meet the goals. The smart city framework (SCF) does not intend to describe a one-size-fits-all model for the future of UK cities but focuses on the enabling processes by which the innovative use of technology and data, together with organizational change, can help deliver the diverse visions for future UK cities in more efficient, effective and sustainable ways [36].
PD 8101 Smart cities- Guide to the role of the planning and development process gives guidance regarding planning for new development for smart city plans and provides an overview of the key issues to be considered and prioritized. The document is for use by local authority planning and regeneration officers to identify good practice in a UK context, and what tools they could use to implement this good practice. This aims to enable new developments to be built in a way that will support smart city aspirations at minimal cost [37].
PAS 182 Smart city concept model. Guide to establishing a model for data establishes an interoperability framework and data-sharing between agencies for smart cities for the following purposes:
1. To have a city where information can be shared and understood between organizations and people at each level
2. The derivation of data in each layer can be linked back to data in the previous layer
3. The impact of a decision can be observed back in operational data. The smart city concept model (SCCM) provides a framework that can normalize and classify information from many sources so that data sets can be discovered and combined to gain a better picture of the needs and behaviours of a city’s citizens (residents and businesses) to help identify issues and devise solutions. PAS 182 is aimed at organizations that provide services to communities in cities, and manage the resulting data, as well as decision-makers and policy developers in cities [38].
PAS 180 Smart cities Vocabulary helps build a strong foundation for future standardization and good practices by providing an industry-agreed understanding of smart city terms and definitions to be used in the UK. It provides a working definition of a Smart City- “Smart Cities” is a term denoting the effective integration of physical, digital and human systems in the built environment to deliver a sustainable, prosperous and inclusive future for its citizens [39]. This aims to help improve communication and understanding of smart cities by providing a common language for developers, designers, manufacturers and clients. The standard also defines smart city concepts across different infrastructure and systems’ elements used across all service delivery channels and is intended for city authorities and planners, buyers of smart city services and solutions [40], as well as product and service providers.

Endnotes

[1] See: http://www.iec.ch/whitepaper/pdf/iecWP-smartcities-LR-en.pdf.

[2] See: http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/in/en/sustainable_cities/ideas/.

[3] See: http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/smart-cities-mission-welcome-to-tomorrows-world/article8163690.ece.

[4] See: http://www.iec.ch/whitepaper/pdf/iecWP-smartcities-LR-en.pdf.

[5] See: http://www.iso.org/iso/news.htm?refid=Ref2042.

[6] See: http://www.livemint.com/Companies/5Twmf8dUutLsJceegZ7I9K/Nasscom-partners-Accenture-to-form-ICT-framework-for-smart-c.html.

[7] See: http://www.nasscom.in/integrated-ict-and-geospatial-technologies-framework-100-smart-cities-mission.

[8] See: http://www.cxotoday.com/story/nasscom-creates-framework-for-smart-cities-project/.

[9] See: http://www.livemint.com/Companies/5Twmf8dUutLsJceegZ7I9K/Nasscom-partners-Accenture-to-form-ICT-framework-for-smart-c.html.

[10] See: http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/in-a-first-bis-to-come-up-with-standards-for-smart-cities-115060400931_1.html.

[11] See: http://www.longfinance.net/groups7/viewdiscussion/72-financing-financing-tomorrow-s-cities-how-standards-can-support-the-development-of-smart-cities.html?groupid=3.

[12] See: http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_technical_committee?commid=656906.

[13] See: http://cityminded.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Patricia_McCarney_PDF.pdf.

[14] See: http://www.iso.org/iso/news.htm?refid=Ref1877.

[15] See: http://smartcitiescouncil.com/article/new-iso-standard-gives-cities-common-performance-yardstick.

[16] See: http://smartcitiescouncil.com/article/dissecting-iso-37120-why-new-smart-city-standard-good-news-cities.

[17] See: http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=62436.

[18] See: http://www.cityindicators.org/.

[19] See: http://www.dataforcities.org/.

[20] See: http://news.dataforcities.org/2015/12/world-council-on-city-data-and-hatch.html.

[21] See: http://news.dataforcities.org/2015/12/world-council-on-city-data-and-hatch.html.

[22] See: http://www.iso.org/iso/37120_briefing_note.pdf.

[23] See: http://www.dataforcities.org/wccd/.

[24] See: http://resilient-cities.iclei.org/fileadmin/sites/resilient-cities/files/Webinar_Series/HERNANDEZ_-_ICLEI_Resilient_Cities_Webinar__FINAL_.pdf.

[25] See: http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_technical_committee?commid=656967.

[26] See: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:ts:37151:ed-1:v1:en.

[27] See: http://www.iso.org/iso/home/news_index/news_archive/news.htm?refid=Ref2001&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=ISO+Newsletter+November&utm_content=ISO+Newsletter+November+CID_4182720c31ca2e71fa93d7c1f1e66e2f&utm_source=Email%20marketing%20software&utm_term=Read%20more.

[28] See: http://www.iso.org/iso/37120_briefing_note.pdf.

[29] See: http://standardsforum.com/isots-37151-smart-cities-metrics/.

[30] See: http://www.iso.org/iso/executive_summary_iso_37150.pdf.

[31] See: http://standardsforum.com/isots-37151-smart-cities-metrics/.

[32] See: http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/database-on-big-data-and-smart-cities-international-standards.

[33] See: http://smartcitiescouncil.com/article/itu-takes-internet-things-standards-smart-cities.

[34] See: https://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2015/22.aspx.

[35] See: http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/.

[36] See: http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/Smart-Cities-Standards-and-Publication/PAS-181-smart-cities-framework/.

[37] See: http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/Smart-Cities-Standards-and-Publication/PD-8101-smart-cities-planning-guidelines/.

[38] See: http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/Smart-Cities-Standards-and-Publication/PAS-182-smart-cities-data-concept-model/.

[39] See: http://www.iso.org/iso/smart_cities_report-jtc1.pdf.

[40] See: http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/Smart-Cities-Standards-and-Publication/PAS-180-smart-cities-terminology/.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/adoption-of-standards-in-smart-cities-way-forward-for-india

Aadhaar Act and its Non-compliance with Data Protection Law in India

vanya — 2016-04-18T11:43:02Z

This post compares the provisions of the Aadhaar Act, 2016, with India's data protection regime as articulated in the Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011.

Download the file: PDF.

Amidst all the hue and cry, the Aadhaar Act 2016, which was introduced with the aim of providing statutory backing to the use of Aadhaar, was passed in the Lok Sabha in its original form on March 16, 2016, after rejecting the recommendations made by Rajya Sabha . Though the Act has been vehemently opposed on several grounds, one of the concerns that has been voiced is regarding privacy and protection of the demographic and biometric information collected for the purpose of issuing the Aadhaar number.

In India, for the purpose of data protection, a body corporate is subject to section 43A of the Information Technology Act, 2000 ("IT Act ") and subsequent Rules, i.e. -The Information Technology (Reasonable security practices and procedures and sensitive personal data or information) Rules, 2011 ("IT Rules"). Section 43A of the IT Act, 2000 holds a body corporate, which is possessing, dealing or handling any sensitive personal data or information, and is negligent in implementing and maintaining reasonable security practices resulting in wrongful loss or wrongful gain to any person, liable to compensate the affected person and pay damages.

Rule 3 of the IT Rules enlists personal information that would amount to Sensitive personal data or information of a person and includes the biometric information. Even the Aadhaar Act states under section 30 that the biometric information collected shall be deemed as "sensitive personal data or information", which shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (iii) of the Explanation to section 43A of the IT Act; this reflects that biometric data collected in the Aadhaar scheme will receive the same level of protection as is provided to other sensitive personal data under Indian law. This implies that, the agencies contracted by the UIDAI (and not the UIDAI itself) to perform functions like collection, authentication, etc. like the Registrars, Enrolling Agencies and Requesting Entities, which meet the criteria of being a 'body corporate' as defined in section 43A, could be held responsible under this provision, as well as the Rules, to ensure security of the data and information of Aadhaar holder and could potentially be held liable for breach of information that results in loss to an individual if it can be proven that they failed to implement reasonable security practices and procedures.

In light of the fact that some actors in the Aadhaar scheme could be held accountable and liable under section 43A and associated Rules, this article compares the regulations regarding data security as found in section 43A and IT Rules 2011 with the provisions of Aadhaar Act 2016, and discusses the implications of the differences, if any.

1. Compensation and Penalty

Section 43A: Section 43A of the IT Act, 2000 (Amended in 2008) provides for compensation for failure to protect data. It states that a body corporate, which is possessing, dealing or handling any sensitive personal data or information, and is negligent in implementing and maintaining reasonable security practices resulting in wrongful loss or wrongful gain to any person, is liable to compensate the affected person and pay damages not exceeding five crore rupees.

Aadhaar Act : Chapter VII of the Act provides for offences and penalties, but does not talk about damages to the affected party.

Section 37 states that intentional disclosure or dissemination of identity information, to any person not authorised under the Aadhaar Act, or in violation of any agreement entered into under the Act, will be punishable with imprisonment up to three years or a fine up to ten thousand rupees (in case of an individual), and fine up to one lakh rupees (in case of a company).
Section 38 prescribes penalty with imprisonment up to three years and a fine not less than ten lakh rupees in case any of the acts listed under the provision are performed without authorisation from the UIDAI.
Section 39 prescribes penalty with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and fine which may extend to ten thousand rupees for tampering with data in Central Identities Data Repository.
Section 40 holds a requesting entity liable for penalty for use of identity information in violation of Section 8 (3) with imprisonment up to three years and/or a fine up to ten thousand rupees (in case of an individual), and fine up to one lakh rupees (in case of a company).
Section 41 holds a requesting entity or enrolling agency liable for penalty for violation of Section 8 (3) or Section 3 (2) with imprisonment up to one year and/or a fine up to ten thousand rupees (in case of an individual), and fine up to one lakh rupees (in case of a company).
Section 42 provides general penalty for any offence against the Act or regulations made under it, for which no specific penalty is provided, with imprisonment up to one year and/or a fine up to twenty five thousand rupees (in case of an individual), and fine up to one lakh rupees (in case of a company).

Though the Aadhaar Act prescribes penalty in case of unauthorised access, use or any other act contravening the Regulations, it fails to guarantee protection to the information and does not provide for compensation in case of violation of the provisions.

2. Privacy Policy

IT Rules: Rule 4 requires a body corporate to provide a privacy policy on their website, which is easily accessible, provides for the type and purpose of personal, sensitive personal information collected and used, and Reasonable security practices and procedures.

Aadhaar Act: Though in practise the contracting agencies (the body corporates under the Aadhaar ecosystem) may maintain a privacy policy on their website, the Aadhaar Act does not require a privacy policy for the UIDAI or other actors.

Implications: Because contracting agencies will be covered by the IT Rules if they are 'body corporates', the requirement to maintain a privacy policy will be applicable to them.

3. Consent

IT Rules: Rule 5 requires that prior to the collection of sensitive personal data, the body corporate must obtain consent, either in writing or through fax regarding the purpose of usage before collection of such information.

Aadhaar Act: The Act is silent regarding consent being acquired in case of the enrolling agency or registrars. However, section 8 provides that any requesting entity will take consent from the individual before collecting his/her Aadhaar information for authentication purposes, though it does not specify the nature (written/through fax).

Implications: If the enrolling agency is a body corporate, they will also be required to take consent prior to collecting and processing biometrics. It is possible that since the Aadhaar Act envisages a scheme which is quasi-compulsory in nature, a consent provision was deliberately left out. This circumstance would give the enrolling agencies an argument against taking consent, by saying that the Aadhaar Act is a specific legislation which is also later in point of time than the IT Rules, and a deliberate omission of consent coupled with the compulsory nature of the Aadhaar scheme would mean that they are not required to take consent of the individuals before enrolment.

4. Collection Limitation

IT Rules: Rule 5 (2) requires that a body corporate should only collect sensitive personal data if it is connected to a lawful purpose and is considered necessary for that purpose.

Aadhaar Act: Section 3(1) of the Act states that every resident shall be entitled to obtain an aadhaar number by submitting his demographic information and biometric information by undergoing the process of enrolment.

5. Notice

IT Rules: Rule 5(3) requires that while collecting information directly from an individual, the body corporate must provide the following information:

The fact that information is being collected
The purpose for which the information is being collected
The intended recipients of the information
The name and address of the agency that is collecting the information
The name and address of the agency that will retain the information

Aadhaar Act: Section 3 of the Act states that at the time of enrolment and collection of information, the enrolling agency shall notify the individual as to how their information will be used; what type of entities the information will be shared with; and that they have a right to see their information and also tell them how they can see their information. However, the Act is silent regarding notice of name and address of the agency collecting and retaining the information.

6. Retention Limitation

IT Rules: Rule 5(4) requires that body corporate must retain sensitive personal data only for as long as it takes to fulfil the stated purpose or otherwise required under law.

Aadhaar Act: The Act is silent regarding this and does not mention the duration for which the personal information of an individual shall be retained by the bodies/organisations contracted by UIDAI.

7. Purpose Limitation

IT Rules: Rule 5(5) requires that information must be used for the purpose that it was collected for.

Aadhaar Act Section 57 contravenes this and states that the Act will not prevent use of Aadhaar number for other purposes under law by the State or other bodies. Section 8 of the Act states that for the purpose of authentication, a requesting entity is required to take consent before collection of Aadhaar information and use it only for authentication with the CIDR. Section 29 of the Act states that the core biometric information collected will not be shared with anyone for any reason, and must not be used for any purpose other than generation of Aadhaar numbers and authentication. Also, the Identity information available with a requesting entity will not be used for any purpose other than what is specified to the individual, nor will it be shared further without the individual's consent.

Act will not prevent use of Aadhaar number for other purposes under law by the State or other bodies.

8. Right to Access and Correct

IT Rules : Rule 5(6) requires a body corporate to provide individuals with the ability to review the information they have provided and access and correct their personal or sensitive personal information.

Aadhaar Act : The Act provides under section 3 that at the time of enrolment, the individual needs to be informed about the existence of a right to access information, the procedure for making requests for such access, and details of the person or department in-charge to whom such requests can be made. Section 28 of the Act provides that every aadhaar number holder may access his identity information except core biometric information. Section 32 provides that every Aadhaar number holder may obtain his authentication record. Also, if the demographic or biometric information about any Aadhaar number holder changes, is lost or is found to be incorrect, they may request the UIDAI to make changes to their record in the CIDR.

9. Right to 'Opt Out' and Withdraw Consent

IT Rules: Rule 5(7) requires that the individual must be provided with the option of 'opting out' of providing data or information sought by the body corporate. Also, they must have the right to withdraw consent at any point of time.

Aadhaar Act: The Aadhaar Act does not provide an opt- out provision and also does not provide an option to withdraw consent at any point of time. Section 7 of the Aadhaar Act actually implies that once the Central or State government makes aadhaar authentication mandatory for receiving a benefit then the individual has no other option but to apply for an Aadhaar number. The only concession that is made is that if an Aadhaar number is not assigned to an individual then s/he would be offered some alternative viable means of identification for receiving the benefit.

10. Grievance Officer

IT Rules: Rule 5(9) requires that body corporate must designate a grievance officer for redressal of grievances, details of which must be posted on the body corporate's website and grievances must be addressed within a month of receipt.

Aadhaar Act: The Aadhaar Act does not provide for any such mechanism for grievance redressal by the registrars, enrolling agencies or the requesting entities. However, since the contracting agencies will also get covered by the IT Rules if they are 'body corporates', the requirement to designate a grievance officer would be applicable to them as well due to the IT Rules.

11. Disclosure with Consent, Prohibition on Publishing and Further Disclosure

IT Rules: Rule 6 requires that body corporate must have consent before disclosing sensitive personal data to any third person or party, except in the case with Government agencies for the purpose of verification of identity, prevention, detection, investigation, on receipt of a written request. Also, the body corporate or any person on its behalf shall not publish the sensitive personal information and the third party receiving the sensitive personal information from body corporate or any person on its behalf shall not disclose it further.

Aadhaar Act: Regarding the requesting entities, the Act provides that they shall not disclose the identity information except with the prior consent of the individual to whom the information relates. The Act also states that the Authority shall take necessary measures to ensure confidentiality of information against disclosures. However, as an exception under section 33, the UIDAI may reveal identity information, authentication records or any information in the CIDR following a court order by a District Judge or higher. The Act also allows disclosure made in the interest of national security following directions by a Joint Secretary to the Government of India, or an officer of a higher rank, authorised for this purpose. The Act is silent on the issue of obtaining consent of the individual under these exceptions. Additionally, the Act also states that the Aadhaar number or any core biometric information collected or created regarding an individual under the Act shall not be published, displayed or posted publicly, except for the purposes specified by regulations.

12. Requirements for Transfer of Sensitive Personal Data

IT Rules : Rule 7 requires that body corporate may transfer sensitive personal data into another jurisdiction only if the country ensures the same level of protection and may be allowed only if it is necessary for the performance of the lawful contract between the body corporate or any person on its behalf and provider of information or where such person has consented to data transfer.

Aadhaar Act : The Act is silent regarding transfer of personal data into another jurisdiction by the any of the contracting bodies like the Registrar, Enrolling agencies or the requesting entities. However, if these agencies satisfy the requirement of being "body corporates" as defined under section 43A, then the above requirement regarding transfer of data to another jurisdiction under IT Rules would be applicable to them. However, considering the sensitive nature of the data involved, the lack of a prohibition of transferring data to another jurisdiction under the Aadhaar Act appears to be a serious lacuna.

13. Security of Information

IT Rules: Rule 8 requires that the body corporate must secure information in accordance with the ISO 27001 standard or any other best practices notified by Central Government. These practices must be audited annually or when the body corporate undertakes a significant up gradation of its process and computer resource.

Aadhaar Act: Section 28 of the Act states that the UIDAI must ensure the security and confidentiality of identity information and authentication records. It also states that the Authority shall adopt and implement appropriate technical and organisational security measures, and ensure the same are imposed through agreements/arrangements with its agents, consultants, advisors or other persons. However, it does not mention which standards/measures have to be adopted by all the actors in Aadhaar ecosystem for ensuring the security of information, though it can be argued that if the contractors employed by the UIDAI are body corporate then the standards prescribed under the IT Rules would be applicable to them.

Implications of the Differences for Body Corporates in Aadhaar Ecosystem

An analysis of the Rules in comparison to the data protection measures under the Aadhaar Act shows that the requirements regarding protection of personal or sensitive personal information differ and are not completely in line with each other.

Though the Aadhaar Act takes into account the provisions regarding consent of the individual, notice, restriction on sharing, etc., the Act is silent regarding many core measures like sharing of information across jurisdictions, taking consent before collection of information, adoption of security measures for protection of information, etc. which a body corporate in the Aadhaar ecosystem must adopt to be in compliance with section 43A of the IT Act. It is therefore important that the bodies collecting, handling, sharing the personal information and are governed by the Aadhaar Act, must adhere to section 43A and the IT Rules 2011. However, applicability of Aadhaar Act as well as section 43A and IT Rules 2011 would lead to ambiguity regarding interpretation and implementation of the Law. The differences must be duly taken into account and more clarity is required to make all the bodies under this Legislation like the enrolling agencies, Registrars and the Requesting Entities accountable under the correct provisions of Law. However, having two separate legislations governing the data protection standards in the Aadhaar scheme seems to have been overlooked. A harmonized and overarching privacy legislation is critical to avoid unclarity in the applicability of data protection standards and would also address many privacy concerns associated to the scheme.

Appendix I

The Rajya Sabha had proposed five amendments to the Aadhaar Act 2016, which are as follows:

i. Opt-out clause: A provision to allow a person to "opt out" of the Aadhaar system, even if already enrolled.

ii. Voluntary: To ensure that if a person chooses not to be part of the Aadhaar system, he/she would be provided "alternate and viable" means of identification for purposes of delivery of government subsidy, benefit or service.

iii. Amendment restricting the use of Aadhaar numbers only for targeting of government benefits or service and not for any other purpose.

iv. Amendment seeking change of the term "national security" to "public emergency or in the interest of public safety" in the provision specifying situations in which disclosure of identity information of an individual to certain law enforcement agencies can be allowed.

v. Oversight Committee: The oversight committee , which would oversee the possible disclosure of information, should include either the Central Vigilance Commissioner or the Comptroller and Auditor-General.

Sources:

Appendix II - Section 43A: Compensation for Failure to Protect Data

Where a body corporate, possessing, dealing or handling any sensitive personal data or information in a computer resource which it owns, controls or operates, is negligent in implementing and maintaining reasonable security practices and procedures and thereby causes wrongful loss or wrongful gain to any person, such body corporate shall be liable to pay damages by way of compensation to the person so affected.

For the purposes of this section:

"body corporate" means any company and includes a firm, sole proprietorship or other association of individuals engaged in commercial or professional activities;
"reasonable security practices and procedures" means security practices and procedures designed to protect such information from unauthorised access, damage, use, modification, disclosure or impairment, as may be specified in an agreement between the parties or as may be specified in any law for the time being in force and in the absence of such agreement or any law, such reasonable security practices and procedures, as may be prescribed by the Central Government in consultation with such professional bodies or associations as it may deem fit;
"sensitive personal data or information" means such personal information as may be prescribed by the Central Government in consultation with such professional bodies or associations as it may deem fit.'.

The term 'body corporate' has been defined under section 43A as "any company and includes a firm, sole proprietorship or other association of individuals engaged in commercial or professional activities"

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/aadhaar-act-and-its-non-compliance-with-data-protection-law-in-india

Aadhaar Act 43A & IT Rules

vanya — 2016-04-17T14:23:14Z

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/aadhaar-act-43a-it-rules

Centre for Internet and Society

Responsible Data Forum: Discussion on the Risks and Mitigations of releasing Data

Reply to RTI Application under RTI Act of 2005 from Vanya Rakesh

Privacy Policy Research

Privacy and Security Implications of Public Wi-Fi - A Case Study

Download (PDF)

Contents

1. Introduction

2. Global Scenario

3. Overview of Public Wi-Fi in India

4. Indian Policy and Legal Conundrum

5. Public Wi-Fi and Privacy Concerns

5.1. Data Theft

5.2. Tracking an Individual

5.3. Makes the Electronic Devices Prone to Hacking and Setting up Fake Networks

5.4. Illegal Use of Data

6. Ranking Digital Rights Project

6.1. D-VoIS[72], Bangalore

Summary

Analysis

6.2. Tata Docomo[74], Bangalore

Summary

Analysis

7. Compliance of Privacy Policies with Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011

8. Conclusion and Recommendations

8.1. Commitment

8.2. Freedom of Expression

8.3. Privacy

Open Governance and Privacy in a Post-Snowden World : Webinar

ISO/IEC/ JTC 1/SC 27 Working Groups Meeting, Jaipur

ISO/IEC JTC 1 SC 27 Working Group Meetings - A Summary

India Electronics Week 2016 & the IoT Show

Expo

Human DNA Profiling Bill 2012 v/s 2015 Bill

DNA Research

Download the infographic. Credit: Scott Mason and CIS team.

1. DNA Bill

2. Comparative Analysis with other Legislatures

Database on Big Data and Smart Cities International Standards

[45] SPRING Singapore Supported Close to 600 Companies in Standards Adoption, and Service Excellence Projects , 12th August 2015, http://www.spring.gov.sg/NewsEvents/PR/Pages/Internet-of-Things-(IoT)-Standards-Outline-to-Support-Smart-Nation-Initiative-Unveiled-20150812.aspx

Adoption of Standards in Smart Cities - Way Forward for India

Smart Cities standards in India

Key International Smart Cities Standards

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) - Smart Cities Standards

ISO 37120 Sustainable Development of Communities — Indicators for City Services and Quality of Life

ISO/DTR 37121- Inventory and Review of Existing Indicators on Sustainable Development and Resilience in Cities

The International Telecommunications Union (ITU)

UK - British Standards Institution

Endnotes

Aadhaar Act and its Non-compliance with Data Protection Law in India

Download the file: PDF.

1. Compensation and Penalty

2. Privacy Policy

3. Consent

4. Collection Limitation

5. Notice

6. Retention Limitation

7. Purpose Limitation

8. Right to Access and Correct

9. Right to 'Opt Out' and Withdraw Consent

10. Grievance Officer

11. Disclosure with Consent, Prohibition on Publishing and Further Disclosure

12. Requirements for Transfer of Sensitive Personal Data

13. Security of Information

Implications of the Differences for Body Corporates in Aadhaar Ecosystem

Appendix I

Appendix II - Section 43A: Compensation for Failure to Protect Data

Aadhaar Act 43A & IT Rules

6.1. D-VoIS^[72], Bangalore

6.2. Tata Docomo^[74], Bangalore

^{^[45]} SPRING Singapore Supported Close to 600 Companies in Standards Adoption, and Service Excellence Projects , 12th August 2015, http://www.spring.gov.sg/NewsEvents/PR/Pages/Internet-of-Things-(IoT)-Standards-Outline-to-Support-Smart-Nation-Initiative-Unveiled-20150812.aspx