Centre for Internet and Society

India Game Developer Summit Bangalore 2010

arun — 2010-03-09T16:55:33Z

The India Game Developer Conference held at Nimhans Convention Centre on the 27th of February, 2010 was attended by Arun Menon who is working on The Gaming and Gold Project at The Centre for Internet and Society. The Developer forum brought together game developers from different sectors of the Game Production Cycle, with hardware manufacturers like Nvidia demonstrating their latest 3d technology and Software developers like Crytek and Adobe demonstrating the latest in developer tools for creating and editing games on multiple platforms.

The India Game Developer Summit Lite was sufficiently provocative in showcasing the developer community in India and the latest advancements made by the corporate sponsors. The presentations did not appropriately address creative development and management except for a few made by Keita Iida, Carl Jones, and possibly Varun Nair which stood out for the specific focus on creativity. The overall focus was on PC gaming with inroads into Web, mobile, and a smattering of social games. Console Gaming was present in a few statistics presented but did not figure elsewhere at the conference.

On Presentations

One key feature found in the presentations made by Carl Jones, Keita Iida, and Varun Nair at IGDS was the focus on creating immersive environments and naturally all the three took different approaches suiting their areas of specialization. The other presentations bordered on marketing and sales pitches, promoting the presenters' products, and were not sufficiently detailed other than pushing the presenter’s products and services. These three presentations stand out for their focus on creativity in game development, design, and research with data pertaining to the industry and not limited to their products or companies.

Carl Jones – Envision, Enable, Achieve.

Carl Jones from Crytek made an excellent keynote speech with a focus on their latest advancement; the CRYENGINE 3.0. A demonstration video showcased synchronous editing capabilities for multiple platforms as well as real time 'edit and play' functionality. What you see is [truly] what you get. Their engine is currently not set for a public release but can handle textures and fluid rendering with amazing ease on a standard 500$ machine. The detailed and fluid real-time editing cuts development time from weeks to a matter of days, not a possibility a few months earlier. The technology targets low end machines and has a higher market but both Nvidia and Crytek made it clear that their focus for development is going to be high end devices and technology for high end machines.

Crytek’s entire focus is on the development and sustainability of creativity, so that new technology could provide better rendering at better speeds and visuals. Cryengine 3.0’s capabilities in developing a truly interactive, immersive, and realistic environment were demonstrated at the keynote speech. The destructive environments and fluid/texture rendering made designing and editing seem as simple as using a brush (convinced of its capabilities as an engine but still skeptic about its simplicity in user interactivity). The dynamic lighting, downward light shafts, ocean rendering, view distance, soft shadows and particle rendering (fog, etc) and its real-time synchronous editing capabilities left no doubt as to Cryengine 3.0’s superiority in the competitive game developer market.

The keynote speech recognized one main deficiency in game development, there is a problem incorporating graphics and realistic physics. Jones showcased how at Crytek, the motto ‘the difficult takes a day and impossible takes a week’ works. Looking at the developer tools demonstrated at the summit that motto is quite realistic. Crytek’s focus is to make everything interactive and the CryEngine 3.0 demonstrates that focus. As a matter of fact Crytek has incorporated Star Data from NASA into their games. Star navigation based on the digitally (re)created skies in their games is possibility. The elements they bring in to build in realism to gaming will be interesting to follow, since realism often meant higher graphics requirements.

Keita Iida – Technology and Market Trends in the PC game Industry

The focused session by Keita Iida of Nvidia placed the growth of Indian markets in perspective including online markets (and digital releases) and offline growth plotted through hardware sales. The numbers and statistics presented showcased the strength of the growing gaming market particularly in Asia. The revenues of the Asia segment in the entire MMOG revenues is 76.6 percent globally, the United States and the West is lagging in terms of revenue generation in the MMOG segment but their recent growth is set to shoot up to 1.3-1.5 billion USD by 2013. Similar numbers in the social gaming segment was also reiterated by Sumit Gupta (the CEO and founder of BitRhymes). What they both articulated differently was that there was tremendous money in gaming both online and offline and India had sufficient infrastructure to capitalize on the gaming markets for online as well as offline products and releases.

Keita Iida argued that the online gaming market in India was in excess of 60 million USD assuming that these games were serviced locally. This still leaves out contribution from the Indian segment globally, such figures are also hard to plot out. Some of the numbers that Nvidia made available were from their own sales and marketing statistics. The DX10 capable computers globally were 171 Million as of 2009 and DX9 capable machines around 102million, which had a Geforce installed base. Keita Iida's statistics pointed to one thing - the Asian markets were far ahead of the other markets both in online and offline releases. Nvidia as an organization and developer would provide an ideal space for game developers to reach out to a larger global market provided they were Nvidia technology compatible. Keita Iida made an effective marketing pitch for Nvidia and provided enough data and statistics globally and locally as well as company specific data that made the presentation more accessible. This presentation was one of the few that involved industry movements and statistics with a focus on creative development.

Varun Nair - Quality Asset Creation & Sound as a Storyteller

The most creative presentation was perhaps the one made by Varun Nair on 'Sound as Storytelling and Quality Asset creation'. We had interacted prior to the conference as well as during the presentation and he provided a lot of information on the pre- and post-production cycles where sound design and incorporation was most effective. His presentation was remarkably different and stood out from the others largely because his focus was not on pushing his own projects or company agenda, rather he attempted to place the relevance of the sound design industry in the creative processes of the game’s design stages.

The session focused on the relevance of sound and visuals and the effective placement and modulation of sound to the visuals to communicate the desired effect. The main example used was an FPS where the ambient sounds and the player sounds had to be placed in perspective with the enemy sounds to create an immersive environment. This translates into sounds being modulated and dynamic as gameplay progresses to effectively create immersive structures. The lack of this immersive effect will create confusion and destroy the effect even if the visuals are designed effectively. This is interesting largely because if you hear gunfire not represented in your visuals - as a character - you’re able to react effectively to the enemy based on sound alone. Quite a few games use this strategy to provide and create an immersive structure. There was a good emphasis on the development of sound particularly since it enables a certain human emotional response to that sound and developers of successful AAA games have used this strategy to create emotional engagement of the player with the game narratives. Varun Nair also pointed out the relevance of sound in making connections and here he mentioned using real world sounds and digitally created and re-engineered sounds. The effects he demonstrated with a training exercise, where he played out real world sounds and enhanced sounds to create a suitable environment. On making connections with the ‘experiential residual narrative’ as the Videogame theorist Henry Jenkins would put it, Varun Nair pointed out how sound design is created effectively to cater to certain specific feelings encountered before. Artificial sounds are specifically created to suit the artificiality of an environment and here he used the example of ‘Transformers’, the movie to explain artificial sound effects as well as information overload. The focus of designed sounds is largely towards creating an environment in which the main focus is to reiterate the environments artificiality largely used in Sci-Fi media and gaming.

Most sound designers only receive images and they have to create sounds often from scratch to suit the environment. In his demonstrations he showcased the kind of creativity that sound designers and engineers are capable of in designing the environments we hear and interact with in gaming simulations. Varun Nair also focused on Information Overload and how the effective blend of sound and visuals would form an ideal blend to counter this overload. He went has far as saying that at certain points an underload was preferred since there was less player fatigue due to overload. The design structures have to be suitably different particularly for non linear media such as gaming. Varun Nair mentioned the cocktail party effect where the human mind is able to focus on a few important sounds and tune out the rest as well as the 2.5 theme rule. The 2.5 theme rule emphasizes the perfect Balance between Visuals, Audio, and Sound effects. Among others were quality asset creation and the involvement of the sound designer in the early stages of the game to capitalize on creative development.

Sumit Gupta from BitRhymes and Hemant Sharma from Adobe

The presentation by Sumit Gupta was very detailed, with a focus on audience interactivity. The data Sumit used was excellent and placed the entire scenario in perspective; perhaps the overwhelming response to his presentation may have overwhelmed him a little. The data on social gaming in India and the lack of monetization in the current market scenario and the possibilities of monetization was explored in detail. The problem if any was in setting up these structures and infrastructure backing in India which was lacking. Payment systems and methodologies would ensure the creation and transaction of virtual goods. The data on the Chinese and Japanese markets and the Asian and World trends was extremely detailed, so much so that some of these statistics were scary. Most social gamers do not realize that data is being collected on them as they play and this was demonstrated in some of the internal statistics that Sumit presented. The information presented included age groups of the users, their purchasing power, spending power, and the relationship between the users who trade is almost totalitarian in terms of information collection. Privacy laws allow that generic data are collected but the presentation of these data and statistics reminds the viewer on just how much information is accessible to these developers. Hemant Sharma’s presentation later was highly technical and demonstrated the development of games for mobile devices on Adobe Flash CS5 which is currently only out on a beta release. The presentation there also talked about the ways in which a mobile app could gain access to the OS features to run better. Most of these features give undue access to the app developer to geolocationary movement information. Along with access to other apps which may store generic information which is user specific. This talk shed light on the amount of access that a mobile app developer has to the geolocationary and personal data stored on the phone. Although the perspective was to showcase the functionality of Flash Professional CS5, currently released as a beta version, details emerged on the kind of easy access a developer has to change mobile app settings to gather data. The possibilities that a malicious use of the data would compromise user security emerges strongly when reflecting on this presentation.

DSKs Presentation – Sell your Game, Adopt a Game Designer!

DSK Supinfogame had a booth at the India Game Developer Summit along with AIGA the Asian Institute of Gaming and Animation. DSK’s presentation was to be held by Philippe Vachey but a change in schedule had another member from DSK make the presentation. Their focus rested on Gamespot reviews and game journal rankings to showcase the problems that arise due to the lack of relevant design in games that would otherwise have been AAA releases. They had some really important points to make. A 30million USD project is not going to have developers and designers with one year experience and without a cohesive unit centered on design aspects a game may as well not make an AAA rating let alone an A or a B rating.

Networking @ IGDS

Networking at the India Game Developer Summit was one of the main benefits of the summit. The presentations, other than the few mentioned here in detail, were largely oriented towards marketing their own companies and products or sales pitches to this effect. I had already talked to Varun Nair (from bluefrog presenting Sound as Storyteller and Quality Asset Creation) prior to meeting him at the conference and discussed mutual interests in gaming and narrative communication in gaming. Before his presentation I had the opportunity to get a preview of his presentation and its main focus on presenting the relevance of sound design and its ideal placement to create an immersive environment which can be effective or confusing depending on how the visuals and sounds interact with each other to create an ideal immersive environment rather than information underload or worse overload and player fatigue. The discussion also revolved around my current research project and research interests in the Indian Gaming scene. Varun Nair is based in Bombay and works for Bluefrog, a company which specialises in sound creation for games.

Prior to the conference, Rev Lebaredian and Simon Green from Nvidia Corporation were available at the Nvidia booth and right after trying out Batman Arkham Asylum in 3D (with the Geforce 3D stereoscopic vision kit); Varun Nair joined us and we discussed my research interests as well as my project at the Centre for Internet and Society and its requirements. Rev and Simon were very accessible (not mobbed yet) and gave me a lot of details on their partnership programs and their products and upcoming releases. Being engineers they had very little data on the Indian market both virtual and offline, and the approximate industry revenues. Rev and Simon offered details on who might have access to the information I needed and told me some information pertaining to Nvidia might be shared but large part is internal and not for public access.

The interaction with Kiran was the most productive and engaging we discussed games of mutual interest and the goldfarming activities on his own server (one of the highest bids on eBay for an account on his server was above 566 pounds [GBP]) he also focused on goldfarming in India and how that is very little documentation of any sort on these activities. His own research is on improving design in online games to provide better retention, higher virality, and immersive environments.

Post the key note session, the opportunity to speak to Philippe Segard and Lionel Chaze from ‘DSK supinfogame’ presented itself. They were designers engaged with game design training and also had modules that addressed the online gaming segment. On hearing about my project they assumed that I was adopting a critical theory approach to a single game and its content and examining only that (which is also something I am doing as a part of my research read more on my blog). I explained some of my research interests and those of the project in examining the gaming ecosystem in India both virtually and offline, this was more appealing to both Philippe and Lionel who agreed to give feedback on the project as it proceeds. Robin Alter from Kreeda Games was available after his presentation and spoke to me about the future for the Indian markets and the growth they were expecting in the online as well as offline game segments, as publishers most of their focus was on offline products. Robin also spoke about Gold farming in India and how most of it is undocumented and has very little studies conducted on them particularly in the Indian context. Gold farming itself is prevalent in India and is not as minor as thought earlier looking at the responses by Online Server statistics only in India. Playdom’s Business operations manager Nagabhushan Rao also reiterated that there are cases of gold farming on their servers and few cases are logged in India as well. However, as developers they have very few mechanisms to control this activity, largely since their user base is approximately around 2.5 million (aggregate). He also happened to mention how Zynga could afford to proactively target such practices since their large user base would sustain these mitigating blocks. Playdom is developing a few mechanisms to track such usage and abusage of their credit but as of early 2010 they have very few mechanisms that would ban player activity for these practices.

The next Game Developer Conference is expected around the latter part of this year or early next year.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/raw/histories-of-the-internet/blogs/gaming-and-gold/india-game-developer-summit-in-bangalore-2010

Openness, Videos, Impressions

nishant — 2011-09-22T12:23:13Z

The one day Open Video Summit organised by the Centre for Internet & Society, iCommons, Open Video Alliance, and Magic Lantern, to bring together a range of stakeholders to discuss the possibilities, potentials, mechanics and politics of Open Video. Nishant Shah, who participated in the conversations, was invited to summarise the impressions and ideas that ensued in the day.

The notion of free and open is under great debate even under that, and I think even when you side with a camp, there are going to be further splinters. There are many ways of defining the free and open, and I think that the tension, rather than being resolved, needs to be sustained and creatively perpetrated to keep an internal checks and balances on not getting carried away with it. All the groups did indeed circle around this in different, often tangential ways – that there is need to define, variously and almost endlessly, in defining the context of the free that we are dealing with.

Open video, in that matter, has gone through different iterations, and I think it is nice that different stakeholders have defined it variously, and also looked at the problems that it might lead to. However, for the sake of synthesis, I am going to let you have your own idea of free and open but instead look at five key words which have emerged, in my selective hearing, through the day: Access, Archive, Share, Remix, Repurpose. And it is these five that we need to now imbricate these concepts across different thematic that emerged in the groups today.

Access has been one primary question that almost everybody dealt with; Access has its legacies in the Open and Free culture movements, where technological access, dealing with questions of open standards and content, of bandwidth and infrastructure. More interestingly, in an emerging information society like India, there are other concerns of language, access, privilege, bandwidth, education etc. To contextualise access and to put it into different perspectives is something that different participants have voiced the need for.

Archive is a preoccupation with most people because archiving has close relationships with knowledge and subsequently retrieval and usage. If knowledge is being digitised so that it is made accessible to different people, there are older questions of representation, voice, empowerment, participation, ethics, privacy, ownership etc. Crop up. In education archiving has to do with the curricula building and knowledge production. In networking, collaboration and film making, it is the kind of issues that pad.ma is trying to tackle with. It also leads to notions of access, distribution etc.

Sharing is what is almost defining the spirit of the Open and Free culture movements. There is a need to understand and explore what sharing means. When does it infringe laws and what kind of regulation needs to be advocated so that sharing becomes possible. How does one overcome questions of piracy, stealing, IPR etc? More interestingly, what do we share and who do we share it with? Tools by which sharing leads to innovation? How does it lead to new participation and learning practices and pedagogies? What kind of open distribution models and networks can be built up?

Remix has been of great value because it means that you are being converted into some sort of a stakeholder or a contributor to the process. Networking and nodes, network-actor, collaborator , peer 2 peer – the possibility of looking at questions of internet and digital traces is interesting. Or imagine that the act of sharing is also a remix. Sometimes just putting it into new contexts, making it available to newer constituencies, etc. can also be looked upon as remixing. Remix as a knowledge production aesthetic and mechanics seems to have emerged.

Repurpose is my additional reading of something that perhaps needs no mention to this group, but nonetheless needs flagging. The fact remains, that the technology is not a solution in itself. It is a tool that enables the solutions which one is seeking for. The processes, paradigms, protocols and practices are indeed shaped and mediated by technologies and there are new solution possibilities which are produced. However, there still seem to be anxieties, concerns, questions and problems which are cropping up and need to be addressed outside of technology but within technology ecologies.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/OVSreport

Chutnefying English - Report

nishant — 2009-08-27T06:03:23Z

The Centre for Internet and Society, Bangalore, was an institutional partner to India's first Global Conference on Hinglish - Chutnefying English, organised by Dr. Rita Kothari at the Mudra Institute of Communications, Ahmedabad. A photographic report for the event is now available here.

In January of 2009, Dr. Rita Kothari, at the Mudra Institute of Communications, Ahmedabad, organised the first global conference called “Chutneyfying English”, calling in various stakeholders from different walks of life – academics, scholars, researchers, actors, cultural producers, authors and consumers to critically examine the growing phenomenon of Hinglish and how it intersects with our globalised lives. The two day conference brought together a series of presentations, ranging from academic papers to lively round table discussions to panels that looked at the different manifestations of Hinglish and the political and aesthetic potential of this particular form. Scholars like Rita Kothari, Harish Trivedi, Nishant Shah, Daya Thussu, Shanon Finch and Rupert Snell were complemented by cultural producers like Nandita Das, R. Raj Rao, and Shuchi Kothari. Literary stakeholders like Urvashi Bhutalia, Bachi Karkaria, and Tej Bhatia rubbed shoulders with more mainstream practitioners like Prasoon Joshi, Mahesh Bhatt and Cyrus Broacha.

The Centre for Internet and Society was an institutional partner for the event, and supported the panel on New Media, which saw four paper presentations and a discussion moderated by Nishant Shah, Director Research at the CIS. The panel explored diverse presentations from Mattangi Krishnamurthy, Pramod Nair and Supriya Gokarn, who looked at the diverse ways in which the rise of Internet and digital technologies is not only changing the ways in which people express themselves, but they are also leading to complex ways in which new conditions of identity, consumption and politics are manifesting themselves. Nishant Shah responded to the panel by positing the idea of Hinglish as a paradigm, rather than a set of characteristics, which goes beyond the questions of language and actually resides in the aesthetic conditions of the internet technologies.

A photographic documentation of the event with an introduction by Dr. Rita Kothari, the chief organiser and curator for the conference is now available for a free download here

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/research/conferences/conference-blogs/hinglish

Workshop for Web Developers on Web Accessibility

royson — 2011-08-23T22:52:40Z

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/accessibility/publications/workshop

Report on the Internet Governance Forum

sachia — 2011-08-23T04:51:55Z

CIS attended the UN Internet Governance Forum in Hyderabad, December 3-7, 2008.

As an outcome of the UN Internet Governance Forum (IGF) which took place in Hyderabad from December 3-7, 2008,

(a) CIS entered into an agreement with the W3C to make translations of the WCAG 2.0 guidelines into some Indian languages; and

(b) CIS, the UN Solutions Exchange group and the Daisy Forum of India (DFI) decided to work together on the web accessibility issue and form a core group of organizations across the disability sector for this purpose.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/accessibility/blog/igf-report-1

First Meeting on a National Policy for Web Accessibility

nirmita — 2011-08-25T08:38:03Z

The first meeting to discuss having a national policy for web accessibility to ensure universal and inclusive participation was held at the Centre for Internet and Society's office on 7 November 2008. It was aimed at formulating an action plan to work with the government and other private and public bodies to ensure conformity to accessibility standards for web sites.

The first meeting to discuss making compliance with web accessibility standards a part of the national policy agenda was held today (7 November 2008) at the CIS office. Fifteen participants representing organizations from the disability sector, media and law firms came together to discuss the why, what and how of mandatory compliance with web accessibility standards for Indian government web sites.

The meeting started off with brief introductions of the participants, followed by a presentation by Rahul Gonsalves introducing the concept of and need for web accessibility standards amongst web developers. In his presentation, Rahul gave some examples of the kinds of problems faced by different users of the net and simple solutions to solve these problems. Speaking from the perspective of a web designer, he pointed out that while the total cost of creating an accessible web site is merely about 2-3% more than a normal web site, revamping an existing web site to make it conform to accessibility standards is a more complicated and expensive task. He further clarified that for a website to be accessible, it is not merely enough that it is created in accordance with accessibility standards; all future additions and modifications must be made with accessibility in mind. Hence, persons working on the web site should be initiated into creating accessible web pages.

The second presentation of the day was by Jayna Kothari of Ashira Law Services. Jayna, a lawyer who is well known for taking up disability related cases in Bangalore, talked about the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act 1995 (PWD Act) and highlighted provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities which came into force in May 2008. She began by talking about the right to access information being a fundamental right guaranteed by Article 19 of our constitution and gave references to various sections in the PWD Act. The Act calls for the setting up of Central and State Co-ordination Committees to ensure that action is taken to give effect to the provisions of the PWD Act and that an accessible, barrier free and inclusive environment is created for persons with disabilities in all spheres such as health, education, employment, transportation, etc. Jayna also highlighted that article 9 of the UNCRPD called for persons with disabilities to have an equal right to access to information and communication. Hence the mandate was not restricted to government web sites only. She opined that we could potentially work with the State and Central Co-ordination Committees to include web accessibility on their agenda of urgent requirements.

Mr Ganesh of Samarthanam Trust for the Disabled talked about intervention at the level of educational organizations and training institutes. He said that instead of merely discussing strategies which are designed to target the Government and get its attention, we also need to work on building awareness amongst the coming generation of web site developers and appeal to schools, training institutes like the NIIT and other educational organizations and centres of learning to disseminate awareness about accessibility right from the beginning. The approach, in other words, has to be both top-down and bottom-up. Ushajee Peri from the Alternative Law Forum (ALF) talked briefly about the Right to Information Act (2005) and said that since the right to information is a fundamental right, we need to carefully analyse provisions of the Act under which we could push for web accessibility.

Mr. L. Subramani from the Deccan Herald talked in brief about media strategy and about how publications could help in creating awareness and pressure. Finally, Meenu Bambani from MPhasiS talked about the 11th Five Year Plan and cited various provisions from it which called for specific measures for disabled persons. After an entire chapter devoted to disability, nothing has as yet been achieved in the year since the plan came into force, even though India has ratified the UNCRPD. Meenu called for immediate action to push the Government for implementation of the chapter on disability in the 11th Five Year Plan. As per the plan, each Government department was to allocate 3% of its funds for supporting disabled persons; this has not been done so far. Meenu believes that 3 December, which is usually celebrated as the World Disabilities Day, should this year be spent in introspection on what we have not achieved and on how we can push the state and government authorities to take their international and national commitments with respect to disabled persons seriously.

There was also a brief discussion on how laws in different countries accommodated web accessibility. For instance in the USA, Section 508 requires web sites of all federal agencies to comply with web accessibility guidelines. In the UK, the Code of Conduct which was brought out by the Disabilities Rights Commission (DRC) under the Disabilities Discrimination Act 2002 (DDA) mandates that persons with disabilities should have the right to access goods, services, facilities and premises on an equal basis as others. Section 2.14 lists the different kinds of services and 2.17 specifically says that a website is a provision of service and hence should be accessible. PAS 78 lays down guidelines for web developers for creating accessible web sites. While some participants expressed curiosity about the actual number of disabled persons using the internet in India, it was generally understood that only by making web sites more accessible could we widen the net of disabled users and enhance universal access and participation.

Another area for intervention was presented by Sunil Abraham in the form of a discussion on the national policy for Open Standards. Sunil said that CIS had given an addendum to the response to the draft national policy on open standards which specifically dealt with web accessibility for disabled and elderly persons. By ensuring that WCAG compliance is inserted in the presentation layer of the Government Interoperability Framework (GIF), which the Government is shortly expected to release, we could make a definite and substantial intervention.

The final conclusions of the meeting were that there were different areas and scopes for intervention and they all had to be simultaneously pursued by different groups. Everyone agreed that we should try and work with the National Informatics Centre (NIC) to make all government web sites accessible. Almost all participants felt that while it was not possible to impose web accessibility standards on private entities, we need not restrict ourselves to government web sites in our recommendations and should include at least public listed companies as well. Mr. Subramani felt that working with NASSCOM might be useful for that. Finally it was also decided that an appeal for web accessibility would be put out by CIS at the Walkathon to be organized by Samarthanam on 6 December, since it would be a good platform for spreading awareness and gaining support amongst disabled users, public authorities, organizations and the public at large.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/accessibility/blog/first-meeting-on-a-national-policy-for-web-access-for-all

Meeting on National Policy for e-Access for All

nirmita — 2011-08-26T05:13:44Z

The world over, there is a move towards making the internet more accessible for persons with visual and print disabilities and for elderly persons. Many countries like the USA and UK have adopted legislation to make adherence to web accessibility standards mandatory. In India we are still relatively unaware of the importance of web accessibility. On Nov 7, 2008 at 11:00 am, the Centre for Internet and Society will host a meeting at the CIS office to discuss strategies and a plan of action to launch a campaign for making web content accessibility standards mandatory in India.

The internet has has breathed fresh life and energy into the situations of disabled persons throughout the world. It has enabled and liberated them in the most complete sense of the word and succeeded in elevating levels of independence, competence and confidence. Like any other technology however this comes with its share of problems, related to accessibility. Thankfully, many of these problems can be solved by merely setting some minimum standards in place at no extra cost or effort.

For any technology to be completely useful, it has to meet the criteria of utility, usability, affordability, acceptance and accessibility. Unfortunately, while the internet can surmount most of obstacles that are faced by disabled persons in relation to access to information, navigation or comprehension problems are equally severe barriers to visually and print disabled persons effectively using it. To help better understand the issue, explained below are some features which are quite problematic for persons with visual and reading disabilities. They are accompanied by some simple solutions which can be easily incorporated by web page creators.

Web pages often contain images and graphics which cannot be discerned by screen readers; text descriptions and explanations can be provided for these. Creation of links to skip to content can provide a huge relief for persons using screen readers, instead of them having to listen to unrelated or confusing content. There should be keyboard alternatives for every function that has to be executed with a mouse. Links without references such as “click here” or links without any specific destination should be avoided. Creators of web pages should not rely upon colours to convey meanings. Finally, since screen readers read content as it is in the code, web page creators should ensure that content is read correctly on the page as well as in the code.

Adherence to web accessibility standards can help avoid these problems. Countries like the USA, UK, Canada, and Australia have enacted legislations to make it mandatory for creators of web pages to follow their minimum standards for web page accessibility. India has ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in October 2007. Unfortunately however, no move, has been made till date to adopt web accessibility guidelines or make such guidelines mandatory in our country. Consequently, a lot of government and private web sites are inaccessible for persons with disabilities, defeating the very purpose of ICT for development.

Considering these factors, we think it is time we make a concerted effort towards enabling a more inclusive online environment for all. Adopting a web accessibility standard does not merely make the web more accessible to disabled persons, it makes navigation and operation easier for everyone. The W3C has come out with a web accessibility standard called the WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) which has been adopted by many countries. This makes the tasks of the countries easier in the sense that they already have a ready framework and guidelines available to work with.

We solicit your active support and presence in this movement for enabling mandatory adherence to web accessibility standards in India. You are invited to join the Google group for a national policy for e-Access (http://groups.google.com/group/e-access). We are planning to have a meeting of all interested parties and organizations who are committed to supporting this cause on the date and venue given below. We request you to attend along with other supporters.

Meeting Details

Date: 7th Nov, 2008 (Friday)
Time: 11:00 am
Venue:
Centre for Internet and Society
No. D2, 3rd Floor, Shariff Chambers
14 Cunningham Road,
Bangalore - 560 052

Map: http://bit.ly/cis-map
Phone: +91 80 4092 6283

Please communicate your participation to us, by sending an email to
nirmita AT cis-india DOT org
M: +91 9845868078

Download meeting agenda

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/accessibility/blog/meeting-on-national-policy-for-e-access-for-all

The National Public Meeting on Software Patents

pranesh — 2011-08-23T03:02:56Z

On Saturday, October 4, 2008, the Centre for Internet and Society, with the support of eighteen other organization, held a meeting on the National Public Meeting on Software Patents in the United Theological College campus. The aim of the event was to explore various issues surrounding software patents, especially from the perspective of the draft Patent Manual.

After introductions by Sunil Abraham of CIS, the discussions were kicked off by Sudhir Krishnaswamy (an Assistant Professor at National Law School), who spoke about typology of laws; principle-based arguments for excluding software from patenting; policy-based arguments for the same; and lastly, strategies for combating the patent manual. About the rationale behind excepting software ("computer programmes per se") from patentability, he theorised that given the location of "computer programmes per se" in section 3(k) of the Act, surrounded as it is by "mathematical or business method" and "algorithms", the exception seems to be a principle-based one and not a policy-based one. He also talked about what he saw as the practical realities of the Patent Office, and questioned the role the Draft Manual would actually play in the decisions of Patent Examiners.

He listed out economic arguments as:

Inapplicability of the incentive arguments. The software industry does not need patents since copyright covers software, and even if incentives are required, that is incentive enough;
Return on investment. Short shelf-life, and hence 17-year patent terms are irrelevant when the shelf-life is so small;
New intermediaries are created, who are neither producers nor consumers of software. These intermediaries who help in price-discovery. They discover value in patents which were previously thought neglected by the process known as patent trolling.

Apart from these, he also briefly talked of the legal arguments around software patents, and argued that the question is not only about copyright vs. patent, but also about property vs. contract. He asked questions such as: "What role does copyright play in the software industry, or is contract more important?", and pointed out that while this might have been addressed around a decade ago, those questions need to be revisited given the current scenario. Further, he proposed that the strategies should not revolve solely around the Patent Act and Draft Manual, but around pre- and post-grant oppositions as well.

Prabir Purkayastha of the Delhi Science Forum and Knowledge Commons spoke next, giving a quick run-through of the history, both legal and philosophical, surrounding software patents in India and in the U.S. and Europe (pointing out that most of the wordings of Draft Manual on this point are borrowed from a similar document in the U.K.). He asked the question of why people are opposing software patents. Is it because it is damaging to 'public interest', because it bad for Indian domestic software industry, or because it is an abstract idea which is sought to be patented in the guise of something else? He concluded that ultimately it is not the manual that groups are opposing, but the notion of software patents themselves. Thus, he focussed on how the phrase "per se" used in the Act ought to be interpreted by the Patent Office so as to give credence to the Indian Parliament's rejection (in 2005) of the 2004 patent ordinance (in which section 3(k) read: "a computer programme per se other than its technical application to industry or a combination with hardware"). Lastly, he talked about the various strategies to be employed in the fight against software patents, including pre- and post-grant oppositions.

Dr. Nagarjuna G. of the Free Software Foundation of India focussed on what he termed "the absurdity of software patents". He emphasised how software requires an interpreter or hardware, and hence talk of "software per se" often becomes meaningless. Further, he underlined how embedding software in hardware was not innovation in itself, and stressed ont he changing notions of software and hardware as we evolve technologically. His equation of software with abstract ideas gives us a glimpse into the foundation of his objection to software patents.

First up in the second session (which was more focussed on the manual, and the law in India) was Prashant Iyengar of the Bangalore-based Alternative Law Forum. He first listed out the different kinds of objections to software patents, including the point that there are only limited ways of thinking about programming, as Donald Knuth's The Art of Computer Programming shows. Then he went on to go through the history of software patents in India, from the first software patent, granted in 1996, through the 2002 Amendment, the 2004 Ordinance, the 2005 Amendment, and the 2005 and 2008 Draft Manuals. He looked at the vocabulary surrounding software patents, including the words "per se" and "as such", and the cases and legislations from which the language used in the Draft Manual might have been borrowed. He also started a fruitful debate on the different ways to attack the implicit inclusion of that which is not "computer programmes per se" within the scope of patentable subject matter.

After Prashant was Venkatesh Hariharan of Red Hat. He spoke on the practical benefits and harms of software patents, and spoke at length about the difference between legal protection of software in the form of patents and via copyright. He pointed to data showing that lawyers are the ones who benefit most from software patents, and that software developers were the ones who suffered most. Pointing to such practical issues such as how does one go about coding a simple e-commerce transaction when more than 4000 patents have already been granted in that area, he brought down the level of discussion from abstract notions of laws and legalities to practical experiences of software programmers.

Next, Pranesh Prakash of the Centre for Internet and Society made a presentation on a small sample of software patents that have been applied for in India, and pointed out the infirmities in both the patents that have been applied for, as well as the problems in uncovering these patents because of various errors on the Indian Patent Office website. Going through a few of the patent applications, he showed how a great number applications have very badly worded abstracts, filled with weasel words, whose sole purpose is obfuscating the fact that what is being applied for is a software patent. This, he pointed out, made it difficult to both determine the scope of the applications (subject matter) as well as the innovations contained in the invention (novelty and non-obviousness), and thus difficult to examine from the perspective of pre-grant oppositions.

After these presentations, the meeting continued with the Open House session which had many people making presentations, including Abhas Abhinav of DeepRoot Linux, Arun M. of FSF India, and Joseph C. Matthew, who is the IT Adviser to the Chief Minister, Kerala. With the wrapping up of this session, the proceedings for the day came to a close.

Coverage in the press

Audio Recordings and Slides

The Principles of Patent Law and Introduction to Software Patents

Sudhir Krishnaswamy (National Law School) | mp3 | ogg
Prabir Purkayastha(Delhi Sience Forum) (Knowledge Commons) |mp3 | ogg
Nagarjuna G.(Free Software Foundation of India) | mp3 | ogg

Software Patents in India: The Indian Patent Act and the Draft Patent Manual

Prashant Iyengar(Alternative Law Forum) | mp3 | ogg
Venkatesh Hariharan(Red Hat) | mp3 | ogg

Software Patent Applications in India

Pranesh Prakash (Centre for Internet and Society) | mp3 | ogg | ppt

Open House

Abhas Abhinav (DeepRoot Linux) | mp3 | ogg

Arun M.(Free Software Foundation of India)| mp3 | ogg
Joseph Mathew (IT Adviser to the Chief Minister, Kerala)| mp3 | ogg

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/the-national-public-meeting-on-software-patents

Global IP Conference 2011, Brochure

praskrishna — 2011-08-22T13:27:19Z

A brochure of the event.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/a2k/publications/global-ip-conference

Software Day Info

praskrishna — 2011-08-22T13:24:42Z

An information about the competition.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/a2k/publications/software-freedom-info

UID Booklet

praskrishna — 2011-08-23T03:18:46Z

The UID booklet from the Public Meeting held on the 25th of August

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/publications/uid-booklet-aug25

Privacy Matters - A Public Conference in Chennai

praskrishna — 2011-08-23T10:40:44Z

This conference was held on August 6, 2011 in Chennai. The report is now online.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/privacy-chennai-report.pdf

A Report on National Conference on ICTs for Differently Abled / Under privileged

praskrishna — 2011-08-22T13:19:48Z

A report on National Conference on ICTs for Differently Abled / Under privileged Communities in Education, Employment and Entreprenuership held at Loyola College in 2009.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/accessibility/publications/report-on-national-conference-on-ICTs

NCIDEEE

radha — 2011-08-22T13:16:49Z

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/accessibility/publications/Consolidated%20Programme.pdf

Workshop on Web Accessibility - Thiruvananthapuram

radha — 2011-08-22T13:12:01Z

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/accessibility/publications/Report%20-%20Space.pdf