Centre for Internet and Society

[···]

kaeru — 2025-11-19T17:19:28Z

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/

Hacking of SIM card by spy agencies raises fears of sensitive documents being leaked

praskrishna — 2015-03-09T01:31:39Z

The hacking of SIM-card and digital security services provider Gemalto by American and British spy agencies has raised fears that sensitive communications, by the Indian government and hundreds of domestic companies, may have been at the risk of being spied on.

The article by PK Jayadevan and Neha Alawadhi was published in the Economic Times on February 25, 2015. Pranesh Prakash and Sunil Abraham were quoted.

The Netherlands-based Gemalto was jointly hacked by the US National Security Agency and Britain's Government Communications Headquarters, and encryption keys were stolen to monitor mobile communications, according to a news report published last week.

India's largest telecom vendors including Airtel, Vodafone and Idea Cellular use SIM cards supplied by Gemalto, the world's biggest maker of mobile-phone chips and provider of secure devices such as smart cards and tokens. Online publisher The Intercept in its report named Idea Cellular as one of the networks from which the spy agencies accessed encryption keys.

"Phone calls and text messages by military, government, diplomats, spy corporations and by ordinary citizen of India - all of those get affected by this hack," said Pranesh Prakash, Policy Director at research and advocacy firm Centre for Internet and Society.

The Intercept, which accessed top secret documents provided by NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden, said American and British spies dug into the private communications of Gemalto engineers and other employees to steal encryption keys.

Gemalto provides security services such as two-factor authentication and access management, and has hundreds of clients in India. The company in 2012 said it provided 25 million e-driver's licences and vehicle registration certificates in India that let the government "consolidate driver and vehicle registration information across the population in a central repository".

"We believe that the biggest risk stands for the large number of Vodafone users in the country as the company has deployed Gemalto's Near Field Communication services solutions to provide secure and convenient 'wave and pay' contactless transactions via mobile phone," said Sanchit Vir Gogia, Chief Analyst and Group CEO, Greyhound Research.

"We have no further details of these allegations, which are industry-wide in nature and are not focused on any one mobile operator. We will support industry bodies and Gemalto in their investigations," said a Vodafone spokesperson in an email response.

Emails to Idea and Airtel were unanswered till the time of going to Press.

"Indian operators typically go for cheaper Chinese vendors that are anyway low on security. Among the European SIM vendors, Gemalto has the largest share in India," said a senior mobile services executive, requesting anonymity.

The report on the hack comes at a time when Gemalto was looking to tap the Indian market, including e-governance initiatives. The company in a recent email to ET said it had plans to expand its center of excellence in India to develop multiple products, offer tech support and provide security solutions for the domestic market.

"We take this (breach) very seriously and will devote all resources necessary to fully investigate and understand the scope of such highly sophisticated attacks to obtain SIM card data," a Gemalto spokesperson said. "The target was not Gemalto, per se - it was an attempt to try and cast the widest net possible to reach as many mobile phones as possible."

Initial investigations indicate that SIM products as well as banking cards, passports and other products and platforms are secure, the company said. Gemalto is expected to announce the results of its investigation on Wednesday. British and US spy agencies have been under fire for hacking and spying on citizens after Snowden in mid-2013 began leaking documents that revealed massive surveillance programmes by the two governments. At the time, the Indian government said the NSA was only collecting meta-data and had no access to the actual contents of phone calls or text messages.

Experts suggest a multinational consensus or treaty that strikes a balance between national security concerns and privacy.

"Governments will have to debate this in the United Nations and some kind of rules for surveillance, maybe treaties, are relevant in the future," said Kamlesh Bajaj, Chief Executive at Data Security Council of India. "They shall have to have some kind of a limit to surveillance. They can't be vacuuming all data in the name of finding a needle in the haystack."

Sunil Abraham, Executive Director at Center for Internet and Society, suggested the Indian government should replace proprietary operating systems and Android on phones with pure free software projects, use of virtual private network on phones to carry voice and data traffic, and encrypt voice and data payloads separately.

"When it comes to all the other services provided by Gemalto, the India government should insist that they will do key management on their own. This will also mitigate the compromise of Gemalto's enterprise networks by the NSA," he said.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/economic-times-jayadevan-pk-neha-alawadhi-february-25-2015-hacking-of-sim-card-by-spy-agencies-raises-fears-of-sensitive-documents-being-leaked

The Surveillance Industry in India – An Analysis of Indian Security Expos

divij — 2015-03-08T12:25:15Z

The author talks about the surveillance industry in India and analyses Indian security expos.

Introduction

The 'Spy Files', a series of documents released by whistleblower website WikiLeaks over the last few years, exposed the tremendous growth of the private surveillance industry across the world - a multi-billion dollar industry thriving on increasing governmental and private capabilities for mass surveillance of individuals.[1] These documents showed how mass surveillance is increasingly made possible through new technologies developed by private players, often exploiting the framework of nascent but burgeoning information and communication technologies like the internet and communication satellites. Moreover, the unregulated and undiscerning nature of the industry means that it has enabled governments (and also private agencies) across the world - from repressive dictatorships to governments in western democracies with a growing track record of privacy and civil liberties infringements - to indulge in secretive, undemocratic and often illegal surveillance of their citizens. The Spy Files and related research have revealed how the mass surveillance industry utilizes the rhetoric of national security and counter-terrorism to couch technologies of surveillance.

'Security' and the Normalization Of Surveillance

New technologies undoubtedly create a potential for both malicious as well as beneficial use for society. Surveillance technologies are a prime example, having both enabled improvements in law enforcement and security, but at the same time creating unresolved implications for privacy and civil liberties. These technologies expose what Lawrence Lessig describes as 'latent ambiguities' in the law - ambiguities that require us to assess the implications and effects of new technologies and how to govern them, and most importantly, to choose between conflicting values regarding the use of technologies, for example, increased security as against decreased privacy.[2]

Unfortunately, In India, the ambiguity seems to have been resolved squarely in favour of surveillance - under the existing regulatory regime, surveillance is either expressly mandated or unregulated, and requires surveillance to be built into the architecture and design of public spaces like internet and telephone networks, or even public roads and parks. Most of these regulations or mechanisms are framed without democratic debate, through executive mechanisms and private contracts with technology providers, without and public accountability or transparency.

For example, under the telecom licensing regime in India, the ISP and UASL licenses specifically require lawful interception mechanisms through hardware or software to be installed by the licensees, for information (Call Data Records, Packet Mirroring, Call Location) to be provided to 'law enforcement agencies', as specified by the Government.[3] Section 69 of the Information Technology Act, the main legislation governing the Internet in India, read with the rules framed under the Act, makes it incumbent upon 'intermediaries' to provide surveillance facilities at the behest of government agencies.[4]

Beyond this, the State and its agencies Section 69 and 69B of the IT Act empower the government to intercept and monitor any data on the Internet. The Telegraph Act also permits wiretapping of telephony.[5] The proposed Central Monitoring System by the Central Government would give state agencies centralized access to all telecommunications in real time, on telephony or on the Internet. Other surveillance schemes include the Keyword Tracking system NETRA, as well as several state government proposed comprehensive CCTV-surveillance schemes for cities. [6] Clearly, therefore, there is a massive market for surveillance technologies in India.

Tracking the Surveillance Market

The Mass surveillance industry by its very nature is closed, secretive and without democratic oversight, Insights into the prevalence, nature and scope of the companies that form this industry, or the technologies that are utilized are far and few. No democratic debate about surveillance can take place in such a paradigm. In this context, security expos and exhibitions provide critical insight into this industry. Several of the important revelations about the industry in the past have been from examinations of large exhibitions in which the various governmental and industry actors participate, and therefore, such analysis is critical to the debate surrounding mass surveillance. Such exhibitions are a logical starting point because they are one of the few publically accessible showcases of surveillance-ware, and are also a congregation of most major players who are part of this market both as suppliers and purchasers.

Our research identified at least 13 exhibitions in India that specifically cater to the surveillance industry. A brief outline of each of these exhibitions is provided below:

1. Secutech India (Brochures: 2015 -http://www.secutechindia.co.in/pdf/secutech%20brochure.pdf)

The Secutech Expo is an exhibition held in Bombay and Delhi since 2011, to showcase Information Security, Electronic Security and Homeland Security technologies. Secutech also organizes the Global Digital Surveillance Forum, a conference amongst the stakeholders of digital surveillance industry in India.[7]

Exhibitors: Ivis; Matrix Comsec; Neoteric; Smartlink; Kanoe; Micro Technologies; Aditya Infrotech; CoreTech Solutions; Merit Lilin; Schneider Electric; Pash systems; Nettrack Technologies Pvt Ltd.; QNAP; Axxonsoft; Hk Vision (China); Alhua; Axis; Vivotech (Taiwan); Endroid (USA); Vantge (UK); Pelco (France); Advik; Hi Focus (UK); ESMS; Keeper (China); Neoteric; Vizor, etc

Visitors: The visitor profile and target audience consists of government and defense agencies, besides private agencies.

Technologies on display: Digital surveillance, biometrics, CCTV and RFID are some categories of the technologies which are showcased here.

2. IFSEC India (Brochures: 2013 - http://www.ifsecindia.com/uploads/IFSEC%20INDIA%20brochure%202013.pdf; 2014 - http://www.ubmindia.in/ifsec_india/uploads/IFSEC_INDIA_Brochure_CS5_new_low.pdf.)

IFSEC India, an extension of IFSEC UK, the 'worlds largest security exhibition', proclaims to be South Asia's largest security exhibition with 15,000 participants in its latest edition, including a special segment on surveillance. It has been held in either Bombay or Delhi since 2007.

Exhibitors: Honeywell; Infinova; Radar Vision; QNAP; Ensign; Winposee; Bosch; Comguard; Verint; ACSG; Ensign etc.

Visitors: Visitors include government agencies such as the Central Industrial Security Force, Border Security Force, Department of Internal Security, Railway Protection Force and the Department of Border Management.

Technologies on display: RFID, Video Surveillance, Surveillance Drones, IP Surveillance, Digital Surveillance and Monitoring were some of the categories of technologies on display.

3. India International Security Expo (Brochures: 2014 - http://www.indiasecurityexpo.com/images/e_brochure.pdf)

Held in New Delhi since 1996, and organized by the Ministry of Home Affairs, the expo is described as "India's largest show case of goods and services related to Homeland Security, Fire Safety, Traffic Management, Industrial Safety and Public Safety, Hospitality and Reality Security." With specific reference to the changing 'modus operandi of crime by using technology', the Expo focuses on using surveillance technologies for law enforcement purposes.

Exhibitors: Intellivision (USA); Intex (India); ESC Baz (Israel); Sparsh Securitech; Source Security (USA); Intellivision (USA); Interchain Solutions; ESSI; Kritikal; Matrix; Pace Solutions etc.

Visitors: According to the show's brochure, visitors include Central & State Police Organisations, Paramilitary Forces, Policy-makers from the Government, Industrial Establishments, Security Departments of Educational, Retail, Hospitality, Realty & other sectors, Colonisers, Builders, RWAs, System Integrators Large business houses and PSU's.

Technologies on display: Access control systems, surveillance devices, RFID, traffic surveillance and GPS Tracking.

4. Secure Cities Expo (Brochures: 2013 - http://securecitiesindia.com/Secure_Cities_2013_Brochure.pdf; 2014 - http://securecitiesindia.com/images/2014/SC_2014_Brochure.pdf.)

Secure Cities Expo has been organized since 2008, on the platform of providing homeland security solutions and technologies to government and private sector participants.

Exhibitors: Dell; Palo Alto Networks; Motorola; Konnet; Vian Technologies; Quick Heal; Intergraph, GMR, Tac Technologies, Steria, Teleste, Elcom, Indian Eye Security; Mirasys; CBC Group; Verint (USA); IBM (USA); Digitals; EyeWatch; Kanoe; NEC (Japan); ACSG Corporate; ESRI (USA), etc.

Visitors: Visitors include government and law enforcement agencies including the Ministry of Home Affairs as well as systems integrators and private firms including telecom firms.

Technologies on display: CCTV, Biometrics, Covert Tracking and Surveillance Software, Communication Interception, Location and Tracking systems, and IT Security.

5. Defexpo India (Brochures: No publically available brochures)

By far India's largest security exposition, the Ministry of Defense has organized Defexpo India since 1999, showcasing defense, border, and homeland security systems from technology providers internationally.

Exhibitors: Aurora Integrated; Airbus Defence (France); Boeing (USA); Hacking Team (Italy); Kommlabs (Germany); Smoothwall; Atlas Electronik; Cyint; Audiotel International; Cobham; Tas-Agt; Verint; Elsira (Elbit) (Israel); IdeaForge; Comint; Controp; Northrop Gruman; Raytheon; C-DoT; HGH Infrared (Israel); Okham Solutions (France); Septier (Israel); Speech Technology Centre (Russia); Aerovironment (USA); Textron; Sagem (France); Amesys (France); Exelis; ITP Novex (Israel), etc.

Visitors: The latest edition of the Expo saw participation from governmental delegations from 58 countries, besides Indian governmental and law enforcement authorities.

Technologies on display: The entire spectrum of surveillance and homeland security devices is on display at Defexpo, from Infrared Video to Mass Data Interception.

6. Convergence India Expo (Brochures: 2012 - http://convergenceindia.org/download/CI2012-PSR.pdf; 2014 -http://www.convergenceindia.org/pdf/CI-2014-Brochure.pdf; 2015 - http://www.convergenceindia.org/pdf/brochure-2015.pdf.)

Convergence India, being held in New Delhi since 1991, is a platform for interaction between Information and Communication Technology providers and purchasers in the market. In recent years, the expo has catered to the niche market for IT surveillance.

Exhibitors: ELT (UK); Comguard; Fastech; Synway (China); Saltriver; Anritsu (Japan); Cdot; Fastech; Rahul Commerce; Deviser Electronics; RVG Diginet; Blue Coat (USA); Cyberoam (USA); ZTE (China); Net Optics (USA); Controp; Comint etc.

Visitors: Visitors include Paramilitary Forces, Cable Operators, Government Ministries and PSU's and Telecom and Internet Service Providers.

Technologies on Display: Biometrics, Content Filtering, Data Mining, Digital Forensics, IP-Surveillance, Embedded Softwares, Network Surveillance and Satellite Monitoring were some of the technologies on display.

7. International Police Expo (Brochures: 2014 - http://www.nexgengroup.in/exhibition/internationalpoliceexpo/download/International_Police_Expo_2014.pdf.)

The International Police Expo held in New Delhi focuses on providing technologies to police forces across India, with specific focus on IT security and communications security.

Exhibitors: 3G Wireless Communications Pvt Ltd; Motorola Solutions; Cyint; Matrix Comsec; Cellebrite; Hayagriva; MKU; CP Plus etc.

Visitors: Visitors include State Police, Procurement Department, CISF, CRPF, RAF, BSF, Customs, GRPF, NDRF, Special Frontier Force, Para Commandos, Special Action Group, COBRA and PSU's and educational institutes, stadiums and municipal corporations, among others.

Technologies on display: Technologies include RFID and surveillance for Internal Security and Policing, CCTV and Monitoring, Vehicle Identification Systems, GPS, Surveillance for communications and IT, Biometrics and Network surveillance.

8. Electronics For You Expo (EFY Expo) ( 2014 - http://2013.efyexpo.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/efy_PDFisation.pdf; 2015 - http://india.efyexpo.com//wp-content/uploads/2014/03/5th%20EFY%20Expo%20India_Brochure.pdf.)

EFY Expo is a electronics expo which showcases technologies across the spectrum of electronics industry. It has been held since 2010, in New Delhi, and is partnered by the Ministry of Communications and IT and the Ministry of Electronics and IT.

Exhibitors: Vantage Security; A2z Securetronix; Avancar Security; Digitals security; Securizen Systems; Vision Security; Mangal Security Systems, etc.

Visitors: The visitors include Government Agencies and ministries as well as systems integrators and telecom and IT providers.

Technologies on display: Identification and Tracking Products and Digital Security Systems are a specific category of the technologies on display.

9. Indesec Expo (Brochures: 2009 - http://www.ontaero.org/Storage/14/897_INDESEC_Oct11-13_2009.pdf. )

An exhibition focused on homeland security, and sponsored by the Ministry of Home Affairs, the expo has been held since 2008 in New Delhi, which includes a specific category for cyber security and counter terrorism.

Exhibitors: Rohde and Schwarz; Salvation Data; AxxonSoft; KritiKal; Shyam Networks; Teledyne Dalsa; Honeywell; General Dynamics; Northrop Grumman; Interchain Solutions, etc.

Visitors: Visitors include officials of the central government, central police and paramilitary forces, Ministry of Defence, central government departments, institutes and colleges, state government and police and ports and shipping companies.

10. Next Generation Cyber Threats Expo

Held since 2012 in New Delhi and Mumbai, the Next Generation Cyber Threats Expo focuses on securing cyber infrastructure and networks in India.

Exhibitors: Ixia, CheckPoint, etc.

Visitors: Visitors include Strategic Planning Specialists, Policy Makers and Law Enforcement among others.

11. SmartCards/RFID/e-Security/Biometrics expo (Brochures: 2013 - http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/brochures-from-expos-in-india-2013 ; 2015 - http://www.smartcardsexpo.com/pdf/SmartCards_Expo_2015_Brochure_$.pdf)

These expos are organized by Electronics Today in Delhi or Mumbai since 1999 and supported by the Ministries of Commerce, Home Affairs and External Affairs. They showcase various identification solutions, attended by hundreds of domestic and international exhibitors.

Visitors: Target audiences include central and local level law enforcement and government organizations, Colleges and Universities, and defense forces.

12. Com-IT Expo (Brochure: 2014 - http://www.comitexpo.in/doc/Brochure.pdf)

This expo has been organized by the Trade Association of Information and Technology in Mumbai since 2008, and focuses on software and hardware Information Technology, with specific focus on IT security and surveillance.

Visitors: Visitors include Government Agencies, Airport Authorities, Police and Law Enforcement, Urban Planners, etc.

Technologies Displayed: CCTV's, Surveillance Devices and IP Cameras, etc.

13. GeoIntelligence India (Brochures: 2013 - http://www.geointelligenceindia.org/2013/Geointelligence%20India%20Brochure.pdf; 2014 - http://geointworld.net/Documents/GeoInt_Brochure_2014.pdf.)

It is an exposition held in New Delhi since 2014, organized by Geospatial Media and Communications Pvt Ltd, and is 'dedicated to showcasing the highest levels of information exchange and networking within the Asian defense and security sector.'

Exhibitors: ESRI (USA); BAE Systems (UK); Leica (Switzerland); Helyx (UK); Digital Globe; Intergraph; Trimble (USA); RSI Softech; Silent Falcon etc.

Visitors: Visitors included the Director General of Information Systems, CRPF, Manipur, Delhi, Haryana and Nagaland Police, CBI, ITBP, NSDI, SSB, National Investigation Agency, Signals Intelligence Directorate among others.

Surveillance Wares in India - The Surveillance Exhibits and what they tell us about the Indian Surveillance Industry

An analysis of the above companies and their wares give us some insight into what is being bought and sold in the surveillance industry, and by whom. Broadly, the surveillance technologies can be grouped in the following categories:

Video Surveillance and Analysis

IP Video Surveillance and CCTV are quickly becoming the norm in public spaces. Emerging video surveillance tools allow for greater networking of cameras, greater fields of vision, cheaper access and come with a host of tools such as facial recognition and tracking as well as vehicle tracking. For example, IBM has developed an IP Video Analytics system which couples monitoring with facial recognition.[8] USA's Intellivision also offers analytics systems which enable licence plate tracking, facial recognition and object recognition.[9] HGH Infrared's Spynel system allows infrared wide-area surveillance,[10] and CBC's GANZ allows long-range, hi-resolution surveillance. [11]

Video surveillance is gradually infiltrating public spaces in most major cities, with Governments promoting large-scale video surveillance schemes for security, with no legal sanctions or safeguards for protecting privacy.

Companies showcasing Video Surveillance: 3G Wireless Communications Pvt Ltd, Motorola Solutions (USA), Bosch, CP Plus, Ivis, Aditya Infotech, Micro technologies, Core Tech (Denmark), Merit Lilin , Schneider Electric, Shyam Systems, Dalsa, Honeywell, Teleste, Mirasys, CBC Group, Infinova, Radar Vision, QNAP, Ensign, Winposee, Bosch, Hik Vision (China), Alhua, Axis Communications, Vivotech (Taiwan), Endroid (USA), Vantge (UK), Pelco (France), Advik, Hi Focus (UK), ESMS, Keeper (China), Neoteric, Vizor, Verint (USA), IBM (USA), Digitals Security, Intellivision (USA), Intex, Esc Baz (Israel), Sparsh Securitech, A2zsecuretronix, Avancar Security, Securizen Systems, Vision Security, HGH Infrared (Israel).

RFID/Smart Cards/Biometric Identification

India has begun the implementation of the Unique Identification Programme for its 1.2 billion strong population, combining a host of identification technologies to provide a unique identification number and Aadhar Card - promoted as an all-purpose ID. However, this remains without legislative sanction, and continues in the face of severe privacy concerns. Such centralized, accessible databases of ostensibly private information present a grave threat to privacy. RFID, Smart Cards and Biometric Identification technologies (like the Aadhar) all make individual monitoring and surveillance significantly easier by enabling tracking of individual movements, consumer habits, attendance, etc.

Companies showcasing Identification Technologies:

AxxonSoft, Matrix Comsec, Ensign, Hi focus, Intellivision (USA), Interchain solutions, Inttelix, Kanoe, NEC (Japan), Pace, Realtime, Secugen, Source Security (USA), Spectra, Speech technology centre (Russia), BioEnable Technologies.

(For a more detailed list, see the Smart Cards Expo Brochures, linked above)

Mass Data Gathering, Monitoring and Analysis

The age of Big Data has led to big surveillance. Information and communication technologies now host significant amounts of individual data, and the surveillance industry makes all of this data accessible to a surveyor. Government mandated surveillance means any and all forms of communication and data monitoring are being implemented in India - there are network taps on telephony and deep packet inspection on internet lines, which makes telephone calls, SMS, VoIP, Internet searches and browsing and email all vulnerable to surveillance, constantly monitored through systems like the Central Monitoring System. Moreover, centralized information stores enable data mining - extracting and extrapolating data to enable better surveillance, which is what India's NATGRID aims to do.

Hacking Team Italy, Blue Coat USA and Amesys France, three of the five companies identified as 'enemies of the internet' for enabling dictatorships to use surveillance to quell dissent and violate human rights,[12] have all presented surveillance solutions at Defexpo India. Cyberoam USA and ZTE China also market Deep Packet Inspection technology,[13] while ESRI's Big Data suite allows analysis through mass surveillance and analysis of social media and publically available sources. [14]

Indian companies showcasing mass data monitoring technologies include Cyint, Fastech DPI tools,[15] Kommlabs VerbaProbe packet switching probes,[16] and ACSG's OSINT, which allows Big Data social media surveillance and Call Data Record analysis.[17]

Companies showcasing Data Gathering and Monitoring technologies:

Cobham, Comguard, Cyint, ELT (UK), Fastech, Hacking Team (Italy), Smoothwall (USA), Verint Systems (USA), Cyint technologies, Atlas Electronik (Germany), Audiotel International (UK), Avancar, Cobham (UK), ELT (UK), Eyewatch, Kommlabs, Mangal Security Systems, Merit Lilin (Taiwan), Ockham Solutions (France), Septier (Israel), Synway (China), ACSG Corporate, Amesys (France), Anritsu (Japan), Axis (Sweden), BAE Systems (UK), Blue Coat (USA), C-dot, Comint, Cyberoam (USA), Deviser Electronics, Elsira (Elbit) (Israel), Esri (USA), Exelis, General Dynamics (USA), Helyx (UK), ITP Novex (Israel), Leica (Switzerland), Net Optics (Ixia) (USA), Northrop Gruman (USA), Rahul Commerce, Rohde And Schwarz (Germany), RVG Diginet, Tas-Agt, Trueposition (USA), Zte Technologies (China).

Cell-Phone Location Tracking and Vehicle Monitoring

A number of technologies enable location tracking through vehicle GPS, GLONASS or other location technologies. RFID or optical character recognition further enables Automatic Number Plate Recognition, which can be exploited to enable vehicle surveillance to track individual movements. Embedded hardware and software on mobile phones also allows constant transmission of location data, which is exploited by surveillance agencies to track individual movements and location.

Companies showcasing Cell-Phone Location Tracking technologies: Verint, Eyewatch, Septier (Israel), True Position (USA),

Companies showcasing Vehicle Monitoring technologies: Hi-techpoint technologies pvt ltd, Axxonsoft, Essi, Fareye, Intellivision (USA), Interchain Solutions, ITP Novex (Israel), Kaneo, Kritikal, NEC (Japan), Saltriver Infosystems, Vision Security Systems.

Air/Ground Drones and Satellite Surveillance

The use of unmanned drones for security purposes is being adopted for law enforcement and surveillance purposes across the world, and India is no exception, using UAV's for surveillance in insurgency-hit areas,[18] amongst other uses, while still having no regulations for their use.[19] Drones, both aerial and ground level, are capable of large-scale territorial surveillance, often equipped with high-technology video surveillance that allows for efficient monitoring at the ground level.

Digital Globe offers satellite reconnaissance surveillance coupled with Big Data analysis for predictive monitoring. [20] Controp offers cameras specifically for aerial surveillance, while Sagem's Patroller Drone and Sperwer, and Silent Falcon's Solar Powered surveillance drone are Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV's) for aerial video surveillance. Auruora Integrated, [21] and IdeaForge are Indian companies which have developed UAV surveillance drones in collaboration with Indian agencies.[22]

Companies showcasing Drone Surveillance: Aurora Integrated, Controp (Israel), Aerovironment (USA), Digital Globe (USA), ESRI (USA), Intergraph (USA), RSI Softech, Sagem (France), Silent Falcon (UAS), Textron (USA), Trimble (USA), Northrop Grumman (USA).

[1] Wikileaks, The Spy Files, available at https://www.wikileaks.org/the-spyfiles.html.

[2] Lawrence Lessig, Code V 2.0.

[3] For more information on the licensing regime, see 'Data Retention in India', available at http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/data-retention-in-india.

[4] Rule 13, Information Technology (Procedure and Safeguards for Interception, Monitoring and Decryption of Information) Rules, 2009.

[5] Section 5, Indian Telegraph Act, 1885.

[6] See, for example, the Bangalore Traffic Police CCTV Scheme, http://www.bangaloretrafficpolice.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66&btp=66 ; the surveillance scheme supported by the MPLAD Scheme, http://mplads.nic.in/circular08112012.pdf; Mumbai's proposed video surveillance scheme, http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/wipro-tata-ibm-reliance-among-31-bids-for-cctv-scheme-in-mumbai-112112600160_1.html.

[7] Information on the Forum is available at http://gdsf-india.com/Global-Digital-Surveillance-Forum1/images/GDSF-Bengaluru-Conference-program.pdf.

[8] http://www-01.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SS88XH_1.6.0/iva/int_i2frs_intro.dita

[9] http://www.intelli-vision.com/products/recognition-suite

[10] http://www.hgh-infrared.com/Products/Optronics-for-security

[11] http://www.ifsecglobal.com/cbc-high-end-surveillance-tech-on-display-at-ifsec-india/

[12] http://surveillance.rsf.org/en/category/corporate-enemies/

[13] http://www.cyberoam.com/firewall.html

[14] http://www.esri.com/products/arcgis-capabilities/big-data

[15] http://www.fastech-india.com/packetBrokers.html

[16] http://www.kommlabs.com/products-verbaprobe.asp

[17] http://www.acsgcorporate.com/osint-software.html

[18] http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/UAV-proves-ineffective-in-anti-Maoist-operations/articleshow/20400544.cms

[19] http://dronecenter.bard.edu/drones-in-india/

[20] https://www.digitalglobe.com/products/analytic-services

[21] http://www.aurora-is.com/

[22] http://www.ideaforge.co.in/home/

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/surveillance-industry-in-india-analysis-of-indian-security-expos

Preliminary Submission on "Internet Governance Issues" to the Associated Chambers of Commerce & Industry of India

geetha — 2015-02-12T14:52:04Z

On January 30, 2015, Associated Chambers of Commerce & Industry of India (ASSOCHAM) held a consultation on Internet governance. A committee was set up to draft a report on Internet governance, with a focus on issues relevant to India. The Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) is represented on the committee, and has provided its preliminary comments to ASSOCHAM.

ASSOCHAM convened a meeting of its members and other stakeholders, at which CIS was represented. At this meeting, inputs were sought on Internet governance issues relevant for India, on which the industry body proposed to make comments to the Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. Such a discussion, proposing to consolidate the views of ASSOCHAM members in consultation with other stakeholders, is a commendable move. This submission presents preliminary comments from the Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) in light of ASSOCHAM's consultation on Internet governance.

I. About CIS

1. CIS is a non-profit research organization that works, inter alia, on issues relating to privacy, freedom of expression, intermediary liability and internet governance, access to knowledge, open data and open standards, intellectual property law, accessibility for persons with disabilities, and engages in academic research on the budding Indian disciplines of digital natives and digital humanities.

2. CIS engages in international and domestic forums for Internet governance. We are a Sector-D member of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU),[1] and participated in the World Conference on International Telecommunications (WCIT), 2012 (Dubai) [2] and the Plenipotentiary Conference, 2014 (Busan).[3] We have also participated in the WSIS+10 Multistakeholder Preparatory Platform (MPP)[4] and the WSIS+10 High Level Event, organized by the ITU.[5]

3. CIS is also a member of the Non-Commercial Users Constituency (NCUC) at ICANN. Pranesh Prakash, our Policy Director, held a position on the NCUC Executive Committee from December 2013 to November 2014.[6]

4. CIS has been engaging at the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) since 2008, and has organized and participated in over 60 panels to date.[7] We have also organized panels at the Asia-Pacific Regional IGF (APrIGF). [8] Our Executive Director Sunil Abraham is a member of the Multistakeholder Advisory Group (MAG) for the India-IGF, and has attended in its meetings.[9] We are also in the process of developing international principles for intermediary liability, in collaboration with international civil society organisations like EFF and Article19. [10]

II. Structure of Submission

5. In this submission, we identify issues in Internet governance where engagement from and within India is necessary. In particular, brief descriptions of issues such as freedom of expression and privacy online, cyber-security, critical Internet resources and ICANN, multistakeholderism and net neutrality are provided.

III. Internet Governance Issues

6. The history of the Internet is unique, in that it is not exclusively government-regulated. Though governments regulate the Internet in many ways (for instance, by ordering website blocking or filtering, licensing of ISPs, encryption controls, investment caps, etc.), the running of the Internet is largely in the hands of private businesses, technical organisations and end-users.

7. International processes like the World Summit on Information Society (WSIS), and forums such as ICANN, the ITU, the IGF and the UN are involved in governing in the Internet in many ways. Regional organisations like the OECD, APEC and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) are also involved (for instance, in cyber-security matters).

8. The issues surrounding Internet governance are many, and range from telecom infrastructure and technical coordination to human rights and access to information.

Rights Online

9. The status of 'human rights online' has come under discussion, with the NETmundial Outcome Document affirming that offline rights must also be protected online. These issues are important in the context of, among others, the large scale violations of privacy in light of the Snowden Revelations,[11] and increased instances of website blocking and takedowns in different parts of the world.[12]

10. Internationally, issues of freedom of speech, privacy and access or the digital divide (though it is debatable that the latter is a human right) are discussed at the UN Human Rights Council, such as the resolution on human rights and the Internet, and the UN Human Rights Commissioner's report on the right to privacy in the digital age , which discusses the need for checks and balances on digital mass surveillance. During the Universal Periodic Review of India in 2012, India noted a recommendation from Sweden to " ensure that measures limiting freedom of expression on the internet is based on clearly defined criteria in accordance with international human rights standard ".

11. Freedom of speech and privacy are also relevant for discussion at the ITU.[13] For instance, at the Plenipotentiary meeting in 2014 (Busan), India proposed a resolution that sought, among other things, complete traceability of all Internet communications. [14] This has implications for privacy that are not yet addressed by our domestic laws. A Privacy Bill and such other protections are only in the pipeline in India.[15]

12. At ICANN as well, the root zone management function may affect freedom of expression. If, for instance, a top level domain (TLD) such as .com is erased from the root zone file, hundreds of thousands of websites and their content can be wiped from the World Wide Web. A TLD can be erased by Verisign if a request to that effect is raised or accepted by ICANN, and signed off on by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) of the US government. Similarly,the WHOIS database, which contains information about the holders of domain names and IP addresses, has implications for privacy and anonymity.

13. In India, the judiciary is currently adjudicating the constitutionality of several provisions of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (as amended in 2008), including S. 66A, S. 69A and S. 79. A series of writ petitions filed, among others, by the Internet Service Providers Association of India (ISPAI) and Mouthshut.com, relate to the constitutionality of the nature of content controls on the Internet, as well as intermediary liability. [16]

14. A judgment on the constitutionality of Ss. 66A, 69A and 79 are crucial for end-users and citizens, as well as companies in the Internet ecosystem. For instance, an uncertain intermediary liability regime with penalties for intermediaries - S. 79, IT Act and Intermediaries Guidelines Rules, 2011 - disincentivises ISPs, online news websites and other content providers like Blogger, Youtube, etc. from allowing free speech to flourish online. [17] The ongoing cases of Kamlesh Vaswani v. UOI and Sabu George v. UOI also have consequences for ISPs and search engines, as well as for fundamental rights.[18] International and domestic engagement is desirable, including in consultations with the Law Commission of India (for instance, the consultation on media laws).

Critical Internet Resources

15. Critical Internet Resources form the backbone of the Internet, and include management of IP addresses, the domain name system (DNS) and the root zone. [19] ICANN, a global non-profit entity incorporated in California, manages the IANA functions (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) for the global Internet. These functions include allocating the global pool of IP addresses (IPv4 and IPv6) to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs), administering the domain name system and maintaining a protocol registry.

16. At present, the IANA functions are performed under a contract with the NTIA. On March 14, 2014, the NTIA announced its intention to transition oversight of the IANA functions to an as-yet-undetermined "global multi-stakeholder body". The deadline for this transition is September 30, 2015, though the NTIA has expressed its willingness to renew the IANA contract and extend the deadline. ICANN was charged with convening the transition process, and set up the IANA Coordination Group (ICG), a team of 30 individuals who will consolidate community input to create a transition proposal. At the moment, thenames (CWG-Names),numbers (CRISP) and protocols (IETF) communities are debating existing draft proposals. A number of new entities with which ICANN will have contractual arrangements have been proposed. At ICANN's meetings in Singapore (February 7-12, 2015) and Buenos Aires (June 2015), these proposals will be discussed.

17. At the same time, a parallel track to examine ICANN's own transparency and accountability has been introduced. The CCWG-Accountability is considering ICANN's accountability in two Workstreams: first, in light of the IANA transition and second, a revision of ICANN's policies and by-laws to strengthen accountability. ICANN's accountability and transparency are crucial to its continued role in Internet governance.

18. Several issues arise here: Should ICANN continue to remain in the US? Should the IANA Functions Department be moved into a separate entity from ICANN? Ought ICANN's by-laws be amended to create oversight over the Board of Directors, which is now seen to have consolidated power? Ought ICANN be more transparent in its financial and operational matters, proactively and reactively?

19. It is, for instance, beneficial to the stability of the Internet and to India if the IANA department is separate from ICANN - this will ensure aseparation of powers. Second, stronger transparency and accountability mechanisms are necessary for ICANN; it is a growing corporate entity performing a globally Internet function. As such, granular information about ICANN's revenues and expenses should be made public. See, for ex.,CIS' request for ICANN's expenses for travel and meetings, and ICANN's response to the same.

20. The most ideal forum to engage in this is ICANN, and within India, working groups on Internet governance at the Ministry level. As such, ASSOCHAM may seek open, transparent and inclusive consultations with the relevant departments of the Government (the Ministry of External Affairs, DeitY, Department of Telecommunications). At ICANN, industry bodies can find representation in the Business Constituency or the Commercial Stakeholders Group. Additionally, comments and proposals can be made to the ICG and the CCWG-Accountability by anyone.

Cyber-security

21. Cyber-security is often used as an umbrella-term, covering issues ranging from network security (DNSSEC and the ICANN domain), cyber-crime, and cyber-incidents such as the Distributed Denial of Service attacks on Estonian public institutions and the Stuxnet virus that attacked Iran's nuclear programme. Within the ITU, spam and child safety online are also assessed as security issues (See Study Group 17 under ITU-T).

22. At the international level, the UN Group of Governmental Experts has published three reports to date, arguing also that in cyber-security incidents, international humanitarian law will apply. International humanitarian law applies during armed attacks on states, when special rules apply to the treatment of civilians, civilian and military buildings, hospitals, wounded soldiers, etc.

23. The ITU also launched a Global Cybersecurity Agenda in 2007, aiming at international cooperation. Such cooperative methods are also being employed at the OSCE, APEC and the SCO, which have developed drafts of Confidence Building Measures. The Global Conferences on Cyberspace (London 2011, Budapest 2012, Seoul 2013, The Hague 2015) resulted in, inter alia, the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime. India has not ratified the Convention, and remains tight-lipped about its security concerns.

24. Surveillance and monitoring of online communications is a crucial issue in this regard. In India, the surveillance power finds its source in S. 5, Telegraph Act, 1888, and the Rule 419A of the Telegraph Rules, 1951. Further, S. 69 of the Information Technology Act, 2000 and the Interception Rules, 2009 enable the government and authorized officers to intercept and monitor Internet traffic on certain grounds. Information regarding the implementation of these Rules is scant.

25. In any event, the applicability of targeted surveillance should be subject to judicial review , and a balance should be struck between fundamental rights such as freedom of speech and privacy and the needs of security. An accountability model such as that present in the UK for the Interception of Communications Commissioner may provide valuable insight.

26. In India, the government does not make public information regarding its policies in cyber-security and cybercrime. This would be welcome, as well as consultations with relevant stakeholders.

Models of Internet Governance

27. Multi-stakeholderism has emerged as one of the catchphrases in Internet governance. With the display of a multi-stakeholder model at NETmundial (April 2014), controversies and opinions regarding the meaning, substance and benefits of multi-stakeholderism have deepened.

28. The debates surrounding stakeholder-roles in Internet governance began with ¶49 of the Geneva Declaration of Principles and ¶35 of the Tunis Agenda, which delineated clear roles and responsibilities. It created a 'contributory' multi-stakeholder model, where states held sovereign authority over public policy issues, while business and civil society were contributed to 'important roles' at the 'technical and economic fields' and the 'community level', respectively.

29. As the WGEC meeting (April 30-May 2, 2014) demonstrated, there is as yet no consensus on stakeholder-roles. Certain governments remain strongly opposed to equal roles of other stakeholders, emphasizing their lack of accountability and responsibility. Civil society is similarly splintered, with a majority opposing the Tunis Agenda delineation of stakeholder-roles, while others remain dubious of permitting the private sector an equal footing in public policy-making.

30. The positions in India are similarly divided. While there is appears to be high-level acceptance of "multi-stakeholder models" across industry, academia and civil society, there exists no clarity as to what this means. In simple terms, does a multi-stakeholder model mean that the government should consult industry, civil society, academia and the technical community? Or should decision-making power be split among stakeholders? In fact, the debate is more specific.

31. In India, the Multistakeholder Advisory Group (MAG) for the India-IGF was established in February 2014, and some meetings were held. Unfortunately, neither the minutes of the meetings nor action points (if any) are publicly available.

32. The Indian government's position is more complex. At the 68^th UN General Assembly session in 2011, India argued for a (multilateral) 50-member UN Committee on Internet-related Policies (CIRP). However, the Ministry for Communications and Information Technology (MCIT) has, over the years, presented differing views at the IGF and ITU through its two departments: DeitY and DoT. Further, at the meetings of the Working Group on Enhanced Cooperation (WGEC), India has presented more nuanced views, suggesting that certain issues remain within the governmental domain (such as cyber-security and child online protection). At the 9^th IGF (Istanbul, September 2014), Mr. R.S. Sharma of the DeitY echoed such a view of delineated roles for stakeholders.

33. A clear message from the Indian government, on whether it favours multistakeholderism or governmental policy authority for specific issues, would be invaluable in shaping opinion and domestic processes. In any event, a transparent consultative procedure to take into account the views of all stakeholders is desirable.

Emerging Issues

Net Neutrality

34. In simple terms, net neutrality concerns differential treatment of packets of data by carriers such as ISPs, etc. over networks. The issue has gained international attention following the U.S. FCC's regulatory stance, and the U.S. Court of Appeal's 2014 decision in Verizon v. FCC. Though this decision turned on the interpretation of 'broadband providers' under the Communications Act, 1934, net neutrality has since been debated in the US, both by the FCC and other stakeholders. There is no international consensus in sight; the NETmundial Outcome Document recognized net neutrality as an emerging issue (page 11, no. IV).

35. In India, a TRAI consultation on Over-The-Top Services on August 5, 2014 brought concerns of telecom and cellular operators to light. OTTs were seen as hijacking a portion of telcos' revenues, and as lacking consumer protection and privacy safeguards. While these concerns are legitimate, net neutrality regulation is not yet the norm in India. In any event, any such regulation must take into account the consequences of regulation on innovation, competition, and consumer choice, as well as on the freedom of the medium (which may have detrimental impacts freedom of expression).

36. Though net neutrality regulation is being mooted, there is as yet anarray of definitions of 'net neutrality'. The views of telcos themselves differ in India. Further study on the methods of identifying and/or circumventing net neutrality is necessary before a policy position can be taken.

IV. Conclusions

37. CIS welcomes ASSOCHAM's initiative to study and develop industry-wide positions on Internet governance. This note provides brief descriptions of several issues in Internet governance where policy windows are open internationally and domestically. These issues include freedom of expression and privacy under Part III (Fundamental Rights) of the Constitution of India. The Supreme Court's hearing of a set of cases alleging unconstitutionality of Ss. 66A, 69, 69A and 79 (among others) of the IT Act, 2000, as well as consultations on issues such as pornography by the Rajya Sabha Parliamentary Committee and media laws by the Law Commission of India are important in this regard.

38. International and domestic engagement is necessary in the transition of stewardship of the IANA functions, as well as ICANN's own accountability and transparency measures. Similarly, in the area of cyber-security, though several initiatives are afoot internationally, India's engagement has been cursory until now. A concrete position from India's stakeholders, including the government, on these and the question of multi-stakeholderism in Internet governance would be of immense assistance.

39. Finally, net neutrality is an emerging issue of importance to industry's revenues and business models, and to users' rights such as access to information and freedom of expression.

[1] CIS gets ITU-D Sector Membership, goo.gl/PBGKWt (l.a. 8 Feb. 2015).

[2] Letter for Civil Society Involvement in WCIT, goo.gl/gXpYQD (l.a. 8 Feb. 2015).

[3] See, ex., Hariharan, What India's ITU Proposal May Mean for Internet Governance, goo.gl/hpWaZn (l.a. 8 Feb. 2015).

[4] Panday, WSIS +10 High Level Event: Open Consultation Process MPP: Phase Six: Fifth Physical Meeting, goo.gl/3XR24X (l.a. 8 Feb. 2015).

[5] Hariharan, WSIS+10 High Level Event: A Bird's Eye Report, goo.gl/8XkwyJ (l.a. 8 Feb. 2015).

[6] Pranesh Prakash elected as Asia-Pacific Representative to the Executive Committee of NonCommercial Users Constituency, goo.gl/iJM7C0 (l.a. 8 Feb. 2015).

[7] See, ex., CIS@IGF 2014, goo.gl/Werdiz (l.a. 8 Feb. 2015).

[8] Multi-stakeholder Internet Governance: The Way Ahead , goo.gl/NuktNi; Minimising legal risks of online Intermediaries while protecting user rights, goo.gl/mjQyww (l.a. 8 Feb. 2015).

[9] First Meeting of the Multistakeholder Advisory Group for India Internet Governance Forum, goo.gl/NCmKRp (l.a. 8 Feb. 2015).

[10] See Zero Draft of Content Removal Best Practices White Paper, goo.gl/RnAel8 (l.a. 8 Feb. 2015).

[11] See, ex., UK-US surveillance regime was unlawful 'for seven years', goo.gl/vG8W7i (l.a. 9 Feb. 2015).

[12] See, ex., Twitter: Turkey tops countries demanding content removal, goo.gl/ALyO3B (l.a. 9 Feb. 2015).

[13] See, ex., The ITU convenes a programme on Child Online Protection, goo.gl/qJ4Es7 (l.a. 9 Feb. 2015).

[14] Hariharan, Why India's Proposal at the ITU is Troubling for Internet Freedoms, goo.gl/Sxh5K8 (l.a. 9 Feb. 2015).

[15] Hickok, Report of the Group of Experts on Privacy vs. The Leaked 2014 Privacy Bill, goo.gl/454qA6 (l.a. 9 Feb. 2015).

[16] See, Supreme Court Of India To Hear Eight IT Act Related Cases On 11th April 2014 - SFLC, goo.gl/XLWsSq (l.a. 9 Feb. 2015).

[17] See, Dara, Intermediary Liability in India: Chilling Effects on Free Expression on the Internet, goo.gl/bwBT0x (l.a. 9 Feb. 2015).

[18] See, ex., Arun, Blocking online porn: who should make Constitutional decisions about freedom of speech?,goo.gl/NPdZcK; Hariharan & Subramanian, Search Engine and Prenatal Sex Determination: Walking the Tight Rope of the Law, goo.gl/xMj4Zw (l.a. 9 Feb. 2015).

[19] CSTD, The mapping of international Internet public policy issues, goo.gl/zUWdI1 (l.a. 9 Feb. 2015).

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/preliminary-submission-on-internet-governance-issues-to-assocham

Winter School on Privacy, Surveillance and Data Protection

praskrishna — 2015-02-07T00:37:55Z

The Centre for Communication Governance (CCG) in collaboration with the UNESCO Chair on Freedom of Communication and Information at the University of Hamburg and the Hans Bredow conducted a week-long winter school on 'Privacy, Surveillance and Data Protection at National Law University, Delhi, from January 19 to 23, 2015.

The winter school focused on the law governing privacy in the EU and in India and covered issues ranging from surveillance to data protection. German and Indian members of faculty used interactive methods of teaching and group activities in each session, to help students from Germany, India and Israel contribute to the classroom and learn from each other.

Bhairav Acharya was a speaker at the event. He spoke on 'privacy theory'. More information here.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/winter-school-on-privacy-surveillance-data-protection

Security and Surveillance – Optimizing Security while Safeguarding Human Rights

elonnai — 2015-02-13T02:41:46Z

The Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) on December 19, 2014 held a talk on “Security and Surveillance – Optimizing Security while Safeguarding Human Rights.

The talk focused on a project that is being undertaken by CIS in collaboration with Privacy International, UK. Initiated in 2014, the project seeks to study the regulatory side of surveillance and related technologies in the Indian context. The main objective of the project is to initiate dialogue on surveillance and security in India, government regulation, and the processes that go into the same. The talk saw enthusiastic participation from civil society members, policy advisors on technology, and engineering students.

During the event it was highlighted that requirements of judicial authorization, transparency and proportionality are currently lacking in the legal regime for surveillance in India and at the same time India has a strong system of ‘security’ that service providers must adhere to – which works towards enhancing cyber security in the country.

Discussions played out with regard to how most of the nine intelligence agencies that are authorized to intercept information in India are outside the ambit of parliamentary oversight, the RTI and the CAG, making them virtually unaccountable to the Indian public.

Another conversation focused on the sharing of information between various intelligence agencies within the country, and the fact that this area is virtually unregulated. The discussion then steered to cyber-security in general, emerging technologies used by the Government of India for surveillance, cooperative agreements for surveillance technologies that India has with other countries, the export and import of such technologies from India, and most importantly, the role of service providers in the surveillance debate, and the regulations they are subject to.

A common theme seemed to be emerging from the discussion was that the agencies responsible for regulating information interception and surveillance in the country are shockingly unaccountable to the Indian public. As an active civil society member noted today - “There is no oversight/monitoring of the agencies themselves, so there’s no way anyone would even know of how many instances of surveillance or unauthorized interception have actually occurred.”

The talk successfully concluded with inputs from members of the audience, and a broad consensus on the fact that the Government of India would have to adhere to stronger regulatory standards, harmonized surveillance standards, stronger export and import certification standards, etc., in order to make surveillance in India more transparent and accountable. As was stated at the talk, “We don’t have a problem with the concept of surveillance per se, - it has more to do with its problematic implementation”.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/security-and-surveillance-optimizing-security-while-safeguarding-human-rights

Symposium on Human Rights and the Internet in India

praskrishna — 2015-02-07T00:50:00Z

On January 17, 2015 the Center for Communication Governance at National Law University, Delhi in collaboration with the UNESCO Chair on Freedom of Communication and Information at the University of Hamburg hosted a pubic symposium on “Human Rights and Internet in India” as a Network of Centers (NoC) regional event. Bhairav Acharya was a panelist.

See the concept note here.

The event convened a diverse group of collaborators working on issues of Privacy, Surveillance, Data Protection, Freedom of Expression and Intermediary Liability in India, the surrounding region, and internationally.

Agenda | Saturday, January 17 | Public Symposium

Opening words
Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, Vice Chancellor, National Law University, Delhi
Prof. (Dr.) Wolfgang Schulz, Director, Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet & Society

17:45 – 19:00 Panel I: Surveillance & Databases: Experiences & Privacy
The panel will explore how surveillance in India might become more consistent with international human rights standards and Indian constitutional values. It will also discuss the consequences of ubiquitous database programs for citizens’ human rights. This will include comparative perspectives around similar problems and a discussion of privacy-compatible practices in other countries.

Panelists:
Dr. Usha Ramanathan, Independent Law Researcher

Mr. Bhairav Acharya, Lawyer, Supreme Court of India and Adviser Centre for Internet & Society, Bangalore

Mr. Saikat Datta, Editor (National Security), Hindustan Times

Professor KS Park, Former Commissioner, Korea Communications Standards Commission and Professor, Korea University Law School

19:00 – 20:15 Panel II: Unpacking the Intermediary Liability Debate in India
The panel will focus on the legal framework governing Internet platforms in India, especially with regard to online content and its implications for rights of the citizens. It has been argued that the current legal framework creates incentives for online intermediaries to take down content even when no substantive notice or legitimate reasons have been offered. The panel will consider the debate around intermediary liability in India in light of the ongoing litigation at the Supreme Court. It will reflect on the international experience with intermediary liability legislation and discuss how to ensure that laws support an innovative and competitive environment for intermediaries, while ensuring that they prioritize the preservation of their users’ human rights.

Panelists:
Dr. Joris van Hoboken, Fellow, Information Law Institute at NYU School of Law

Professor (Dr.) Wolfgang Schulz, Director, Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet & Society (HIIG)

Mr. Raman Jit Singh Chima, Lawyer

Chinmayi Arun and Sarvjeet Singh, Centre for Communication Governance at National Law University, Delhi

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/symposium-on-human-rights-and-internet-in-india

January 2015 Bulletin

praskrishna — 2015-02-26T17:02:23Z

Our newsletter for the month of January can be accessed below.

The Centre for Internet & Society (CIS) welcomes you to the first issue of the newsletter (January 2015). Archives of our newsletters can be accessed at: http://cis-india.org/about/newsletters.

Highlights

Forbes India in an article titled “Minds that (should) matter” names Sunil Abraham as one of the Thinkers who best explain a rapidly-changing India to the world (and the world to India).

Subhashish Panigrahi won the 2015 Opensource.com Community Awards under the category 'People's Choice Awards'.
Sumandro Chattapadhyay has joined CIS team as Research Director. Sumandro has replaces Nishant Shah who stepped down from the position.
Rishika on behalf of CIS prepared an analysis of the disability exceptions in Copyright Legislations . The blog post provides in detail the country-wise exceptions in copyright legislations.
NVDA team conducted a training programme on Malayalam eSpeak with NVDA in Thiruvananthapuram on January 24 and 25, 2015. Chakshumathi's main trainer Akhil M. took eSpeak Malayalam classes and Dr. Homiyar took classes on NVDA and accessible equipment.
The Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, Government of India invited comments on the First Draft of India's National IPR Policy. CIS made its submission.
As part of the Pervasive Technologies project, Nehaa Chaudhari has produced a research methodology document which maps the existing literature around questions of competition law intersecting with intellectual property law on the specific issue of enabling access to sub hundred dollar mobile devices .
Maggie Huang, an intern at CIS as part of the Pervasive Technologies project has written a blog entry which documents, synthesizes, and analyses learnings from attending various music industry trade conferences.

CIS-A2K team on December 28, 2014 organized a MediaWiki hackathon event for Telugu Wikimedia community members to enhance their skills and understanding of technical matters related to MediaWiki usage. The theme of the workshop was “Mediawiki, its extensions and tools to work around” and it aimed at allowing Wikipedians to use MediaWiki tools more effectively.

Subhashish Panigrahi authored an op-ed that highlights the need for taking Odia language to the international fora instead of keeping it confined in the books. The op-ed was published in the Samaja on January 30, 2015.

A journal article by Subbiah Arunachalam, Perumal Ramamoorthi and Subbiah Gunasekaran the steps taken by scientists and librarians in the West to reclaim ease of access to research findings with what is happening in India along with a few suggestions was published by the Indian National Science Academy Journals.
The Supreme Court, in Sabu George v. Union of India and Ors. (WP (C) 341/2008), is looking into the presence of material regarding pre-natal sex determination on search engines such as Google, Bing, and Yahoo that has been falling foul of section 22 of the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994 as amended in 2002. Geeta Hariharan and Balaji Subramanian analyse this in their blog post.
As part of its Making Methods for Digital Humanities project, CIS-RAW organized two consultations on new figures of learning in the digital context. For a proposed journal issue on the theme of 'bodies of knowledge' which draws upon these conversations, participants were invited to write short sketches on these figures of learning. Tejas Pande wrote an abstract which examines the figure of the visual designer, and emerging practices of mapmaking.

Accessibility and Inclusion

Under a grant from the Hans Foundation we are doing two projects. The first project is on creating a national resource kit of state-wise laws, policies and programmes on issues relating to persons with disabilities in India. CIS in partnership with CLPR (Centre for Law and Policy Research) compiled the National Compendium of Policies, Programmes and Schemes for Persons with Disabilities (29 states and 6 union territories). The publication has been finalised and is being printed. The draft chapters and the quarterly reports can be accessed on the project page. The second project is on developing text-to-speech software for 15 Indian languages. The progress made so far in the project can be accessed here.

NVDA and eSpeak

Monthly Update

January 2015 Report (Suman Dogra; January 31, 2015).

Event Organized

Training of Malayalam eSpeak with NVDA (Co-organized by CIS, DAISY Forum of India and Chakshumathi Assistive Technology Centre; Thiruvananthapuram; January 24-25, 2015).

Other

Blog Entries

Disability Exceptions in Copyright Legislations (Rishika; January 12, 2015).
Response to RTI Applications from Different States on Accessibility (Anandhi Viswanathan; January 31, 2015).

Access to Knowledge

As part of the Access to Knowledge programme we are doing two projects. The first one (Pervasive Technologies) under a grant from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) is for research on the complex interplay between pervasive technologies and intellectual property to support intellectual property norms that encourage the proliferation and development of such technologies as a social good. The second one (Wikipedia) under a grant from the Wikimedia Foundation is for the growth of Indic language communities and projects by designing community collaborations and partnerships that recruit and cultivate new editors and explore innovative approaches to building projects.

Pervasive Technologies

As part of the Pervasive Technologies project, Maggie Huang conducted interviews with fabless semiconductor industry professionals in Taiwan. The findings from the samples are highlighted in four part series. The third and fourth parts have been published:

Blog Entries

Pervasive Technologies Project Working Document Series: Document 2 Literature Review on Competition Law + IPR + Access to < $100 Mobile Devices (Nehaa Chaudhari; January 1, 2015).
Relationship between App Developers and App Platforms: An Intellectual Property Perspective (Anubha Sinha; January 7, 2015).
Beyond Alcohol and Angel Investors: Building Business Models in an Age of Mobile Music Streaming (Conference Learnings) (Maggie Huang; January 20, 2015).
National IPR Policy Series: The Development of the National IPR Policy (Nehaa Chaudhari; January 22, 2015).
RTI Responses - MHRD IP Chairs: Details of Funding & Expenditure (Nehaa Chaudhari; January 31, 2015).
National IPR Policy Series: CIS Comments to the First Draft of the National IP Policy (Nehaa Chaudhari; January 31, 2015).

Participation in Events

Global Intellectual Property Convention (Organized by ITAG Solutions; Mumbai; January 15 - 17, 2015). Rohini Lakshané attended the event.
Library and Information Professionals Summit (LIPS) 2015 (Organized by Society for Library Professionals, National Law University Delhi with UN Information Centre for India & Bhutan and Special Library Association (USA), Asian Chapter; January 23 - 24, 2015; New Delhi). Nehaa Chaudhari was on a panel discussing Internet Technology and Challenges for Libraries in IPR Regime. She made a presentation on Technology (Internet?), Libraries and the Law (?).

Upcoming Event

Announcing the Institutional Partner for the Global Congress on Intellectual Property and the Public Interest 2015 (Organized by the National Law School of India University; New Delhi; December 2015).

Wikipedia

As part of the project grant from the Wikimedia Foundation we have reached out to more than 3500 people across India by organizing more than 100 outreach events and catalysed the release of encyclopaedic and other content under the Creative Commons (CC-BY-3.0) license in four Indian languages (21 books in Telugu, 13 in Odia, 4 volumes of encyclopaedia in Konkani and 6 volumes in Kannada, and 1 book on Odia language history in English).

Op-ed

ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଭାଷା ପାଇଁ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଜାତୀୟ ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପ (Subhashish Panigrahi; The Samaja, January 31, 2015).

Blog Entries

Telugu Wikimedia Hackathon 2014 (Rahmanuddin Shaik; January 31, 2015).

Telugu Wikimedia Hackathon 2014 (Rahmanuddin Shaik; January 31, 2015). The event was conducted on December 28, 2014. However, the blog post was published in January 2015.

News and Media Coverage

CIS-A2K team gave its inputs to the following media coverage:

Works of Veerasalingam Pantulu on web (Hans India; January 1, 2015).
Centre should partner local communities in 'Digital India': Expert (IANS and mirrored in Zee News; January 9, 2015).
Musician donates Gwalior Gharana songs to free e-library (Times of India; January 20, 2015).

Announcement

2015 Opensource.com Community Awards : Every year, Opensource.com awards people from our community who have excelled in contributing and sharing stories about open source. Subhashish Panigrahi from the CIS-A2K team won the award under the category 'People's Choice Awards'.
CIS-A2K team also published the Telugu Wikipedia Stats tables. Most metrics have been collected from a partial dump (aka stub dump), which contains all revisions of every article, meta data, but no page content.

Participation in Event

Citizen Media Summit 2015 (Organized by Global Voices; January 24 - 25, 2015). Subhashish Panigrahi was a speaker.

Openness

Journal Article

Heads I Win, Tails You Lose: The Intransigenc of STM Publishers (Subbiah Arunachalam, Perumal Ramamoorthi and Subbiah Gunasekaran; Indian National Science Academy Journals, Proc Indian Natn SciAcad 80 No. 5 December 2014 pp. 919-929).

Internet Governance

Articles and Blog Entries

Indians Plead for #NetNeutrality as Airtel Raises Data Charges (Subhashish Panigrahi; Global Voices; December 30, 2014). The article was published in the month of December but mirrored on CIS website in January.
Indian Netizens Criticize Online Censorship of 'Jihadi' Content (Subhashish Panigrahi; Global Voices; January 6, 2015).
Security and Surveillance - Optimizing Security while Safeguarding Human Rights (Elonnai Hickok; January 19, 2015).
Search Engine and Prenatal Sex Determination: Walking the Tight Rope of the Law (Geetha Hariharan and Balaji Subramanian; January 29, 2015).

Event Co-organized

Security, Governments, and Data: Technology and Policy (Organized by CIS and Observer Research Foundation; January 8, 2015, New Delhi). Sunil Abraham, Pranesh Prakash, Elonnai Hickok, Bhairav Acharya and Nehaa Chaudhari participated in this event.

Participation in Events

Symposium on Human Rights and the Internet in India (Organized by the Center for Communication Governance at National Law University, Delhi in collaboration with the UNESCO Chair on Freedom of Communication and Information at the University of Hamburg; New Delhi; January 17, 2015). Bhairav Acharya was a panelist.
Winter School on Privacy, Surveillance and Data Protection (Organized by the Centre for Communication Governance (CCG) in collaboration with the UNESCO Chair on Freedom of Communication and Information at the University of Hamburg and the Hans Bredow; Delhi; January 19 - 23, 2015). Bhairav Acharya was a facilitator.
ASSOCHAM National Council on IT / ITes (Organized by ASSOCHAM; New Delhi; January 30, 2015). Geetha Hariharan participated in the event.

Blog Entries

Overview of the Constitutional Challenges to the IT Act (Pranesh Prakash; December 15, 2014).
Reply to RTI filed with BSNL regarding Network Neutrality and Throttling (Tarun Krishnakumar; December 22, 2014).

News & Media Coverage

CIS gave its inputs to the following media coverage:

Government blocks 32 websites to check ISIS propaganda (Kim Arora; The Times of India; January 1, 2015).
Internet users fume as govt blocks 32 sites (Jaison Lewis; Mumbai Mirror; January 1, 2015).
India 'jihadi' web blocking causes anger (BBC; January 2, 2015). This was also mirrored in Puffington Post.
Govt cracks down on cyber jehad network, blocks access to 32 websites (India Today, January 1, 2015).
Indian Government still blocks 20+ websites - Indian Censorship on Internet (Times of Assam; January 2, 2015).
350% surge in Cyber crimes in last 3 years (Devanik Saha & Indiaspend.org; Hindustan Times; January 20, 2015).
TOI literary festival kicks off today (The Times of India; January 31, 2015).

Digital Humanities

CIS is building research clusters in the field of Digital Humanities. The Digital will be used as a way of unpacking the debates in humanities and social sciences and look at the new frameworks, concepts and ideas that emerge in our engagement with the digital. The clusters aim to produce and document new conversations and debates that shape the contours of Digital Humanities in Asia:

Staff Movement

Sumandro Chattapadhyay has joined CIS as Research Director. His academic interests span over topics of history and politics of informatics in India, new media and technology studies, and data infrastructures and economies. He is also keenly interested in questions and techniques of digital humanities. Recently, Sumandro has completed a study on policy and practices of open data in India as part of the Open Data Research Network managed by the World Wide Web Foundation. He is an involved member of DataMeet, a leading community of open data and data science enthusiasts from India. Sumandro studied economics in Visva-Bharati, Shantiniketan, and in Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He has variously worked on topics of urban development, information technology in governance, data visualisation, and early electronic governance in India with MOD Institute, Azim Premji University and the Sarai Programme at the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies.

Blog Entry

Figures of Learning: The Visual Designer (Tejas Pande; January 30, 2015).

About CIS

The Centre for Internet and Society is a non-profit research organization that works on policy issues relating to freedom of expression, privacy, accessibility for persons with disabilities, access to knowledge and IPR reform, and openness (including open government, FOSS, open standards, etc.), and engages in academic research on digital natives and digital humanities.

► Follow us elsewhere

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Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/cisa2k
Visit us at: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/India_Access_To_Knowledge
E-mail: a2k@cis-india.org

► Support Us

Please help us defend consumer / citizen rights on the Internet! Write a cheque in favour of 'The Centre for Internet and Society' and mail it to us at No. 194, 2nd 'C' Cross, Domlur, 2nd Stage, Bengaluru - 5600 71.

► Request for Collaboration:

We invite researchers, practitioners, and theoreticians, both organisationally and as individuals, to collaboratively engage with Internet and society and improve our understanding of this new field. To discuss the research collaborations, write to Sunil Abraham, Executive Director, at sunil@cis-india.org. To discuss collaborations on Indic language Wikipedia, write to T. Vishnu Vardhan, Programme Director, A2K, at vishnu@cis-india.org.

CIS is grateful to its primary donor the Kusuma Trust founded by Anurag Dikshit and Soma Pujari, philanthropists of Indian origin for its core funding and support for most of its projects. CIS is also grateful to its other donors, Wikimedia Foundation, Ford Foundation, Privacy International, UK, Hans Foundation, MacArthur Foundation, and IDRC for funding its various projects.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/about/newsletters/january-2015-bulletin

A Study of the Privacy Policies of Indian Service Providers and the 43A Rules

elonnai — 2015-01-13T02:37:31Z

Written by Prachi Arya and Kartik Chawla
Edited by: Vipul Kharbanda, Elonnai Hickok, Anandini Rathore, and Mukta Batra

Click to download the PDF

Contents
Executive Summary
Introduction
Objective, Methodology, and Scope of the Study
Objective of Research
Methodology
Scope
Criteria for selection of companies being studied
Overview of Company Privacy Policy and Survey Results
Vodafone
Tata Teleservices Limited
Airtel
Aircel
Atria Convergence Technologies
Observations
International Best Practices
Australia
European Union
Recommendations
Annexure 1
Annexure 2

Executive Summary

India has one of the largest telecom subscriber base in the world, currently estimated at 898 Million users.^{^[1]} With over 164.8 Million people accessing the internet ^{^[2]} in the subcontinent as well, technology has concurrently improved to facilitate such access on mobile devices. In fact, the high penetration rate of the internet in the market can be largely attributed to mobile phones, via which over 80% of the Indian population access the medium.^{^[3]}

While this is a positive change, concerns now loom over the expansive access that service providers have to the information of their subscribers. For the subscriber, a company's commitment to protect user information is most clearly defined via a privacy policy. Data protection in India is broadly governed by Rules notified under Section 43A of the Information Technology Act 2000.^{^[4]} Amongst other things, the Rules define requirements and safeguards that every Body Corporate is legally required to incorporate into a privacy policy.

The objective of this research is to understand what standards of protection service providers in India are committing to via organizational privacy policies. Furthermore, the research seeks to understand if the standards committed to via organizational privacy policies align with the safeguards mandated in the 43A Rules. Towards this, the research reviews the publicly available privacy policies from seven different service providers - Airtel, Aircel, Vodafone, MTNL, BSNL, ACT, and Tata Teleservices.

The research finds that only Airtel, Vodafone, and Tata Teleservices fully incorporate the safeguards defined in the 43A Rules. Aircel, and ACT incorporate a number of such safeguards though not all. On the other hand BSNL minimally incorporates the safeguards, while MTNL does not provide a privacy policy that is publicly available.

Introduction

The Indian Telecom Services Performance Indicators report by the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) ^{^[5]} pegs the total number of internet subscribers in India at 164.81 million and the total number of telecom subscribers at 898.02 million, as of March 2013. As mobile phones are adopted more widely, by both rural and urban populations, there is an amalgamation of telecommunications and internet users. Thus, in India, seven out of eight internet users gain access through mobiles phones. ^{^[6]}

Though this rapid evolution of technology allows greater ease of access to digital communication, it also has led to an increase in the amount of personal information that is shared on the internet. Subsequently, a number of privacy concerns have been raised with respect to how service providers handle and protect and customer data as companies rely on this data not only to provide products and services, but also as a profitable commodity in and of itself. Individuals are thus forced to confront the possible violation of their personal information, which is collected as a quid pro quo by service providers for access to their services and products. In this context, protection of personal information, or data protection, is a core principle of the right to privacy.

In India, the right to privacy has been developed in a piecemeal manner through judicial intervention, and is recognized, to a limited extent, as falling under the larger ambit of the fundamental rights enshrined under Part III of the Constitution of India, specifically those under Article 21. ^{^[7]} In contrast, historically in India there has been limited legislative interest expressed by the Government and the citizens towards establishing a statutory and comprehensive privacy regime. Following this trend, the Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act), as amended in 2008, provided for a limited data protection regime.

However, this changed in 2010 when, concerned about India's robust growth in the fields of IT industry and outsourcing business, an 'adequacy assessment' was commissioned by the European Union (EU), at the behest of India, which found that India did not have adequate personal data protection regime. ^{^[8]} The main Indian legislation on the personal data security is the Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011 (Rules), enacted under Section 43A of the IT Act, which extends the civil remedy by way of compensation in case wrongful loss or gain under Section 43A to cases where such loss or gain results from inadequate security practices and procedures while dealing with sensitive personal data or information. In 2012, the Justice AP Shah group of Experts was set up to review and comment on Privacy,^{^[9]} for the purpose of making recommendations which the government may consider while formulating the proposed framework for the Privacy Act.

Objective, Methodology, and Scope of the Study

Objective of Research

This research aims to analyse the Privacy Policies of the selected Telecommunications (TSP) and Internet Service Providers (ISP) (collectively referred to as 'service providers' for the purposes of this research) in the context of the Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules ('Rules') in order to gain perspective on the extent to which the privacy policies of different types of service providers in India, align with the Rules. Lastly, this research seeks to provide broad recommendations about changes that could be incorporated to harmonize the respective policies and to bring them in line with the aforementioned Rules.

Methodology

The Privacy Policies^{^[10]} of seven identified service providers are sought to be compared vis-a-vis - the requirements under the Information Technology (Reasonable security practices and procedures and sensitive personal data or information) Rules, 2011, (Rules) as notified by way of section 87(2) (ob) read with section 43A of the Information Technology Act, 2000.

Specifically, the Privacy Policies of each of the selected companies are compared against a template that is based on of the essential principles of the Rules respectively, and consists of a series of yes or no questions which are answered on the basis of the respective Privacy Policy. These responses are meant to fulfil the first aim of this research, i.e., provide a perspective into the extent to which these companies follow the Rules and the Principles, and thus the extent to which they respect the privacy of their customers. See Annex 1 for the survey template and the interpretation of the 43A Rules for the development of the survey.

Scope

Criteria for selection of companies being studied

For the purpose of the study the companies selected are limited to service providers - including Telecommunication Service Providers and Internet Service Providers. Four broad categories of companies have been selected, namely (i) State Owned Companies, (ii) Multinational Companies, (iii) Joint Venture companies where one party is an Indian company and the other party is a foreign based company and (iv) Domestic companies which have a localized user base. The companies have been selected on this basis of categorization to better understand if the quality of their respective privacy policies is determined by their market reach and user base.

The privacy policies of the following service providers have been analyzed:

1. State Owned Companies^{^[11]}

a. BSNL^{^[12]}: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, better known as BSNL, is a state-owned telecommunications company that was incorporated by the Indian government in the year 2000, taking over the functions of Central Government departments of Telecommunications Services (DTS) and Telecom Operations (DTO). It provides, inter alia, landline, mobile, and broadband services, and is India's oldest and largest communication services provider. ^{^[13]} It had a monopoly in India except for Mumbai and New Delhi till 1992.

b. MTNL^{^[14]}: Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited is a state-owned telecommunications company which provides its services in Mumbai and New-Delhi in India, and Mauritius in Africa. It was set up by the Indian Government in the year 1986, and just like BSNL, it had a monopoly in the sector till 1992, when it was opened up to other competitors by the Indian government. It provides, inter alia, Telephone, Mobile, 3G, and Broadband services. ^{^[15]}

2. Multinational Companies

a. Bharti Airtel Ltd:^{^[16]} Bharti Airtel, more commonly referred to as Airtel, is the largest provider of mobile telephony and the second largest provider of fixed telephony in India. Its origins lie in the Bharti Group founded by Sunil Bharti Mittal in 1983, and the Bharti Telecom Group which was incorporated in 1986. It is a multinational company, providing services in South Asia, Africa, and the Channel Islands. Among other services, it offers fixed line, cellular, and broadband services. ^{^[17]} The company also owns a submarine cable landing station in Chennai, connecting Chennai and Singapore.[18]

b. Vodafone^{^[19]}: Vodafone is a British multinational telecom company. Its origins lie in the establishment of Racal Telecom in 1982 which then became Racal Vodafone in 1984, which was a joint venture between Racal, Vodafone and Hambros Technology Trust. Racal Telecom was demerged from Racal Electronics in 1991, and became the Vodafone group. ^{^[20]} The Vodafone group started its operations in India with its predecessor Hutchison Telecom, which was a joint venture of Hutchison Whampoa and the Max Group, acquiring the cellular license for Mumbai in 1994^{^[21]}, and it bought out Essar's share in the same in the year 2007.^{^[22]} As of today, it has the second largest subscriber base in India. After Airtel, ^{^[23]} Vodafone is the largest provider of telecommunications and mobile internet services in India.^{^[24]}

3. Joint Ventures

a. Tata Teleservices^{^[25]} - Incorporated in 1996, Tata Teleservices Limited is an Indian telecommunications and broadband company, the origins of which lie in the Tata Group. A twenty-six percent equity stake was acquired by the Japanese company NTT Docomo in Tata Docomo, a subsidiary of Tata Teleservices, in 2008. ^{^[26]} Tata Teleservices provides services under three brand names, Tata DoCoMo, Virgin Mobile, and T24 Mobile. As a whole, these brands under the head of Tata Teleservices provide cellular and mobile internet services, with the exception of the Tata Sky teleservices brand, which is a joint venture between and Tata Group and Sky. ^{^[27]}

b. Aircel^{^[28]}: Aircel is an Indian mobile headquarter, which was started in Tamil Nadu in the year 1999, and has now expanded to Tamil Nadu, Assam, North-east India and Chennai. It was acquired by Maxis Communication Berhard in the year 2006, and is currently a joint venture with Sindya Securities & Investments Pvt. Ltd. ^{^[29]} Aircel provides telecommunications and mobile internet services in the aforementioned regions.

4. India based Companies/Domestic Companies -

a. Atria Convergence Technologies (ACT)^{^[30]}: Atria Convergence Technologies Pvt. Ltd is an Indian cable television and broadband services company. Funded by the India Value Fund Advisor (IVFA), it is centered in Bangalore, but also provides services in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh.

Overview of Company Privacy Policy and Survey Results

This section lays out the ways in which each company's privacy policy aligns with the Rules found under section 43A of the Information Technology Act. The section is organized based on company and provides both a table with the survey questions and yes/no/partial ratings and summaries of each policy. The rationale and supporting documentation for each determination can be found in Annexure 2.

VODAFONE[31]: 43A Rules Survey
Criteria	Yes/No
Clear and Accessible statements of its practices and policies
Whether the privacy policy is accessible through the main website of the body corporate?	Yes
Whether the privacy policy is mentioned or included in the terms and conditions of publicly available documents of the body corporate that collect personal information?	No
Whether the privacy policy can be comprehended by persons without legal knowledge?	Yes
Collection of personal or sensitive personal data/information
Type
Whether the privacy policy mentions all categories of personal information including SPD/I being collected?	Partially
Whether the privacy policy explicitly specifies the type of SPD/I being collected?	Partially
Option
Whether the Privacy Policy specifies that the user has the option to not provide information?	No
Whether the Privacy Policy specifies that the user has the option to subsequently withdraw consent?	No
Grievance Officer
Whether the privacy policy mentions the existence of a grievance officer?	Yes
Whether the privacy policy provides the contact information of the grievance officer	Yes
Purpose of Collection and usage of information
Whether the privacy policy enumerates the purpose(s) for which information is collected exhaustively?	Yes
Disclosure of Information
Whether contractual provisions exist in the privacy policy or ToS addressing the disclosure of personal information with third parties	Yes
Whether personal information is disclosed to government agencies/LEA/IA only when legally mandated?	Yes
Reasonable Security practices and procedures
Whether the privacy policy provides adequate details of the reasonable security practices and procedures followed by the body corporate to secure personal information?	Yes

Vodafone

Vodafone's privacy policy partially incorporates the safeguards found in the Rules under 43A.

Vodafone's privacy policy is accessible online, however, it does not include a copy of its policy with a customer application form. The policy merely lists the type of information collected with no categorization as to SPD/I. The information collected includes contact information, location based information, browsing activity and persistent cookies.

There is no provision for consent or choice within the policy. Disclosure of personal information to third parties extends to Vodafone's group companies, companies that provide services to Vodafone, credit reference agencies and directories.

The policy mentions an email address for grievance redressal. In addition, the policy does not lay down any mechanism for correcting personal information that is held with Vodafone.

Vodafone has a non-exhaustive list of purposes of information usage, though these primarily relate to subscriber services, personnel training, and legal or regulatory requirements.

With regard to security practices, Vodafone follows the ISO 27001 Certification as per its 2012 Sustainability Report, however this goes unmentioned under its privacy policy

Tata Teleservices Limited[32]: 43A Rules Survey
Criteria	Yes/No
Clear and Accessible statements of its practices and policies
Whether the privacy policy is accessible through the main website of the body corporate?	Yes
Whether the privacy policy is mentioned or included in the terms and conditions of all document of the body corporate that collects personal information?	No
Whether the privacy policy can be comprehended by persons without legal knowledge?	Yes
Collection of personal or sensitive personal data/information
Type
Whether the privacy policy mentions all categories of personal information including SPD/I being collected?	Yes
Whether the privacy policy explicitly specifies the type of SPD/I being collected?	Yes
Option
Whether the Privacy Policy specifies that the user has the option to not provide information?	No
Whether the Privacy Policy specifies that the user has the option to subsequently withdraw consent?	No
Grievance Officer
Whether the privacy policy mentions the existence of a grievance officer?	No
Whether the privacy policy provides the contact information of the grievance officer?	No
Purpose of Collection and usage of information
Whether the privacy policy enumerates the purpose(s) for which information is collected exhaustively?	Yes
Disclosure of Information
Whether contractual provisions exist in the privacy policy or ToS addressing the disclosure of personal information with third parties	Yes
Whether personal information is disclosed to government agencies/LEA/IA only when legally mandated?	Yes
Reasonable Security practices and procedures
Whether the privacy policy provides adequate details of the reasonable security practices and procedures followed by the body corporate to secure personal information?	Yes

Tata Teleservices Limited

Tata Teleservices Limited's Privacy Policy fully incorporates the safeguards found in the Rules under 43A.

The Tata Teleservices Limited privacy policy is accessible on their website, though when applying for a subscription, the terms and conditions do not include the privacy policy. The privacy policy is easy to understand although there are several elements of the 2011 Rules that are unaddressed.

The policy does not make any distinction regarding sensitive personal data or information. As per the policy, TTL collects contact and billing information, information about the equipment the subscriber is using, and information and website usage from its customers.

The purposes of information collection are broadly for managing customer services and providing customized advertising. Information is also collected for security issues, illegal acts and acts that are violative of TTL's policy. TTL's directory services use a customer's name, address and phone number, however a customer may ask for his/her information to not be published on payment of a fee.

As per the policy, the disclosure of information to third parties is limited to purposes such as identity verification, bill payments, prevention of identity theft and the performance of TTL's services. Third parties are meant to follow the guidelines of TTL's privacy policy in the protection of its user information. The consent of subscribers is only required when third parties may use personal information for marketing purposes. Consent is precluded under the previous conditions. Disclosure of information to governmental agencies and credit bureaus is for complying with legally authorised requests such as subpoenas, court orders and the enforcement of certain rights or claims. The policy provides for a grievance officer and in addition, TTL, has a separate Appellate Authority to deal with consumer complaints.

TTL does not follow any particular security standard for the protection of subscriber information, however, it establishes other measures such as limited access to employees, and encryption and other security controls. Although TTL Maharashtra follows the ISO 27001 ISMS Certification, TTL does not seem to follow a security standard for data protection for other regions of its operations.

Airtel[33]: 43A Rules Survey
Criteria	Yes/No
Clear and Accessible statements of its practices and policies
Whether the privacy policy is accessible through the main website of the body corporate?	Yes
Whether the privacy policy is mentioned or included in the terms and conditions of all document of the body corporate that collects personal information?	Yes
Whether the privacy policy can be comprehended by persons without legal knowledge?	Yes
Collection of personal or sensitive personal data/information
Type
Whether the privacy policy mentions all categories of personal information including SPD/I being collected?	Yes
Whether the privacy policy explicitly specifies the type of SPD/I being collected?	Yes
Option
Whether the Privacy Policy specifies that the user has the option to not provide information?	Yes
Whether the Privacy Policy specifies that the user has the option to subsequently withdraw consent?	Yes
Grievance Officer
Whether the privacy policy mentions the existence of a grievance officer?	Yes
Whether the privacy policy provides the name and contact information of the grievance officer?	Yes
Purpose of Collection and usage of information
Whether the privacy policy enumerates the purpose(s) for which information is collected exhaustively?	Yes
Disclosure of Information
Whether contractual provisions exist in the privacy policy or ToS addressing the disclosure of personal information with third parties?	Yes
Whether personal information is disclosed to government agencies/LEA/IA only when legally mandated?	Yes
Reasonable Security practices and procedures
Whether the privacy policy provides adequate details of the reasonable security practices and procedures followed by the body corporate to secure personal information?	Yes

Airtel

Airtel's Privacy Policy fully incorporates the safeguards found in the Rules under 43A.

Airtel's privacy policy incorporates a number of the requirements stipulated in the Rules. Airtel's privacy policy is easily accessible on its website and is clear and easy to understand. The policy defines sensitive personal information, and states that information collected will be used for specified regulatory and business purposes, though it adds that it may be used for other purposes as well. The policy does allow for the withdrawal of consent for providing information, in which case, certain services may be withheld. In addition, Airtel has provided for a grievance officer and abides by the IS/ISO/IEC 27001 security standards. While Airtel allows for the disclosure of information including sensitive personal information to third parties, its policy states that such third parties will follow reasonable security practices in this regard. Concerning disclosure to the government, Airtel shares user information only when it is legally authorised by a government agency. Airtel's policy also provides for an opt-out provision. Such choice remains after subscription of Airtel's services as well. However, withdrawal of consent gives Airtel the right to withdraw its services as well. In terms of disclosure, sharing of user information with third parties is regulated by its Airtel's guidelines on the secrecy of information.

While Airtel lists the purposes for information collection, it states that such collection may not be limited to these purposes alone. In addition, the policy states that user's personal information will be deleted, although it does not state when this will happen. Thus, the policy could be more transparent and specific on matters of regarding the purpose of collection of information as well as deletion of information.

Aircel[34]: 43A Rules Survey
Criteria	Yes/No
Clear and Accessible statements of its practices and policies
Whether the privacy policy is accessible through the main website of the body corporate?	yes
Whether the privacy policy is mentioned or included in the terms and conditions of all document of the body corporate that collects personal information?	no
Whether the privacy policy can be comprehended by persons without legal knowledge?	Yes
Collection of personal or sensitive personal data/information
Type
Whether the privacy policy mentions all categories of personal information including SPD/I being collected?	Partially
Whether the privacy policy explicitly specifies the type of SPD/I being collected?	Partially
Option
Whether the Privacy Policy specifies that the user has the option to not provide information?	Yes
Whether the Privacy Policy specifies that the user has the option to subsequently withdraw consent?	Yes
Grievance Officer
Whether the privacy policy mentions the existence of a grievance officer?	Yes
Whether the privacy policy provides the contact information of the grievance officer?	Yes
Purpose of Collection and usage of information
Whether the privacy policy enumerates the purpose(s) for which information is collected exhaustively?	Partially
Disclosure of Information
Whether contractual provisions exist in the privacy policy or ToS addressing the disclosure of personal information with third parties	Partially
Whether personal information is disclosed to government agencies/LEA/IA only when legally mandated?	Partially
Reasonable Security practices and procedures
Whether the privacy policy provides adequate details of the reasonable security practices and procedures followed by the body corporate to secure personal information?	Yes

Aircel

Aircel's Privacy Policy partially complies with the safeguards in the Rules under 43A.

Aircel's privacy policy is accessible online through its website, though it is not included under the terms and conditions of its customer application. The privacy policy lists the kinds of information that is collected from subscribers, including relevant contact details, call records, browsing history, cookies, web beacons, server log files and location details. The policy does not demarcate information into SPD/I or personal information. Aircel provides subscribers with the right to withdraw consent from the provision of information before and after subscribing, while reserving the right to withdraw its services in this regard. The policy provides the name and contact details of a grievance officer.

In the privacy policy, the stated purposes for use of subscriber information is limited to customer services, credit requirements, market analyses, legal and regulatory requirements, and directory services by Aircel or an authorised third party.

In the policy, the provision on disclosure to governmental agencies is vague and does not mention the circumstances under which personal information would be disclosed to law enforcement. The policy provides for correction of information of a subscriber in case of error and deletion after the purpose of the information is served but does not specify when. Although Aircel follows the ISO 27001 standard, it does not mention this under its policy. It does however, provide for accountability in cases of breach or privacy.

Atria Convergence Technologies[35]: 43A Rules Survey
Criteria	Yes/No
Clear and Accessible statements of its practices and policies
Whether the privacy policy is accessible through the main website of the body corporate?	Yes
Whether the privacy policy is mentioned or included in the terms and conditions of all document of the body corporate that collects personal information?	information not available
Whether the privacy policy can be comprehended by persons without legal knowledge?	Yes
Collection of personal or sensitive personal data/information
Type
Whether the privacy policy mentions all categories of personal information including SPD/I being collected?	Partially
Whether the privacy policy explicitly specifies the type of SPD/I being collected?	Partially
Option
Whether the Privacy Policy specifies that the user has the option to not provide information?	No
Whether the Privacy Policy specifies that the user has the option to subsequently withdraw consent?	No
Grievance Officer
Whether the privacy policy mentions the existence of a grievance officer?	No
Whether the privacy policy provides the contact information of the grievance officer?	No
Purpose of Collection and usage of information
Whether the privacy policy enumerates the purpose(s) for which information is collected exhaustively?	Yes
Disclosure of Information
Whether contractual provisions exist in the privacy policy or ToS addressing the disclosure of personal information with third parties	Yes
Whether personal information is disclosed to government agencies/LEA/IA only when legally mandated?	Partially
Reasonable Security practices and procedures
Whether the privacy policy provides adequate details of the reasonable security practices and procedures followed by the body corporate to secure personal information?	No

Atria Convergence Technologies

Though Atria Convergence Technologies provides a privacy policy on its website, it does not broadly incorporate the safeguards in the Rules under 43A. ACT's privacy policy is easily accessible online and is easy to understand as well. The information collected from subscribers is limited to contact details along with information on whether a subscriber has transacted with any of ACT's business partners. Though the privacy policies refers to disclosing information for the purpose of assisting with investigating, preventing, or take action on illegal behaviour - there is no specific provision concerning disclosure to government and regulatory agencies. The policy does not provide information on any security practices and procedures followed. Provisions for withdrawal of consent or correction of personal information are absent from the policy as well.

BSNL: 43A Rules Survey
Criteria	Yes/No
Clear and Accessible statements of its practices and policies
Whether the privacy policy is accessible through the main website of the body corporate?	No
Whether the privacy policy is mentioned or included in the terms and conditions of all document of the body corporate that collects personal information?	No
Whether the privacy policy can be comprehended by persons without legal knowledge?	Yes
Collection of personal or sensitive personal data/information
Type
Whether the privacy policy mentions all categories of personal information including SPD/I being collected?	No
Whether the privacy policy explicitly states that it is collecting SPD/I?	No
Option
Whether the Privacy Policy specifies that the user has the option to not provide information?	No
Whether the Privacy Policy specifies that the user has the option to subsequently withdraw consent?	No
Grievance Officer
Whether the privacy policy mentions the existence of a grievance officer?	Yes
Whether the privacy policy provides the contact information of the grievance officer?	Yes
Purpose of Collection and usage of information
Whether the privacy policy enumerates the purpose(s) for which information is collected exhaustively?	Partially
Disclosure of Information
Whether contractual provisions exist in the privacy policy or ToS addressing the disclosure of personal information with third parties	Yes
Whether personal information is disclosed to government agencies/LEA/IA only when legally mandated?	Yes
Reasonable Security practices and procedures
Whether the privacy policy provides adequate details of the reasonable security practices and procedures followed by the body corporate to secure personal information?	No

BSNL

BSNL's Privacy Policy broadly does not incorporate the safeguards in the Rules under 43A .

BSNL's privacy is accessible online, though not on the website, and is easy to understand. The policy does not however, categorize SPD/I but defines personal information vaguely as information that helps BSNL identify its customers. As per its policy, subscriber information is used for subscriber services such as identification, assistance etc., credit-worthiness and marketing communications. The policy does not contain any provision on consent and with respect to marketing communications and a customer implicitly agrees to third party usage of personal information. Third parties under the policy are those that provide services on behalf of BSNL, which extend mailing and billing services and market research services.

As per its policy, BSNL may disclose personal information on the basis of legal requirements to credit organisations, BSNL's consultants, government agencies.

With respect to access and correction, BSNL reserves the right to modify its privacy policy without notice to its customers. What is presumably a grievance officer email address has been provided for queries and corrections on personal information, however no further contact details are given.

MTNL

MTNL does not provide a publicly available Privacy Policy.

Observations

This section highlights key trends observed across the privacy policies studied in this research by contrasting the applicable Rule against the applicable provision in the policy.

1. Access and Location of Privacy Policy

Applicable Rule and Principle: According to Rule 4 of the Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, a Body Corporate must provide a privacy policy on their website. Under Rule 5, all bodies corporate have to convey the purpose(s) for which SPD/I are collected prior to the collection and they can, under certain circumstances, move forward with the collection regardless of consent. While this does not entirely violate the Notice Principle of the National Privacy Principles, it does not meet the rather higher standards of the Principle, which recommends that notice must be provided prior to any form of collection of personal information. In addition, the Rules do not contain provisions regulating bodies corporate, regarding changes to their privacy policies.^{^[36]}

Observation : In the survey, it was found that the location and accessibility of a service provider's privacy policy varied. For example:

a. Privacy Policy on main website: Airtel, Aircel, and Vodafone provide a privacy policy that is accessible through the main website of each respective company.

b. Privacy Policy not on website : MTNL does not provide a Privacy Policy on the main website of each of its respective branches across India.

c. Privacy Policy not accessible through main website : TTL and BSNL have a Privacy Policy, but it is not accessible through the main website. For example, The Privacy Policy found on TTL's website is only accessible through the "terms and services" link on the homepage. Similarly, the BSNL privacy policy can only be found through its portal website. ^{^[37]}

d. Privacy Policy not included in Customer Application form : Almost all of the Service Providers do not include/refer to their Privacy Policy in the Customer Application Form, and some do not display their privacy policy or a link to it on its website's homepage. For example, Airtel is the only Service Provider that refers to their privacy policy in the Customer Application Form for an Airtel service.

e. Collection of personal information before Privacy Policy: In some cases it appears that service providers collect private information before the privacy policy is made accessible to the user. For example, before the homepage of ACT's website is shown, a smaller window appears with a form asking for personal information such as name, mobile and email Id. Although the submission of this information is not mandatory, there is no link provided to the privacy policy at this level of collection of information.

2. Sharing of information with Government

Applicable Rule and Principle: Rule 6, specifically the proviso to Rule 6, and the Disclosure of Information Principle respectively govern the disclosure of information to third parties. Yet, while the proviso to Rule 6 directly concerns the power of the government to access information with or without consent for investigative purposes, the Disclosure of Information Principle only says that disclosure for law enforcement purposes should be in accordance with the laws currently in force.

Observation : Though all service providers did include statements addressing the potential of sharing information with law enforcement or governmental agencies, how this was communicated varied. For example:

a.) Listing circumstances for disclosure to law enforcement : The Privacy Policy of ACT states "We believe it is necessary to share information in order to investigate, prevent, or take action regarding illegal activities, suspected fraud, situations involving potential threats to the physical safety of any person". ^{^[38]} The Privacy Policy of Airtel on the other hand states "Government Agencies: We may also share your personal information with Government agencies or other authorized law enforcement agencies (LEAs) mandated under law to obtain such information for the purpose of verification of identity or for prevention, detection, investigation including but not limited to cyber incidents, prosecution, and punishment of offences." ^{^[39]} Lastly, TTL states " To investigate, prevent or take action regarding illegal activities, suspected fraud, situations involving potential threats to the physical safety of any person" or "To notify or respond to a responsible governmental entity if we reasonably believe that an emergency involving immediate danger of death or serious physical injury to any person requires or justifies disclosure without delay". ^{^[40]}

b.) Listing authorities to whom information will be disclosed to : The privacy policy of Aircel states "There may be times when we need to disclose your personal information to third parties. If we do this, we will only disclose your information to: …8. Persons to whom we may be required to pass your information by reason of legal, governmental or regulatory authority including law enforcement agencies and emergency services".^{^[41]} Similarly, Vodafone states "There may be times when we need to disclose your personal information to third parties. If we do this, we will only disclose your information to persons to whom we may be required to pass your information by reason of legal, governmental or regulatory authority including law enforcement agencies and emergency services and any person or organisation as authorised by laws and regulations applicable in India." ^{^[42]} While BSNL states "Apart from the above, BSNL may divulge your personal information to: Government bodies, Regulatory Authorities, and other organizations in accordance with the law or as authorised by law…".^{^[43]}

3. Readability of Privacy Policies

Applicable Rule and Principle : In subsection (i) of Rule 4 body corporate must provide a privacy policy that is "clear and accessible". Similarly, the Notice Principle requires that the data controller give a " simple-to-understand notice of its information practices to all individuals, in clear and concise language".

Observation : It was found that, particularly with respect to clauses on the collection and disclosure of information, most Privacy Policies use:

a. Vague terminology: For example, in the Privacy Policy of ACT, it states as a purpose of collection "conduct research" while for the collection and disclosure of information it states ,"The Company may combine information about you that we have, with information we obtain from business partners or other companies. The Company shall have the right to pass on the same to its business associates, franchisees without referring the same to you." ^{^[44]} Similarly, with regards to the collection of information, Vodafone's Privacy Policy states that it may collect "any other information collected in relation to your use of our products and services". ^{^[45]}

b. Undefined terminology: On disclosure of information TTL's privacy policy states disclosure is "Subject to applicable legal restrictions, such as those that exist for Customer Proprietary Network Information (CPNI)" ^{^[46]} Confusingly, although TTL defines CPNI it does not mention what legal restriction it is referring to, and CPNI is in fact an American term and similar legal restrictions could not be found in India.

4. Information about security practices

Applicable Rule and Principle: The parameter for 'reasonable security practices and procedures' has been detailed comprehensively under Rule 8 of the Rules. The same is also covered in detail under the Openness Principle read with Security Principle. While the Security Principle recommends that the data controller protect the information they collect through reasonable security safeguards, the Openness Principle recommends that information regarding these should be made available to all individuals in clear and plain language.

Observation : With the exception of Airtel, no service provider has comprehensively followed the legal requirements for the purpose of their privacy policy. Thus, while most service providers do mention security practices, many do not provide specific or comprehensive details about their security practices and procedures for data protection, and instead assure users that 'reasonable security' procedures are in place. For example:

a. Comprehensive information about security practices in privacy policy: Airtel and Aircel have provided comprehensive information about their security practices in the companies Privacy Policy.

b. Information about security practice, but not in privacy policy: Vodafone has specified its security standards only in its latest 'Sustainability Report' available on its website. In the case of TTL, the specific security standard it follows is available only for its Maharashtra branch (TTLM) through its annual report.

c. Broad reference to security practices: Many service providers broadly reference security practices, but do not provide specifics. For example, TTL states only "we have implemented appropriate security controls to protect Personal Information when stored or transmitted by TTL." ^{^[47]}

d. No information about security practices: Some service providers do not mention any details about their security practices and procedures, or whether they even follow any security practices and procedures or not. An example of this would be ACT, which does not mention any security practices or procedures in its Policy.

5. Grievance mechanisms

Applicable Rule and Principle: Rule 5 of the Rules mandates that applicable bodies corporate must designate a 'Grievance Officer' for redressing grievances of users regarding processing of their personal information, and the same is also recommended by the Ninth Principle, i.e., Accountability.

Observation : It was found that adherence with this requirement varied depending on service provider. For example:

a. No Grievance Officer: ACT and MTNL do not provide details of a grievance officer on their websites.

b. Grievance Officer, but no process details: Airtel, TTL, and Vodafone provide details of the Grievance Officer, but no further information about the grievance process is provided.

c. Grievance Officer and details of process: Aircel provides details of the grievance officer and grievance process.

As a note: All service providers with the exception of ACT have a general grievance redressal mechanism in place as documented on TRAI's website. ^{^[48]} It is unclear whether these mechanisms are functional, and furthermore it is also unclear if these mechanisms can be used for complaints under the IT Act or the Rules, or complaints on the basis of the Principles. It should be further noted that the multiplicity of grievance redressal officers is a cause for concern, as it may lead to confusion.

6. Consent Mechanism

Applicable Rule and Principle : Rules 5 and 6 of the Rules^{^[49]} on Collection and Disclosure of information, respectively, require applicable bodies corporate to obtain consent/permission before collecting and disclosing personal information. The Choice and Consent Principle of the National Privacy Principles, as enumerated in the A.P. Shah Report, deals exclusively with choice and consent. ^{^[50]} Withdrawal of consent is an important facet of the choice and consent principle as evidenced by the Rules^{^[51]} and the National Privacy Principles ^{^[52]}.

Observation: Methods of obtaining consent and for what consent was obtained for varied across service providers. For example:

a. Obtaining consent: Some service providers give data subjects with the choice of submitting their personal information (with some exceptions such as for legal requirements) and obtaining their consent for its collection and processing. For example, the policies of Airtel, Aircel, and TTL are the only ones which provide information on the mechanisms used to obtain consent. ACT provides for targeted advertisements based on the personal information of the user. The viewing or interaction of the user of such targeted advertisements is however, considered an affirmation to this third party source, that the user is the targeted criteria. Thus, there appears to be lack of consent in this regard.

b. No Consent or choice offered: Some service providers do not mention consent. For example, Vodafone, and BSNL do not make any mention of choice or consent in their respective privacy policies.

c. Consent for limited circumstances: Some service providers only provide consent in limited circumstances. For example, ACT mentions consent only in relation to targeted advertising. However, this information is potentially misleading, as discussed earlier in the survey.

There is also a certain degree of assumption in all the policies regarding consent, as noted in the survey. Thus, if you employ the services of the company in question, you are implicitly agreeing to their terms even if you have not actually been notified of them. And the vague terminology used by most of the policies leaves quite a lot of wiggle room for the companies in question, allowing them to thereby collect more information than the data subject has been notified of without obtaining his or her consent.

7. Transparency mechanism :

Applicable Rule and Principle: The Openness Principle specifically recommends transparency in all activities of the data controller. ^{^[53]} The Rules provide a limited transparency mechanism under Rule 8 which require bodies corporate to document their security practices and procedures and Rule 4 which requires them to provide such information via a privacy policy. As a note, these fall short of the level of 'transparency' espoused by the Openness Principle of the National Privacy Principles.

Observation: All service providers fail in implementing adequate mechanisms for transparency.

8. Scope :

Applicable Rule and Principle : Though the Openness Principle does not directly speak of the scope of the policies in question, it implies that policies regarding all data collection or processing should be made publically available. The same is also necessary under Rule 4, which mandates that any body corporate which " collects, receives, possess, stores, deals or handle information of provider of information, shall provide a privacy policy for handling of or dealing in personal information including sensitive personal data or information and ensure that the same are available for view by such providers of information who has provided such information under lawful contract. "

Observation : Though most of the companies mention the scope of their Privacy Policy and include the information collected through the websites, WAP Services, and use of the company's products and services, some companies do not do so. For instance, the scope of the policy is given rather vaguely in the Airtel's Policy, and the scope of ACT's policy is restricted to the information collected during the usage of their products and services, and not their website. BSNL's privacy policy is worrisome as it seems to restrict its scope to the information collected through the website only, but does not at the same time state that it does not apply to other methods of data collection and processing.

International Best Practices

Canada

The privacy regulation regime in Canada is a mixture of the federal regulations and the provincial regulations. Of the former, the Privacy Act is applicable to the public sector, while the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act ('PIPEDA') applies to the private sector. There are also federal level sectoral regulations, of which the Telecommunications Act is relevant here. The PIPEDA covers the activities of all businesses and federally regulated industries regarding their collection, use, disclosure, safeguarding and provision of access to their customers' personal information. Further, in 2009, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ('CRTC'), by virtue of the 'Telecom Regulatory Policy CRTC 2009-657' ^{^[54]} made ISPs subject to privacy standards higher than the standards given under the PIPEDA, while at the same time allowing them to use Internet Traffic Management Practices ('ITMPs'). ^{^[55]}

The 2009 policy is progressive as it balances the economic needs of Internet Traffic Management Providers vis-à-vis the privacy concerns of consumers. The need to identify ITMP's is integral in the protection of online privacy, as ITMP's most commonly employ methods such as deep packet inspection which can be used to burrow into personal information of consumers as well.

Recognising that this may not be the current practice, but a possibility in the future, the policy makes certain guidelines for ITMPs. It permits ITMP's that block bad traffic such as spam and malicious software. Nearly all other ITMPs however, require the prior notice of 30 days or more before initialising the ITMP.^{^[56]}

ITMP's are to be used only for the defined need of the ISP and not beyond this, and must not be used for behavioural advertising. Secondary ISPs in their contracts with Primary ISPs must agree to the same duties of the latter, that is the personal information entrusted to them is meant for its purpose alone and is not to be disclosed further.

Australia

The central privacy regulation in Australia is the Privacy Act, 1988. The Act defines two sets of privacy principles, the Information Privacy Principles which apply to the public sector, and the National Privacy Principles which apply to the private sector.^{^[57]} These principles govern the following: collection,^{^[58]} use and disclosure,^{^[59]} data quality,^{^[60]} security,^{^[61]} openness,^{^[62]} access and correction,^{^[63]} identifiers,^{^[64]} anonymity,^{^[65]} trans-border data flows,^{^[66]} and sensitive information. ^{^[67]}

The Telecommunications Act, 1997, is also relevant here, as it also governs the use or disclosure of information by telecommunication services providers, ^{^[68]} but such information is only protected by the Telecommunications Act if it comes to a person's knowledge or possession in certain circumstances. An example of this is Section 276 of the same, which providers that the information protected by that section will be protected only if the person collecting the information is a current or former carrier, carriages service provider or telecommunications contractor, in connection with the person's business as such a carrier, provider or contractor; or if the person is an employee of a carrier, carriage service provider, telecommunications contractor, because the person is employed by the carrier or provider in connection with its business as such a carrier, provider or contractor.

European Union

The most important source of law in the European Union ('EU') regarding Data Privacy in general is the Data Protection Directive ('Directive'). ^{^[69]} The Directive has a broad ambit, covering all forms of personal data collection and processing, and mandating that such collection or processing follow the Data Protection Principles it sets out.^{^[70]} The Directive differentiates between Personal Data and Sensitive Personal Data, ^{^[71]} with the collection and processing of the latter being subject to more stringent rules. The telecommunications service providers and internet service providers are included in the definition of 'Controller' as set out in the Directive, and are hence subject to the regulations enforced by the member states of the EU under the same. ^{^[72]} The Directive will soon be superseded by the General Data Protection directive, which is scheduled to come into force in late 2014, with a two-year transition period after that. ^{^[73]}

In addition to the above, ISPs are also subject to the Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications^{^[74]} and the Data Retention Directive. ^{^[75]} The Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications ('E-Privacy Directive') sets out rules regarding processing security, confidentiality of communications, data retention, unsolicited communications, cookies, and a system of penalties set up by the member states under the title of 'Control'. The E-Privacy Directive supplements the original Data Privacy Directive, and replaces a 1997 Telecommunications Privacy directive. The Data Retention Directive does not directly concern the collection and processing of data by a service provider, but only concerns itself with the retention of collected data. It was an amendment to the E-Privacy Directive, which required the member states to store the telecommunications data of their citizens for six to twenty-four months, and give police and security agencies access to details such as IP addresses and time of use of e-mails.

The established practices considered above have the following principles, relevant to the study at hand, in common:

1. Notice

2. Collection Limitation

3. Use Limitation

4. Access and Corrections

5. Security

6. Data Quality and Accuracy

7. Consent

8. Transparency

And the following principles are common between two of the three regimes discussed above:

1. The PIPEDA and the Privacy Act both mention rules regarding Disclosure of collecting information, but the Data Protection Directive does not directly govern disclosure of collected information.

2. The Principles of Accountability is covered by the Data Protection Directive and the PIPEDA, but is not directly dealt with by the Privacy Act

3. The PIPEDA and the Data Protection Directive directly mention the principle of Enforcement, but it is not directly covered by the Privacy Act.

Recommendations

Broadly, service providers across India could take cognizance of the following recommendations to ensure alignment with the Rules found under section 43A and to maximize the amount of protection afforded to customer data.

1. Access and location of privacy policy: Service providers should ensure that the privacy policy is easily accessible through the main page of the company's website. Furthermore, the Privacy Policy should be accessible to users prior to the collection of personal information. All 'User Agreement' forms should include a written Privacy Policy or a reference to the Privacy Policy on the service provider's website.

2. Scope of privacy policy: The privacy policy should address all practices and services offered by the service provider. If a service requires a different or additional privacy policy, a link to the same should be included in the privacy policy on the main website of the service provider.

3. Defining consent: The Privacy Policy should clearly define what constitutes 'consent'. If the form of consent changes for different types of service, this should be clearly indicated.

4. Clear language: The language in the Privacy Policy should be clear and specific, leaving no doubt or ambiguity with regards to the provisions.

5. Transparent security practices: The Privacy Policy should include comprehensive information about a company's security practices should be included in the Privacy Policy. Information pertaining to audits of these procedures should be made public.

6. Defined and specified third parties: The Privacy Policy should define 'third party' as it pertains to the company's practices and specify which third parties information will be shared with.

7. Comprehensive grievance mechanism: The Privacy Policy should include relevant details for users to easily use established grievance mechanisms. This includes contact details of the grievance officers, procedure of submitting a grievance, expected response of the grievance officer (recognition of the grievance, time period for resolution etc.), and method of appealing decision of the grievance officer.

8. Specify laws governing disclosure to governmental agencies and law enforcement: The Privacy Policy should specify under what laws and service providers are required disclose personal information to.

9. Inclusion of data retention practices: The Privacy Policy should include provisions defining the retention practices of the company.

Annexure 1

Explanation and Interpretation of Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011

Section 43A under the Information Technology Act 2000 addresses the protection of sensitive personal data or information and the implementation of an information security management system, and the Rules framed under section 43A attempt establish a holistic data security regime for the private sector.

The following section is a description of the requirements found under section 43A and subsequent Rules with respect to information that must be included in the privacy policy of a 'body corporate' and procedures that must be followed by 'body corporate' with respect to the publishing and notice of a privacy policy. This section also includes an explanation of how each relevant provision has been interpreted for the purpose of this research.

Relevant provisions that pertain to the privacy policy of body corporate

Rule 3: This section defines the term 'Sensitive Personal Data or Information', setting out the six types of information that are considered 'sensitive personal data' including:

i. Password - Defined under the Rules as "a secret word or phrase or code or passphrase or secret key, or encryption or decryption keys that one uses to gain admittance or access to information"^{^[76]}.

ii. Financial information - "such as Bank account or credit card or debit card or other payment instrument details" ^{^[77]}

iii. Physical, physiological and mental health condition

iv. Sexual orientation

v. Medical records and history

vi. Biometric information

The two other broad categories of Sensitive Personal Data or Information that are included in the Rule are - any related details provided to the body corporate, and any information received by the body corporate in relation to the categories listed above. ^{^[78]}

The proviso to this section excludes any information available in the public domain or which may be provided under the Right to Information Act, 2005 from the ambit of SPD/I.

Under the Rules, Sensitive Personal Data is considered to be a subset of Personal Information - which has been defined by Section 2 (1) (i) as " any information that relates to a natural person, which, either directly or indirectly, in combination with other information available or likely to be available with a body corporate, is capable of identifying such person "^{^[79]}

Interpretation: While the Rules are clearly limited to personal and sensitive personal data or information, the use of these terms throughout the Rules is not consistent. For example, some provisions under the Rules ambiguously use the term 'information' in place of the terms 'personal information' and/or 'sensitive personal information'.^{^[80]} While 'information' has been defined non-exhaustively as any 'data, message, text, images, sound, voice, codes, computer programs, software and databases or micro film or computer generated microfiche' in the Act, this definition appears to be overbroad and cannot be applied in that form for the purpose of provisions on privacy policy. ^{^[81]} Hence, 'information', when used in the Rules, is construed to mean 'personal information' including 'sensitive personal information' for the purpose of this survey.

As per Rule 3, information in the public domain isn't classified as sensitive personal data. This exception may require a relook considering that 'providers' of information' may not want their data to be disclosed beyond its initial disclosure, or in certain cases, they may not even know of its existence in the public domain. Since the notice of collection, purpose and use of information is limited to SPD alone under Rule 5, information in the public domain should be seen together with whether the provider of information has provided the latter directly or to service provider that requires the information. If the source is the information provider directly, it need not be classified as SPD.

On a positive note, the addition of the term "in combination with other information available or likely to be available", gives recognition to the phenomenon of convergence of data. Parts of information that seem of negligible importance, when combined, provide a fuller personal profile of an individual, the recognition of this, in effect, gives a far wider scope to personal information under the Rules.

In the specific context of Privacy Policies, the Rules do not stipulate whether the mandated privacy policy has to explicitly mention SPD/I that is collected or used.{This is mentioned under Rule 4(ii) and (iii)} Since Rules do require that a privacy policy must be clear, it is construed that the privacy policy should explicitly recognize the type of PI and SPD/I being collected by the company.

Rule 4: This rule mandates that a "body corporate that collects, receives possess, stores, deals or handles information of the provider of information". For the purposes of this research, this entity will be referred to as a 'data controller'. According to Rule 4, every data controller must provide a privacy policy on its website for handling of or dealing in personal information including sensitive personal information.

The following details have to be included in the privacy policy -

"(i) Clear and easily accessible statements of its practices and policies;

(ii) Type of personal or sensitive personal data or information collected under rule 3;

(iii) Purpose of collection and usage of such information;

(iv) Disclosure of information including sensitive personal data or information as provided in rule 6;

(v) Reasonable security practices and procedures as provided under rule 8."^{^[82]}

Interpretation : The Rules do not provide an adequate understanding of the terms 'clear' and 'accessible', and the terms 'practices' and 'policies' are not defined. For the purpose of this research, 'practices' will be construed to mean the privacy policy of the company. It is deemed to be clear and accessible if it is available either directly or through a link on the main website of the body corporate. To meet the standards set by this Rule, the policy or policies should disclose information about the company's services, products and websites, whenever personal information is collected.

Rule 5: This Rule establishes limits for collection of information. It states that prior informed consent has to be obtained by means of letter, fax or email from the user regarding the purpose of usage for the sensitive personal information sought to be collected. It limits the purpose for collection of SPD/I to collection for a lawful purpose connected with a function or activity of the body corporate or any person on its behalf and only if it is considered necessary for that purpose. Thus, the information collected can only be used for the stated purpose for which it has been collected. ^{^[83]}

Further, Rule 5 (3) provides that consent has to be obtained and knowledge provided to a person from whom personal information is being directly collected - which for service providers - is understood to be through the customer application form. This rule will be deemed to have been complied with when the following information is provided -

a. The fact that the information is being collected.

b. The purpose of such collection.

c. Intended recipients of the collected information.

d. Names and addresses of the agency or agencies collecting and retaining information.

Moreover, it provides that the user has to be given the option of not providing information prior to its collection. In case the user chooses this option or subsequently withdraws consent the body corporate has the option to withhold its services.

This section also provides under Section 5 (2) (a) that the type of information that this Rule concerns itself with can only be collected for a lawful purpose connected with a function or activity of the body corporate or any person on its behalf and if it is considered necessary for that purpose.

It also requires that a Grievance Officer be instated to redress the grievance " expeditiously but within one month from the date of receipt of grievance." The Grievance Redressal process has been discussed in more detail later.

Interpretation: Even though Rule 5 incorporates various major data protection principles and mandates the establishment of a Grievance Redressal Mechanism, neither Rule 5 nor Rule 4 (3) makes a reference to the other. [Rule 4(3) uses the term "such information", and the fact that it follows Rule 4(2) which clearly refers to personal information as well as SPD/I, means that Rule 4(3) also refers to the same]

Prima facie , the scope of Rule 5 is limited to collection of SPD/I. However, Rule 4 (3) ostensibly covers the broad ambit of 'information' which includes SPD/I. Construing these two provisions together using the 'Harmonious Construction' principle ^{^[84]}, Rule 5 could be interpreted to cover personal information for privacy policies under Rule 4.

In addition, Rule 5(3) doesn't expand on the reasonable steps to be taken for intimating the information provider on the extent of disclosure and purpose of collection. This appears as a rather large loophole considering the wide interpretation that can be given to 'reasonable' practices of service providers.

Rule 6: This rule lays down the conditions and procedure for disclosure of information.^{^[85]} Under it, the following conditions apply before any disclosure of information by the 'body corporate' to any third party -

a. The body corporate is required to obtain prior permission from the provider of the information, or

b. Permission to disclose has to be agreed on in the contract between the company and the data subject, or

c. Disclosure is necessary for the compliance of a legal obligation.

An exception is made in case the disclosure is made to an authorized and legally mandated Government agency upon request for the purposes of verification of identity, for prevention, detection, and investigation of incidents, specifically including cyber incidents, prosecution, and punishment of offences, in which case no consent from the data subject will be required. Thus, the company does not need user consent to disclose information to authorized law enforcement or intelligence agencies when presented with an authorized request.

Interpretation :

The guidelines for disclosure limit themselves to SPD under Rule 6 leaving a vacuum with respect to information that doesn't fall within the definition of SPD/I. However, Rule 4 (iv)'s applies to 'information including SPD'. Reading the two together, in accordance with the 'Harmonious Construction' principle, the scope of SPD/I in Rule 6 is construed to extend to the same personal information and SPD/I as is covered by Rule 4 (iv), for the limited purpose of the privacy policies under Rule 4.

Rule 7 : This Rule requires that when the data controller transfers SPD/I to another body corporate or person, such a third party must adhere to the same standards of data protection that the body corporate collecting the information in the first instance follows.

Interpretation : Although the privacy policy is not required to provide details of the transfer of information, the fourth sub-section of Rule 4, which concerns itself with the obligation of the body corporate to provide a policy for privacy including information about the disclosure of information to its consumers, incorporates this Rule as it deals with disclosure of information to third parties. Thus, the Policy of the body corporate must include details of the way the data is handled or dealt by the third party, which is shared by the body corporate in question.

Rule 8: This Rule details the criteria for reasonable security practices and procedures.^{^[86]} It provides that not only must the body corporate have implemented standard security practices and procedures, but it should also have documented the information security program and policies containing appropriate "managerial, technical, operational and physical security control measures". The Rule specifically uses the example of IS/ISO/IEC 27001 as an international standard that would fulfill the requirements under this provision. The security standards or codes of best practices adopted by the company are required to be certified/audited by a Government approved independent auditor annually and after modification or alteration of the existing practice and procedure. Sub-section (1) of the Rule also gives the body corporate the option of creating its own security procedures and practices for dealing with managerial, technical, operational, and physical security control, and have comprehensive documentation of their information security programme and information security policies. These norms should be as strict as the type of information collected and processed requires. In the event of a breach, the body corporate can be called to demonstrate that these norms were suitably implemented by it.

Interpretation : It is unclear whether the empanelled IT security auditing organizations recognized by CERT-In discussed later are qualified for the purpose of this Rule, but from publicly available information the Data Security Council of India and CERT-In's empanelled Security Auditors seem to be the agencies given this task^{^[87]}. With regards to the Privacy Policy or Policies of a company, it is only necessary that the company include as many details as possible regarding the steps taken to ensure the security and confidentiality of the collected information in the Privacy Policy and Policies, and notify them to the consumer.

Other Relevant Policies:

Empanelled Information Technology Security Auditors - CERT-In has created a panel of 'IT Security Auditors' for auditing networks & applications of various organizations of the Government, critical infrastructure organizations and private organizations including bodies corporate.^{^[88]} The empanelled IT security auditing organization is required to, inter alia, conduct a " Review of Auditee's existing IT Security Policy and controls for their adequacy as per the best practices vis-à-vis the IT Security frameworks outlined in standards such as COBIT, COSO, ITIL, BS7799 / ISO17799, ISO27001, ISO15150, etc." ^{^[89]} and conduct and document various assessments and tests. Some typical reviews and tests that include privacy reviews are - Information Security Testing, Internet Technology Security Testing and Wireless Security Testing.^{^[90]} For this purpose CERT-In maintains a list of IT Security Auditing Organizations^{^[91]}.

Criteria for analysis of company policies based on the 43A Rules

1. Clear and Accessible statements of its practices and policies^{^[92]} -

i. Whether the privacy policy is accessible through the main website of the body corporate?

ii. Whether the privacy policy is mentioned or included in the terms and conditions of all document of the body corporate that collects personal information?

iii. Whether the privacy policy can be comprehended by persons without legal knowledge?

2. Type and acknowledgment of personal or sensitive personal data/information collected ^{^[93]}-

i. Whether the privacy policy explicitly states that personal and sensitive personal information will be collected.

ii. Whether the privacy policy mentions all categories of personal information including SPD/I being collected?

3. Option to not provide information and withdrawal of consent^{^[94]} -

i. Whether the Privacy Policy specifies that the user has the option to not provide information?

ii. Whether the Privacy Policy specifies that the user has the option to subsequently withdraw consent?

4. Existence of Grievance Officer -

i. Whether the privacy policy mentions the existence of a grievance officer?

ii. Whether the privacy policy provides details of the grievance redressal mechanism?

iii. Whether the privacy policy provides the names and contact information of the grievance officer?

5. Purpose of Collection and usage of information -

i. Whether the privacy policy enumerates the purpose(s) for which information is collected exhaustively?

6. Disclosure of Information -

i. Whether personal information is shared with third parties (except authorized government agencies/LEA/IA) only with user consent?

ii. Whether the policy specifies that personal information is disclosed to Government agencies/LEA/IA only when legally mandated as per the circumstances laid out in 43A?

7. Reasonable Security practices and procedures -

i. Whether the privacy policy provides adequate details of the reasonable security practices and procedures followed by the body corporate to secure information?

Annexure 2

Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information Rules) 2011 and Company SURVEY

1. Bharti Airtel Ltd.

1. Clear and Accessible statements of its practices and policies: Yes

a. Rationale: Airtel's Privacy Policy^{^[95]} is available through the main page of the website and it is mentioned in the Airtel Terms and Conditions and is applicable for Airtel's websites as well as its services and products, such as its telecommunications services. It was determined that the policy can be comprehended by individuals without legal knowledge.

2. Type and acknowledgement of personal or sensitive personal data/information collected: Yes

b. Rationale: Airtel's Privacy Policy indicates that sensitive personal and personal information will be collected, defines sensitive personal information^{^[96]}, and specifies specific types of personal^{^[97]} and sensitive personal information ^{^[98]} that will be collected.

3. Option to not provide data or information and subsequent withdrawal of consent: Yes

c. Rationale: The Airtel Privacy Policy states that individuals have the right to choose not to provide consent or information and have the right to withdraw consent. The policy notes that if consent/information is not provided, Airtel reserves the right to not provide or to withdraw the services.^{^[99]}

4. Existence of Grievance Officer: Yes

a. Rationale: Airtel provides for the contact details of nodal officers^{^[100]} and appellate authorities ^{^[101]} on its website. Additionally the website provides for the 'Office of the Ombudsperson'^{^[102]}, which is an independent forum for employees and external stakeholders^{^[103]} of the company to raise concerns and complaints about improper practices which are in breach of the Bharti Code of Conduct. Additionally, details of the Airtel Grievance Redressal Officers can also be found in the TRAI website.^{^[104]}

5. Comprehensive disclosure of purpose of collection and usage of information: Partial

Rationale: Airtel's Privacy Policy indicates eight purposes^{^[105]} that information will be collected and used for, but notes that the use and collection is not limited to the defined purposes.

6. Disclosure of Information^{^[106]}: Yes

a. Rationale: Airtel has a dedicated section explaining the company's practices around the disclosure and sharing of collected information, including ways in which consent will be collected for the sharing of personal information^{^[107]}, how collected personal information may be collected internally ^{^[108]}, the disclosure of information to third parties and that the third party will be held accountable for protecting the information through contract^{^[109]}, the possible transfer of personal information and its purposes^{^[110]}, and the circumstances under which information will be disclosed to governmental agencies (which reflect the circumstances defined by the Rules.) ^{^[111]}

7. Existence of reasonable security practices and procedures ^{^[112]} : Yes

a. Rationale: Airtel's privacy policy has a dedicated section that explains the company's security practices and procedures in place. The policy notes that Airtel's practices and procedures are IS/ISO/IEC 27001 compliant ^{^[113]}, that access is restricted to a need to know basis and that employees are bound by codes of confidentiality^{^[114]}, and that Airtel works to ensure that third parties also have strong security procedures in place.^{^[115]} The policy also provides details on the retention^{^[116]} and destruction ^{^[117]} procedures for personal information, and notes that reasonable steps are taken to protect against hacking and virus attacks.^{^[118]}

1. Tata Telecommunication Services (DoCoMo and Virgin Mobile)

1. Clear and Accessible statements of its practices and policies : Partial

a. Rationale: Though Tata DoCoMo has a comprehensive Data Privacy Policy ^{^[119]} that is applicable to Tata Teleservices Limited's ("TTL") products and services and the TTL website, it is not accessible to the user through the main website. In the Frequently Asked Questions Section of TTL, it is clarified under what circumstances information that you provide is not covered by the TTL privacy policy. ^{^[120]}

2. Type of personal or sensitive personal data/information collected: Partial

a. Rational: TTL defines personal information^{^[121]} but only provides general examples of types of personal information^{^[122]} (and not sensitive personal) collected, rather than a comprehensive list. The definitions and examples of information collected are clarified in the FAQs and the Privacy Policy, rather than in the Privacy Policy alone. As a strength, the Privacy Policy clarifies the ways in which TTL will collect information from the user - including the fact that they receive information from third parties like credit agencies. ^{^[123]}

3. Option to not provide information and withdrawal of consent: N/A

a. Rationale: The TTL Privacy Policy does not address the right of the individual to provide consent/information and to withdraw information/consent.

4. Existence of Grievance Officer: Yes

a. Rationale: TTL has various methods to lodge complaints and provides for an appellate authority. ^{^[124]} Additionally, details of the Grievance Redressal Officers are provided via the TRAI website.^{^[125]}

5. Purpose of Collection and usage of information: Yes

a. Rationale: In its' Privacy Policy, TTL describes the way in which collected information is used. ^{^[126]} The TTL FAQs further clarify the use of cookies by the company, the use of provided information for advertising purposes, ^{^[127]} and the use of aggregate and anonymized data.^{^[128]}

6. Disclosure of Information: Yes

a. Rationale: In the Privacy Policy and the FAQs page, TTL is transparent about the circumstances on which they will share/disclose personal information with third parties^{^[129]}, with law enforcement/governmental agencies^{^[130]}, and with other TTL companies. ^{^[131]} Interestingly, the TTL FAQ's clarify to the customer that their personal information might be processed in different jurisdictions, and thus would be accessible by law enforcement in that jurisdiction. ^{^[132]}

7. Reasonable Security practices and procedures: Partial

a. Rationale: TTL's Privacy Policy broadly references that security practices are in place to protect user information, but the policy does not make reference to a specific security standard, or provide detail as to what these practices and procedures are. ^{^[133]} Although TTL's Privacy Policy does not make mention of any specific security standard, Tata Teleservices (Maharashtra) Limited claims to have been awarded with ISO 27001 ISMS (Information Security Management Systems) Certification in May 2011, and completed its first Surveillance Audit in June 2012^{^[134]}. Information on IT security standards adopted by other circles could not be found on the internet.

2. Vodafone

1. Clear and Accessible statements of its practices and policies: Yes

Rationale: Vodafone's Privacy Policy^{^[135]} is easily accessible from its website from a link at the bottom, directly from the home page and from all other pages of the website. ^{^[136]}

2. Collection of personal or sensitive personal data/information: No

Rationale: Type -

a. Personal Information - The amount of details given by the Privacy Policy with regards to the personal information being collected is insufficient, as it does not include a number of relevant facts, and uses is vague language - such as 'amongst other things', implying that information other than that which is notified is being collected.^{^[137]}

b. Sensitive Personal Data or Information - The Privacy Policy does not mention the categories or types of SPD/I, as defined under Rule 3, being collected by the service provider explicitly, only gives a general overview of the information that is collected.

3. Option to not provide information and withdrawal of consent: No

a. Rationale: The privacy policy does not mention the consent of data subject anywhere, nor does it mention his or her right to withdraw it at any point of time. It also does not mention whether or not the provision of services by Vodafone is contingent on the provision of such information.

4. Existence of Grievance Officer: Yes

a. Rationale: The Privacy Policy explicitly mentions and gives the email address of a grievance redressal officer, though further details about the other offices are given in a separate section of the website.^{^[138]}

5. Purpose of Collection and usage of information: Partial

a. Rationale:

The Privacy Policy gives an exhaustive list of purposes for which the collected information can be used by Vodafone, ^{^[139]} but at the same time the framing of the opening sentence and the usage of the term 'may include' could imply that it can be used for other purposes as well.

6. Disclosure of Information: Yes

a. Rationale:

The Privacy Policy mentions that Vodafone might share the collected information with certain third parties and the terms and conditions which would apply to such a third party.^{^[140]} The phrasing does not imply that there are other conditions that have not been mentioned in the policy, under which the information would be shared with a third party. At the same time, the Privacy Policy does not explicitly say that the third party will necessarily follow the privacy and data security procedures and rules laid down in the Privacy Policy.

7. Reasonable Security practices and procedures: Yes

a. Rationale:

The Privacy Policy mentions in reasonably clear detail the security practices and procedures followed by Vodafone, and also mentions the circumstances in which the data subject should take care to protect his or her own information, wherein Vodafone will not be liable. ^{^[141]} Although Vodafone India's Privacy Policy does not specify what their IT Security standard is, its 2012/2013 Sustainability Report available through its international website ^{^[142]} states that it follows industry practices in line with the ISO 27001 standard and its core data centre in India follows this standard^{^[143]}.

3. Aircel

1. Clear and Accessible statements of its practices and policies: Yes

Rationale:

The Privacy Policy is accessible from every page of the Aircel website, with a link at the bottom of each page after the specific circle has been chosen. It is reasonably free of legalese and is intelligible.^{^[144]}

2. Type of personal or sensitive personal data/information collected: Partial

Rationale: Type -

a. Personal Information

In the Privacy Policy, the repeated usage of the term 'may' creates some doubt about the actual extent of the data collected, and leaves the Privacy Policy quite unclear in this regard. At the same time, the Privacy Policy does include a fairly comprehensive list of personal information that could be collected. ^{^[145]} The wording in the Privacy Policy thus requires further clarification and specification in order to make a determination on whether or not it provides complete details on the personal information that will be collected.

a. Sensitive Personal Data or Information

The Privacy Policy does not mention SPDI explicitly, which adds to the lack of concrete details as noted earlier.

3. Option to not provide information and withdrawal of consent - Yes

Rationale : The Privacy Policy mentions that users do have the right to refuse to provide or the withdrawal of consent to collect personal information. In such cases, Aircel can respectively refuse or discontinue the provision of its services. ^{^[146]}

4. Existence of Grievance Officer: Yes

a. Rationale:

Though not directly mentioned in the Privacy Policy, a separate, easily noticeable link at the bottom of each webpage links to the Customer Grievance section. There are different officers in charge of each node, called the Nodal Officers. ^{^[147]}

5. Purpose of Collection and usage of information: Partial

a. Rationale: The usage of the term 'may' in the section of the Privacy Policy regarding the purpose of collection and usage of information again leaves it ambiguous in this regard, implying that it can just as easily be used for purposes that have not been notified to the data subject.^{^[148]}

6. Disclosure of Information: Yes

a. Rationale: Though the Privacy Policy does not specify all the circumstances under which Aircel would share the collected information with a third party, it specifies the terms and conditions that would apply in the cases that it does. ^{^[149]}

7. Reasonable Security practices and procedures: Yes

a. Rationale:

The Policy gives a reasonable amount of detail about the steps taken by Aircel to ensure the security of the information collected by it, but leaves certain holes uncovered.^{^[150]}

4. Atria Convergence Technologies Private Limited (ACT)

1. Clear and Accessible statements of its practices and policies: Yes

a. Rationale: The Policy is intelligible, and is easily accessible from all the webpages of the company's website from a link at the bottom of all pages.^{^[151]}

2. Type of personal or sensitive personal data/information collected: Partial

a. Rationale:

Type -

a. Personal Information - Yes -

The Policy mentions the different types of Personal Information which will be collected by ACT if the customer registers with the Company. ^{^[152]}

a. Sensitive Personal Data or Information -

The categories of SPD/I collected by ACT are not specifically mentioned in the policy, though they are mentioned as part of the general declarations.

3. Option to not provide information and withdrawal of consent: No

a. Rationale: The option of the data subject not providing or withdrawing consent has not been mentioned in the Policy.

4. Existence of Grievance Officer: No

a. Rationale: No Grievance Officer has been mentioned in the Privacy Policy or on the ACT website, nor has any other grievance redressal process been specified.^{^[153]}

5. Purpose of Collection and usage of information: Yes

a. Rationale: The Policy mentions the various ways ACT might use the information it collects, though the use of the term 'general' is a cause for concern.^{^[154]} The list of purposes for collection given in the Privacy Policy is a very general list.

6. Disclosure of Information: Yes

a. Rationale: The Policy mentions the circumstances in which ACT might share the collected information with a third party, and also mentions that such parties will either be subject to confidentiality agreements, or that the data subject will be notified before his or her information becomes subject to a different privacy policy. It also mentions the exception to above, that being when the information is shared for investigative purposes.^{^[155]} At the same time, the intended recipients of the information are not mentioned, and the name and address of agency/agencies collecting and retaining information is not mentioned.

7. Reasonable Security practices and procedures: No

a. Rationale: - The security practices and procedures followed by ACT to protect the information of its customers are not mentioned in the Policy, which is a critical weak point, keeping in mind the requirements of the Rules. ^{^[156]}

[1] . Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, Press Release 143/2012,(< http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/PressRealease/Document/PR-TSD-May12.pdf >)

[2] . The Indian Telecom Service Performance Indicators, January-March 2013, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India,. (< http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/WhatsNew/Documents/Indicator%20Reports%20-01082013.pdf >)

[3] . 'India is now world's third largest Internet user after U.S., China', (The Hindu, 24 August 2013) < http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/india-is-now-worlds-third-largest-internet-user-after-us-china/article5053115.ece >

[4] . In addition, the Unified Access License Framework which allows for a single license for multiple services such as telecom, the internet and television, provides certain security guidelines. As per the model UIL Agreements, privacy of communications is to be maintained and network security practices and audits are mandated along with penalties for contravention in addition to what is prescribed under the Information Technology Act,2000. For internet services, the Agreement stipulates the keeping an Internet Protocol Detail Record (IPDR) and copies of packets from customer premises equipment (CPE). Accessed at < http://www.dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/Unified%20Licence.pdf>

[5] . See >> http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/WhatsNew/Documents/Indicator%20Reports%20-01082013.pdf >>

[6] . 'India is now world's third largest Internet user after U.S., China', (The Hindu, 24 August 2013) < http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/india-is-now-worlds-third-largest-internet-user-after-us-china/article5053115.ece > Accessed..

[7] . Starting with Kharak Singh v. State of UP 1963 AIR SC 1295, the right to privacy has been further confirmed and commented on in other cases, like Govind v.State of M.P (1975) 2 SCC 148: 1975 SCC (Cri) 468. A full history of the development of the Right to Privacy can be found in B.D. Agarwala, Right to Privacy: A Case-By-Case Development, (1996) 3 SCC (Jour) 9, available at http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/96v3a2.htm.

[8] . White Paper on EU Adequacy Assessment of India, 3, ("Based on an overall

analysis against the identifiable principles under Article 25, the 2010 Report concludes that India does not at present provide adequate protection to personal data in relation to any sector or to the whole of its private sector or to the whole of its public sector. ") available at < https://www.dsci.in/sites/default/files/WhitePaper%20EU_Adequacy%20Assessment%20of%20India.pdf >

[9] . Planning Commission, Report of the Group of Experts on Privacy, 2012, (< http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/rep_privacy.pdf>)

[10] . Though a company's Privacy Policy was the main document analysed for this research, when applicable a company's Terms of Service wavas also reviewed.

[11] . BSNL and MTNL are government companies as defined under section 617, Indian Companies Act, 1956, incorporated under the Indian Companies Act, 1956. Under section 43 A (i) of the Act, a 'body corporate' has been broadly defined as "any company…sole proprietorship or other association of individuals engaged in commercial or professional activities". Therefore, for the purpose of this survey, BSNL and MTNL are recognized as bodies corporate.

[12] . Documents Reviewed: http://portal.bsnl.in/portal/privacypolicy.html

[13] . A full list of its services are available here: < http://bsnl.co.in/opencms/bsnl/BSNL/services/>

[14] . The MTNL website does not provide access to a privacy policy

[15] . A full list of its services are available here <<http://mtnldelhi.in>>

[16] . Documents Reviewed: http://www.airtel.in/forme/privacy-policy , http://www.airtel.in/applications/xm/FixedLineNodalOfficer.jsp, http://www.airtel.in/applications/xm/BroadbandInternet_AppellateAuth.jsp , http://www.airtel.in/about-bharti/about-bharti-airtel/ombuds-office

[17] . A full list of services provided by Bharti Airtel is available here: <www.airtel.in>

[18] . http://submarinenetworks.com/stations/asia/india/chennai-bharti

[19] . Documents Reviewed: http://www.vodafone.com/content/sustainabilityreport/2014/index/operating_responsibly/privacy_and_security/law_enforcement.html https://www.vodafone.in/pages/privacy_policy.aspx?cid=ker , http://www.vodafone.com/content/sustainability/operating_responsibly/privacy_and_security.html

[20] . See < http://historyofbusiness.blogspot.in/2013/11/history-of-vodafone.html. >

[21] . Vodafone International Holdings v Union of India, WP 1325/2010, Bombay High Court

[22] . 'Vodafone to Buy Additional Essar India Stake for $5 Billion',(Bloomberg, March 31, 2011) < http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-31/essar-exercises-option-to-sell-5-billion-stake-in-vodafone-essar-venture.html >Accessed 26 May 2014

[23] . See <https://www.vodafone.in/pages/aboutus.aspx?cid=ker.>

[24] . Vodafone, supra note 13.

[25] . Documents Reviewed:http://www.tatadocomo.com/downloads/data-privacy-policy.pdf, http://www.tatateleservices.com/t-customercare.aspx, http://www.tatateleservices.com/download/aboutus/ttml/TTML-Annual-Report-2012-13.pdf

[26] . 'Japan's Docomo acquires 26% stake in Tata Tele'(The Hindu Business Line, November 13 2008) < http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/bline/2008/11/13/stories/2008111352410100.htm .>

[27] . Further details are available at: < http://www.tatateleservices.com/t-aboutus-ttsl-organization.aspx>

[28] . Documents Reviewed

http://www.aircel.com/AircelWar/appmanager/aircel/karnataka?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=P26400194591312373872061 , http://www.aircel.com/AircelWar/appmanager/aircel/karnataka?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=customercare_consumergrievance_page , http://www.aircel.com/AircelWar/ShowProperty/UCMRepository/Contribution%20Folders/Global/PDF/Manual_Customer_Grievan.pdf

[29] . See < http://www.aircel.com/AircelWar/appmanager/aircel/ap?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=aboutus_book. >

[30] . Documents Reviewed: http://www.acttv.in/index.php/privacy-policy

[31] . https://www.vodafone.in/pages/privacy_policy.aspx?cid=ker

[32] . http://www.tatadocomo.com/downloads/data-privacy-policy.pdf

[33] . http://www.airtel.in/forme/privacy-policy

[34] .http://www.aircel.com/AircelWar/appmanager/aircel/karnataka?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=P26400194591312373872061

[35] . http://www.acttv.in/index.php/privacy-policy

[36] . In 2012, the Minister of State for Communications & Information Technology informed the Rajya Sabha that " (a)ny change in the privacy policy is not within the purview of amended Information Technology Act, 2000",, while discussing changes to Google's privacy policy. Even though the Minister noted that the EU has reported its dissatisfaction with the changed policy, finding that the policy " makes it impossible to understand which purposes, personal data, recipients or access rights are relevant to the use of a specific service ", he argued that the Act and Rules therein merely stipulate the publication of a privacy policy which provide " information to the end users as to how their personal information is collected, for which it is collected, processed and secure". Further, when asked how changes to privacy policy affect end users the Minister shifted the responsibility on end users, stating that " (t)he end users… need to fully understand the privacy policy of Google, the consequences of sharing their personal information and their privacy rights before they start using online services ".( < http://rsdebate.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/609109/2/PQ_225_30032012_U1929_p129_p130.pdf#search=%22google%22 >).

[37] . Available at http://portal.bsnl.in/portal/privacypolicy.htm, the privacy policy was found through a search engine and not through a link from the website. An RTI request was submitted to BSNL for a copy of its privacy policy as applicable to all its products, services and websites. BSNL responded by submitting a copy of this privacy policy even though the text of the policy does not clarify the scope.

[38] . See, <http://www.acttv.in/index.php/privacy-policy>

[39] . See <http://www.airtel.in/forme/privacy-policy>

[40] . See <www.tataindicom.com/Download/data-privacy-policy.pdf>

[41] . See <<www.aircel.com/AircelWar/appmanager/aircel/delhi?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=P26400194591312373872061>>

[42] . See <https://www.vodafone.in/pages/privacy_policy.aspx?cid=kar>

[43] . See<< http://portal.bsnl.in/portal/privacypolicy.htm>>

[44] . See <http://www.acttv.in/index.php/privacy-policy>

[45] . See <https://www.vodafone.in/pages/privacy_policy.aspx?cid=kar>

[46] . See <http://www.tataindicom.com/Download/data-privacy-policy.pdf>

[47] . Ibid

[48] . The complaint center details are available here: < http://www.tccms.gov.in/Queries.aspx?cid=1>

[49] . Rules 5 and 6

[50] . Principle 2, Principle 3, Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act 2000. Available at: << http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-8.6/index.html>>

[51] . Rule 5(7),

[52] . Principle 2

[53] . P. 21

[54] . Telecom Regulatory Policy CRTC 2009-657, Review of the Internet traffic management practices of Internet service providers << www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2009/2009-657.htm>>

[55] . Alex Cameron,CRTC Imposes Super-PIPEDA Privacy Protections for Personal Information Collected by ISPs, Privacy and Information Protection Bulletin, Fasken Martineau, << http://www.fasken.com/files/Publication/4317fd62-0827-4d1d-b836-5b932b3b21db/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/bafbf01e-365c-47f8-86a5-5cf7d7e43787/Bulletin_-_November_2009_-_Cameron.pdf . >> Accessed 21 May 2014

[56] . Bram D. Abramson, Grant Buchanan, Hank Intven, CRTC Shapes Canadian "Net Neutrality" Rules, McCarthy Tetrault. < http://www.mccarthy.ca/article_detail.aspx?id=4720 > Accessed 21 May 2014

[57] . The Privacy Act, 1988, Part III, available at << http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Series/C2004A03712.>>

[58] . Id, note 28, Schedule 3, 1.

[59] . Id, schedule 3, 2.

[60] . Id, schedule 3, 3.

[61] . Id, schedule 3, 4.

[62] . Id, schedule 3, 5.

[63] . Id, schedule 3, 6.

[64] . Id, schedule 3, 7.

[65] . Id, schedule 3, 8.

[66] . Id, schedule 3, 9.

[67] . Id, schedule 3, 10.

[68] . Telecommunications Act, Part 13 (Information or a document protected under Part 13 could relate to many forms of communications, including fixed and mobile telephone services, internet browsing, email and voice over internet telephone services. For telephone-based communications, this would include subscriber information, the telephone numbers of the parties involved, the time of the call and its duration. In relation to internet-based applications, the information protected under Part 13 would include the Internet Protocol (IP) address used for the session, and the start and finish time of each session.)

[69] . Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31995L0046:en:HTML.

[70] . Id, article 3.

[71] . Id, article 8.

[72] . Id, article 2, (d). (" (d) 'controller' shall mean the natural or legal person, public authority, agency or any other body which alone or jointly with others determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data; where the purposes and means of processing are determined by national or Community laws or regulations, the controller or the specific criteria for his nomination may be designated by national or Community law; ")

[73] . European Commission-IP-12/46, 25 January 2012, < http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-12-46_en.htm?locale=en.>

[74] . Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector.

[75] . Directive 2006/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 on the retention of data generated or processed in connection with the provision of publicly available electronic communications services or of public communications networks and amending Directive 2002/58/EC.

[76] . Rule 2 (h)

[77] . Rule 3 (ii)

[78] . Rule 3 (vii) and (viii)

[79] . Rule 2 (i)

[80] . Rule 4(iii), (iv)

[81] . Section 2(v) of the Act defines 'information'

[82] . Rule 4 (1).

[83] . Rule 5 (5)

[84] . Defined by Venkatarama Aiyar, J as: "The rule of construction is well settled that when there are in an enactment two provisions which cannot be reconciled with each other, they should be so interpreted that, if possible, effect could be given to both" in Venkataramana Devaru v. State of Mysore, AIR 1958 SC 255, p. 268: G. P. Singh, Principles of Statutory Interpretation, 1th ed. 2010, Lexisnexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. The principle was applied to interpret statutory Rules in A. N. Sehgal v. Raje Ram Sheoram, AIR 1991 SC 1406.

[85] . Rule 6

[86] . Rule 8

[87] . 52^nd Report, Standing Committee on Information Technology, 24, available at < http://164.100.47.134/lsscommittee/Information%20Technology/15_Information_Technology_52.pdf. >

[88] . Panel Of Information Security Auditing Organisations, CERT-IN < http://www.cert-in.org.in/PDF/background.pdf>

[89] . Section 1, Guidelines for applying to CERT-In for Empanelment of IT Security Audition Organisation, < http://www.cert-in.org.in/PDF/InfoSecAuditorsEmpGuidelines.pdf>

[90] . Section 2.0, Guidelines for auditee organizations, Version 2.0, IT Security

Auditing Assignment, http://www.cert-in.org.in/PDF/guideline_auditee.pdf

[91] . See <http://www.cert-in.org.in/PDF/Empanel_org.pdf>

[92] . Rule 4

[93] . Rule 4

[94] . Rule 5 (7)

[95] . See << http://www.airtel.in/forme/privacy-policy>>

[96] . 'Information that can be used by itself to uniquely identify, contact or locate a person, or can be used with information available from other sources to uniquely identify an individual. For the purpose of this policy, sensitive personal data or information has been considered as a part of personal information.' Accessed at << http://www.airtel.in/forme/privacy-policy/collection+of+personal+info?contentIDR=53535f55-b787-4cb8-b399-d11d97f80c26&useDefaultText=0&useDefaultDesc=0 >>

[97] . Subscriber's name, father's name, mother's name, spouse's name, date of birth, current and previous addresses, telephone number, mobile phone number, email address, occupation and information contained in the documents used as proof of identity and proof of address. Information related to your utilization of our services which may include your call details, your browsing history on our website, location details and additional information provided by you while using our services. We may keep a log of the activities performed by you on our network and websites by using various internet techniques such as web cookies, web beacons, server log files, etc.

[98] . Password, Financial information -details of Bank account, credit card, debit card, or other payment instrument detail s, Physical, physiological and mental health condition.

[99] . Airtel states that if a customer does not provide information or consent for usage of personal information or subsequently withdraws consent, Airtel reserves the right to not provide the services or to withdraw the services for which the said information was sought, Avaliable at: < http://www.airtel.in/forme/privacy-policy/collection+of+personal+info?contentIDR=53535f55-b787-4cb8-b399-d11d97f80c26&useDefaultText=0&useDefaultDesc=0 >

[100] . See <www.airtel.in/applications/xm/FixedLineNodalOfficer.jsp>

[101] . See << http://www.airtel.in/applications/xm/BroadbandInternet_AppellateAuth.jsp >

[102] . See << http://www.airtel.in/about-bharti/about-bharti-airtel/ombuds-office>>

[103] . Stakeholders are defined as: employee, associate, strategic partner, vendor

[104] . See << http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/ConsumerGroup/Document/2013072331247805566Bharti_Airtel_CC_AA-23072013.pdf >>

[105] . Verification of customer's identity; Complete transactions effectively and bill for products and service; Respond to customer requests for service or assistance; Perform market analysis, market research, business and operational analysis; Provide, maintain and improve Airtel products and services; Anticipate and resolve issues and concerns with Airtel products and services; Promote and market Airtel products and services which it may consider of interest and benefit to customers; and, Ensure adherence to legal and regulatory requirements for prevention and detection of frauds and crimes.

[106] . See << http://www.airtel.in/forme/privacy-policy/disclosure+and+transfer?contentIDR=745792ad-d6af-4684-85d4-d85773e77356&useDefaultText=0&useDefaultDesc=0 >>

[107] . "Airtel may obtain a customer's consent for sharing personal information in several ways, such as in writing, online, through "click-through" agreements; orally, including through interactive voice response; or when a customer's consent is part of the terms and conditions pursuant to which Airtel provides a service."

[108] . Airtel and its employees may utilize some or all available personal information for internal assessments, measures, operations and related activities…"

[109] . Airtel may at its discretion employ, contract or include third parties external to itself for strategic, tactical and operational purposes. Such agencies though external to Airtel, will always be entities which are covered by contractual agreements. These agreements in turn include Airtel's guidelines to the management, treatment and secrecy of personal information

[110] . Airtel may transfer subscriber's personal information or other information collected, stored, processed by it to any other entity or organization located in India or outside India only in case it is necessary for providing services to a subscriber or if the subscriber has consented (at the time of collection of information) to the same. This may also include sharing of aggregated information with them in order for them to understand Airtel's environment and consequently, provide the subscriber with better services. While sharing personal information with third parties, adequate measures shall be taken to ensure that reasonable security practices are followed at the third party."

[111] . Airtel may share subscribers' personal information with Government agencies or other authorized law enforcement agencies (LEAs) mandated under law to obtain such information for the purpose of verification of identity or for prevention, detection, investigation including but not limited to cyber incidents, prosecution, and punishment of offences.

[112] . See<< http://www.airtel.in/forme/privacy-policy/security+practices+and+procedures?contentIDR=9346516c-c1a1-4bd7-bce0-6945236dceaa&useDefaultText=0&useDefaultDesc=0 >>

[113] . Airtel adopts reasonable security practices and procedures, in line with international standard IS/ISO/IEC 27001, to include, technical, operational, managerial and physical security controls in order to protect a customer's personal information from unauthorized access, or disclosure while it is under our control.

[114] . Airtel's security practices and procedures limit access to personal information on need-only basis. Further, its employees are bound by Code of Conduct and Confidentiality Policies which obligate them to protect the confidentiality of personal information.

[115] . Airtel takes adequate steps to ensure that its third parties adopt reasonable level of security practices and procedures to ensure security of personal information.

[116] . Airtel may retain a subscriber's personal information for as long as required to provide him/her with services or if otherwise required under any law.

[117] . When Airtel disposes of its customers' personal information, it uses reasonable procedures to erase it or render it unreadable (for example, shredding documents and wiping electronic media)."

[118] . Airtel maintains the security of its internet connections, however for reasons outside of its control, security risks may still arise. Any personal information transmitted to Airtel or from its online products or services will therefore be at a customer's own risk. It observes reasonable security measures to protect a customer's personal information against hacking and virus dissemination.

[119] . See <<http://www.tatadocomo.com/downloads/data-privacy-policy.pdf

[120] . Information that customers provide to non-TTL companies is not covered by TTL's Policy. For example: When customers download applications or make an online purchase from a non-TTL company while using TTL's Internet or wireless services, the information collected by the non-TTL company is not subject to this Policy. When you navigate to a non-TTL company from TTL websites or applications (by clicking on a link or an advertisement, for example), information collected by the non-TTL company is governed by its privacy policy and not TTL's Privacy Policy. If one uses public forums - such as social networking services, Internet bulletin boards, chat rooms, or blogs on TTL or non-TTL websites, any Personal Information disclosed publicly can be read, collected, or used by others. Once one chooses to reveal Personal Information on such a site, the information is publicly available, and TTL cannot prevent distribution and use of that information by other parties. Information on a wireless Customer 's location, usage and numbers dialed, which is roaming on the network of a non-TTL company will be subject to the privacy policy of the non-TTL company, and not TTL's Policy.

[121] . "Personal Information" is any information that relates to a natural person which, either directly or indirectly, in combination with other information available or likely to be available with a body corporate, is capable of identifying such person.

[122] . Personal Information - Some general examples -TTL may collect Confidential Data in different forms such as Personal and other Information based on a customer's use of its products and services. Some examples include, Contact Information that allows us to communicate with you -- including your name, address, telephone number, and e-mail address; Billing information-- including payment data, credit history, credit card number, security codes, and service history.Equipment, Performance, TTL Website Usage, Viewing and other Technical Information about use of TTL's network, services, products or websites.

Technical & Usage Information is clarified in the FAQ's as information related to the services provided, use of TTL's network, services, products or websites. Examples of the Technical & Usage Information collected include: Equipment Information that identifies the equipment used on TTL's network, such as equipment type, IDs, serial numbers, settings, configuration, and software. Performance Information about the operation of the equipment, services and applications used on TTL's network, such as IP addresses, URLs, data transmission rates and latencies, location information, security characteristics, and information about the amount of bandwidth and other network resources used in connection with uploading, downloading or streaming data to and from the Internet. TTL Website Usage Information about the use of TTL websites, including the pages visited, the length of time spent, the links or advertisements followed and the search terms entered on TTL sites, and the websites visited immediately before and immediately after visiting one of TTL's sites.TTL also may collect similar information about a customer's use of its applications on wireless devices. Viewing Information about the programs watched and recorded and similar choices under Value added TTL services and products.

[123] . Ways in which TTL collects information: On the purchase or interaction about a TTL product or service provided; Automatically collected when one visits TTL's websites or use its products and services; Other sources, such as credit agencies.

[124] . See <http://www.tatateleservices.com/t-customercare.aspx>

[125] .See< http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/ConsumerGroup/Document/2013072341218463621Tata_CC_AA_1-23072013.pdf >

[126] . To provide the best customer experience possible; Provide the services a customer purchases, respond to customer questions; Communicate with customers regarding service updates, offers, and promotions; Deliver customized content and advertising that may be of interest to customers; Address network integrity and security issues; Investigate, prevent or take action regarding illegal activities, violations of TTL's Terms of Service or Acceptable Use Policies

[127] . Site functionality -Cookies and other tracking tools are used to help TTL analyze, manage and improve websites and storing customer preferences. Advertising TTL and its advertising partners, including Yahoo! and other advertising networks, use anonymous information gathered through cookies and other similar technologies, as well as other information TTL or its advertising networks may have, to help tailor the ads a customer sees on its sites.

[128] . TTL collects some Information on an anonymous basis. TTL also may anonymize the Personal Information it collects about customers. It may obtain aggregate data by combining anonymous data that meet certain criteria into groups.

[129] . In Other Circumstances: TTL may provide Personal Information to non-TTL companies or other third parties for purposes such as: To assist with identity verification, and to prevent fraud and identity theft; Enforcing its agreements and property rights; Obtaining payment for products and services that appear on customers' TTL billing statements, including the transfer or sale of delinquent accounts to third parties for collection; and to comply to legal and regulatory requirements. TTL shares customer Personal Information only with non-TTL companies that perform services on its behalf, and only as necessary for them to perform those services. TTL requires those non-TTL companies to protect any Personal Information they may receive in a manner consistent with this policy. TTL does not provide Personal Information to non-TTL companies for the marketing of their own products and services without a customer's consent. TTL may share aggregate or anonymous Information in various formats with trusted non-TTL entities, and may work with those entities to do research and provide products and services.

[130] . TTL provides Personal Information to non-TTL companies or other third parties (for example, to government agencies, credit bureaus and collection agencies) without consent for certain purposes, such as: To comply with court orders, subpoenas, lawful discovery requests and other legal or regulatory requirements, and to enforce our legal rights or defend against legal claims, To obtain payment for products and services that appear on customer TTL billing statements, including the transfer or sale of delinquent accounts to third parties for collection; To enforce its agreements, and protect our rights or property; To assist with identity verification, and to prevent fraud and identity theft; To prevent unlawful use of TTL's services and to assist in repairing network outages; To provide information regarding the caller's location to a public safety entity when a call is made to police/investigation agencies, and to notify the public of wide-spread emergencies; To notify or respond to a responsible governmental entity if we reasonably believe that an emergency involving immediate danger of death or serious physical injury to any person requires or justifies disclosure without delay; To display name and telephone number on a Caller ID device;

[131] . Subject to applicable legal restrictions, such as those that exist for Customer Proprietary Network Information (CPNI), the TTL companies may share your Personal Information with each other to make sure your experience is as seamless as possible, and you have the benefit of what TTL has to offer.

[132] . Customers and Users should be aware that TTL affiliates and non-TTL companies that perform services on behalf of TTL may be located outside the country where customers access TTL's services. As a result, when customer Personal Information is shared with or processed by such entities, it may be accessible to government authorities according to the laws of those jurisdictions.

[133] . TTL has implemented appropriate security controls to protect Personal Information when stored or transmitted by TTL. It has established electronic and administrative safeguards designed to secure the information it collects, to prevent unauthorized access to or disclosure of that information and to ensure it is used appropriately. Some examples of those safeguards include: All TTL employees are subject to the internal Code of Business Conduct. The TTL Code requires all employees to follow the laws, rules, regulations, court and/or commission orders that apply to TTL's business such as legal requirements and company policies on the privacy of communications and the security and privacy of Customer records. Employees who fail to meet the standards embodied in the Code of Business Conduct are subject to disciplinary action, up to and including dismissal. TTL has implemented technology and security features and strict policy guidelines to safeguard the privacy of customer Personal Information. TTL has implemented encryption or other appropriate security controls to protect Personal Information when stored or transmitted by it; TTL limits access to Personal Information to those employees, contractors, and agents who need access to such information to operate, develop, or improve its services and products; TTL requires caller/online authentication before providing Account Information so that only the customer or someone who knows the customer's account Information will be able to access or change the information.

[134] . See << http://www.tatateleservices.com/download/aboutus/ttml/TTML-Annual-Report-2012-13.pdf >>

[135] . See << https://www.vodafone.in/pages/privacy_policy.aspx?cid=ker >>

[136] . "We have created this Privacy Policy to help you understand how we collect, use and protect your information when you visit our web and WAP sites and use our products and services."

[137] . Vodafone may hold information relating to customers that have been provided (such as on an application or registration form) or that it may has obtained from another source (such as its suppliers or from marketing organisations and credit agencies).

This information may include, amongst other things, a customer's name, address, telephone numbers, information on how a customer uses Vodafone's products and services (such as the type, date, time, location and duration of calls or messages, the numbers called and how much a customer spends, and information on his/her browsing activity when visiting one of Vodafone's group companies' websites), the location of a customer's mobile phone from time to time, lifestyle information and any other information collected in relation to his/her use of Vodafone's products and services ("information").

It may use cookies and other interactive techniques such as web beacons to collect non-personal information about how a customer interacts with its website, and web-related products and services.

It may use a persistent cookie to record details such as a unique user identity and general registration details on your PC. Vodafone states that most browser technology (such as Internet Explorer, Netscape etc) allows one to choose whether to accept cookies or not - a customer can either refuse all cookies or set their browser to alert them each time that a website tries to set a cookie.

[138] . In case of any concerns the privacy officer can be contacted at privacyofficer@vodafone.com. Additionally details of the Grievance Redressal Officers is provided via the TRAI website. (TRAI website: http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/ConsumerGroup/Document/2013072341567851124Vodafone_CC_AA-23072013.pdf _

[139] . The information that Vodafone collects from customers is held in accordance with applicable laws and regulations in India. It may be used by us for a number of purposes connected with its business operations and functions, which include:

2.1 Processing customer orders or applications;

2.2 Carrying out credit checking and scoring (unless Vodafone have agreed otherwise);

2.3 Providing the customer with products and/or services requested (including the presentation or elimination of calling or connected line identification) or administering his/her account;

2.4 Billing

2.5 Settling accounts with those who provide related services to Vodafone;

2.6 Dealing with requests, enquiries or complaints and other customer care related activities; and all other general administrative and business purposes;

2.7 Carrying out market and product analysis and marketing Vodafone and its group companies' products and services generally;

2.8 Contacting a customer (including by post, email, fax, short text message (SMS), pager or telephone) about Vodafone and its group companies' products and services and the products and services of carefully selected third parties which it think may be of interest to customers (unless a customer asks us in writing not to). Electronic marketing messages may not include a marketing facility.

2.9 Registering customer details and allocating or offering rewards, discounts or other benefits and fulfilling any requests that a customer may have in respect of our and our group companies' schemes.

2.10 inclusion in any telephone or similar directory or directory enquiry service provided or operated by us or by a third party (subject to any objection or preference a customer may have indicated to us in writing);

2.11 carrying out any activity in connection with a legal, governmental or regulatory requirement on Vodafone or in connection with legal proceedings, crime or fraud prevention, detection or prosecution;

2.12 carrying out activities connected with the running of Vodafone's business such as personnel training, quality control, network monitoring, testing and maintenance of computer and other systems and in connection with the transfer of any part of Vodafone's business with respect to a customer or a potential customer.

[140] . In the need for disclosure to third parties, the personal information will only be disclosed to the third parties below:

3.1 Vodafone's group companies who may in India use and disclose your information for the same purposes as us;

3.2 those who provide to Vodafone or its group companies products or services that support the services that we provide, such as our dealers and suppliers;

3.3 credit reference agencies (unless Vodafone has agreed otherwise) who may share your information with other organisations and who may keep a record of the searches Vodafone makes against a customer's name;

3.4 if someone else pays a customer's bill, such as a customer's employer, that person;

3.5 those providing telephone and similar directories or directory enquiry services

3.6 anyone Vodafone transfers business to in respect of which a person is a customer or a potential customer;

3.7 anyone who assists Vodafone in protecting the operation of the Vodafone India networks and systems, including the use of monitoring and detection in order to identify potential threats, such as hacking and virus dissemination and other security vulnerabilities;

3.8 persons to whom Vodafone may be required to pass customer information by reason of legal, governmental or regulatory authority including law enforcement agencies and emergency services;

3.9 any person or organisation as authorised by laws and regulations applicable in India.

If a customer has opted in to receiving marketing material from Vodafone, it may also provide customer's personal information to carefully selected third parties who we reasonably believe provide products or services that may be of interest to customers and who have contracted with Vodafone India to keep the information confidential, or who are subject to obligations to protect your personal information.

To opt-out of receiving Vodafone marketing materials,customers can send a 'Do Not Disturb' message to Vodafone. If a customer wishes to use Vodafone products or services abroad, his/her information may be transferred outside India to that country. Vodafone's websites and those of its group companies may also be based on servers located outside of India.

[141] . Vodafone takes reasonable steps to ensure that the personal information it collects, uses or discloses is accurate, complete, up-to-date and stored in a secure environment protected from unauthorized access, modification or disclosure.

Vodafone makes every effort to maintain the security of our internet connections; however for reasons outside of our control, security risks may still arise. Any personal information transmitted to it or from its online products or services will be at a customer's own risk, however, it will use its best efforts to ensure that any such information remains secure. Vodafone cannot protect any information that a customer makes available to the general public - for example, on message boards or in chat rooms.

Vodafone may use cookies and other interactive techniques such as web beacons to collect non-personal information about how a customer interacts.

[142] . See <http://www.vodafone.com>

[143] . See < http://www.vodafone.com/content/sustainability/operating_responsibly/privacy_and_security.html >

[144] . http://www.aircel.com/AircelWar/appmanager/aircel/karnataka?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=P26400194591312373872061 (Scope - This Privacy Policy has been created to help customer's understand how Aircel collects, uses and protects customer information when one visits its web and WAP sites and use its products and services.)

[145] . This information may include, amongst other things, customer's name, father's name, mother's name, spouse's name, date of birth, address, telephone numbers, mobile phone number, email address, occupation and information contained in the documents used as proof of identity and proof of address. Aircel may also hold information related to utilization of its services. This may include customer call records, browsing history while surfing Aircel's website, location details and additional information provided by customer while using our services.

Aircel may keep a log of the activities performed by a customer on its websites by using various internet techniques such as web cookies, web beacons, server log files, etc.

Aircel may use cookies and other interactive techniques such as web beacons to collect non-personal information about how customers interact with Aircel's website, and web-related products and services

Aircel may use a persistent cookie to record details such as a unique user identity and general registration details on customer's Personal Computers.

[146] . In case a customer does not provide information or consent for usage of personal information or later on withdraw consent for usage of the personal information so collected, Aircel reserves the right to discontinue the services for which the said information was sought.

[147] . In case of any feedback or concern regarding protection of personal information, customers can contact Aircel's Circle Care ID. Alternatively, one may also direct your privacy-related feedback or concerns to the Circle Nodal Officer. (e.g. - Delhi Circle Nodal details are as mentioned below):

1. Name: Moushumi De

Contact Number: 9716199209

E-mail: nodalofficer.delhi@aircel.co.in

Further it provides for a general customer grievance redressal mechanism

Additionally details of the Grievance Redressal Officers is provided via the TRAI website.

To resolve all concerns, Aircel has established a 2-tier complaint handling mechanism. Level I: Our Customer Touch Points As an Aircel customer you have the convenience to contact at Customer Interface Points via email, post or telephone. Level II - Appellate AuthorityDespite the best efforts put by Aircel's executive, if a customer is still not satisfied with the resolution provided then he/she may submit his/her concern to the Appellate Authority of the circle. Comments - However this information contradicts the mechanism provided under Aircel's Manual of Practice for handling Consumer Complaints which provides for a 3-tier complaint handling mechanism.

[According to the DoT - The earlier three-tier complaint redressal mechanism - Call center, Nodal Center and Appellate Authority, has been replaced by a two-tier one by doing away with the level of Nodal Officer. This is because the Complaint Centres are essentially registration and response centres and do not deal with the resolution of complaints. They only facilitate registration of consumer complaint and the level at which a problem is resolved within a company depends upon the complexity of the issue involved.]

[148] . It may be used by us for a number of purposes connected with our business operations and functions, which include:

1. Processing customer orders or applications.

2. Carrying out credit checking and scoring (unless agreed otherwise).

3. Providing customers with products and/or services requested (including the presentation or elimination of calling or connected line identification) or administering a customer's account.

4. Billing (unless there exists another agreed method).

5. Settling accounts with those who provide related services to Aircel.

6. Dealing with requests, enquiries or complaints and other customer care related activities; and all other general administrative and business purposes.

7. Carrying out market and product analysis and marketing our and our group companies' products and services generally.

8. Contacting customers (including by post, email, fax, short text message (SMS), pager or telephone) about Aircel and its group companies' products and services and the products and services of carefully selected third parties which it think may be of interest to a customer (unless a customer says 'no' in writing). Electronic messages need not have an unsubscribe facility.

9. Registering customer details and allocating or offering rewards, discounts or other benefits and fulfilling any requests that customers may have in respect of Aircel and its group companies' loyalty or reward programmes and other similar schemes.

10. Inclusion in any telephone or similar directory or directory enquiry service provided or operated by Aircel or by a third party (subject to any objection or preference a customer may have indicated in writing).

11. Carrying out any activity in connection with a legal, governmental or regulatory requirement on Aircel or in connection with legal proceedings, crime or fraud prevention, detection or prosecution.

12. Carrying out activities connected with the running of business such as personnel training, quality control, network monitoring, testing and maintenance of computer and other systems and in connection with the transfer of any part of Aircel's business with respect to a customer or potential customer. Aircel may use cookies and other interactive techniques such as web beacons to collect non-personal information about how customers interact with our website, and web-related products and services, to:

● Understand what a customer likes and uses about Aircel's website.

● Provide a more enjoyable, customised service and experience

Aircel may use a persistent cookie to record details such as a unique user identity and general registration details on your Personal Computer.

[149] . Where Aircel needs to disclose your information to third parties, such third parties will be:

1. Group companies who may use and disclose your information for the same purposes as us.

2. Those who provide to Aircel or its group companies products or services that support the services that we provide, such as our dealers and suppliers.

3. Credit reference agencies (unless we have agreed otherwise) who may share your information with other organisations and who may keep a record of the searches Aircel make against your name.

4. If someone else pays a customer's bill, such as an employer.

5. Those providing telephone and similar directories or directory enquiry services.

6. Anyone Aircel transfers its business to in respect of which you are a customer or a potential customer.

7. Anyone who assists Aircel in protecting the operation of the Aircel networks and systems, including the use of monitoring and detection in order to identify potential threats, such as hacking and virus dissemination and other security vulnerabilities.

8. Persons to whom Aircel may be required to pass customer information by reason of legal, governmental or regulatory authority including law enforcement agencies and emergency services. If a customer has opted in to receiving marketing material from Aircel, it may also provide personal information to carefully selected third parties who it reasonably believes to provide products or services that may be of interest to customers and who have contracted with Aircel to keep the information confidential, or who are subject to obligations to protect customer personal information.

[150] . We adopt reasonable security practices and procedures to include, technical, operational, managerial and physical security control measures in order to protect your personal information from unauthorized access, or disclosure while it is under our control.Our security practices and procedures limit access to personal information on need to know basis. Further, our employees, to the extent they may have limited access to your personal information on need to know basis, are bound by Code of Conduct and Confidentiality Policies which obligate them to protect the confidentiality of personal informationWe take adequate steps to ensure that our third parties adopt reasonable level of security practices and procedures to ensure security of personal information

We may retain your personal information for as long as required to provide you with services or if otherwise required under any law. We, however assure you that Aircel does not disclose your personal information to unaffiliated third parties (parties outside Aircel corporate network and its Strategic and Business Partners) which could lead to invasion of your privacy

When we dispose off your personal information, we use reasonable procedures to erase it or render it unreadable (for example, shredding documents and wiping electronic media).

We will take reasonable steps to ensure that the personal information we collect, use or disclose is accurate, complete, up-to-date and stored in a secure environment protected from unauthorised access, modification or disclosure. We use a variety of security technologies and procedures to help protect your personal information from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure. For example, we store the personal information you provide on computer systems with limited access, which are located in controlled facilities. When we transmit highly confidential information (such as a credit card number or password) over the Internet, we protect it through the use of encryption, such as the Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocol. If a password is used to help protect your accounts and personal information, it is your responsibility to keep your password confidential. Do not share this information with anyone. If you are sharing a computer with anyone you should always log out before leaving a site or service to protect access to your information from subsequent users.

We make every effort to maintain the security of our internet connections; however for reasons outside of our control, security risks may still arise. Any personal information transmitted to us or from our online products or services will therefore be your own risk, however we will use our best efforts to ensure that any such information remains secure.

[151] . http://www.acttv.in/index.php/privacy-policy

[152] . "When you register, we ask for information such as your name, email address, birth date, gender, zip code, occupation, industry, and personal interests.

The Company collects information about your transactions with us and with some of our business partners, including information about your use of products and services that we offer."

[153] . Not provided for on the TRAI website as ACT is not a telecom.

[154] . The Company can use information for the following general purposes: to customize the advertising and content you see, fulfill your requests for products and services, improve our services, contact you, conduct research, and provide anonymous reporting for internal and external clients.

The Company collects personal information when you register with the Company, when you use the Company products or services, when you visit the Company pages or the pages of certain partners of the Company. The Company may combine information about you that we have, with information we obtain from business partners or other companies. The Company shall have the right to pass on the same to its business associates, franchisees without referring the same to you.

[155] . Aircel provide the information to trusted partners who work on behalf of or with the Company under confidentiality agreements. These companies may use customer personal information to help the Company communicate about offers from the Company and marketing partners.

Aircel believe it is necessary to share information in order to investigate, prevent, or take action regarding illegal activities, suspected fraud, situations involving potential threats to the physical safety of any person, violations of the Company's terms of use, or as otherwise required by law.

Aircel transfer information about a customer if the Company is acquired by or merged with another company under a different management. In this event, the Company will notify a customer before information about a customer is transferred and becomes subject to a different privacy policy.

The Company plans to display targeted advertisements based on personal information. Advertisers (including ad serving companies) may assume that people who interact with, view, or click on targeted ads meet the targeting criteria - for example, women ages 18-24 from a particular geographic area.

The Company will not provide any personal information to the advertiser when customers interact with or view a targeted ad. However, by interacting with or viewing an ad a customer consents to the possibility that the advertiser will make the assumption that he/she meets the targeting criteria used to display the ad.

[156] . Rule 8.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/a-study-of-the-privacy-policies-of-indian-service-providers-and-the-43a-rules

December 2014 Bulletin

praskrishna — 2015-01-12T16:56:54Z

The Centre for Internet & Society (CIS) wishes you a very happy new year and welcomes you to the twelfth issue of the newsletter (December 2014).

Highlights

CIS prepared a policy brief that identifies the problem areas with the current work flow being used to publish documents and proposes suitable modifications to make them easy to locate, authentic and accessible.
NVDA team conducted two workshops. The first one was held at the Hyderabad Central University for reading and writing in Telugu. The second one was held at the Blind Empowerment Foundation in Kolkata for reading and writing in Bangla.

Nehaa Chaudhari participated in the 29^th WIPO-SCCR held in Geneva from December 8 to 12, 2014 and on behalf of CIS gave statements on the Proposed Treaty for the Protection of Broadcasting Organizations , Limitations and Exceptions for Education, Teaching, Research Institutions and Persons with Disabilities , made a brief pointed intervention on the Broadcast Treaty , and briefly interviewed Prof. Crews on his Updated Study on Limitations and Exceptions for Libraries and Archives .
Nehaa Chaudhari analyses the broadening of definitions/concepts in the Proposed Broadcast Treaty versus those in pre-existing international instruments.
Maggie Huang, an intern at CIS as part of the Pervasive Technologies projects conducted interviews with fabless semiconductor industry professionals in Taiwan. The findings are highlighted in two separate blog entries. The first one explores some of their views on the current intellectual property system and the second explores the tension between market forces and governmental intervention in providing access to mobile technology .
Tejaswini Niranjana, a distinguished fellow at CIS wrote an op-ed in the Hindu telling readers to see the ongoing Sanskrit versus German controversy as a welcome opportunity to discuss the real and persistent problems of our education system.
Vidushi Marda and Bhairav Acharya have co-authored a white paper that seeks to identify aspects of privacy in Islamic Law and demonstrate that the notion of privacy was recognized and protected in traditional Islamic law.
Ashna Ashesh and Bhairav Acharya have produced a white paper seeks to locate privacy in Classical Hindu Law, and by doing so, displace the notion that privacy is an inherently 'Western' concept that is the product of a modernist legal system.
Vipul Kharbanda authored a white paper establishing the relationship between privacy and confidentiality.
Geetha Hariharan in a blog entry examines the constitutional validity of Section 69A and the Blocking Rules.
Shyam Ponappa in an article published by the Business Standard writes that India's current policies for telecommunications don't serve our interests and tells readers what must change.

Accessibility and Inclusion

►NVDA and eSpeak

Monthly Update

December 2014 Report (Suman Dogra; December 30, 2014).

Events Organized

Telugu eSpeak Training with NVDA (Organized by NVDA team; Hyderabad Central University, Hyderabad; December 1-2, 2014).
Bangla eSpeak training with NVDA (Organized by NVDA team; Blind Empowerment Foundation, Kolkata; December 19-20, 2014).

Upcoming Event

Training in Use of eSpeak with Malayalam (Co-organized by CIS, DAISY Forum of India and Chakshumathi Assistive Technology Centre; Trivandrum; January 24 - 25, 2015, Trivandrum).

►Other

Blog Entry

Availability and Accessibility of Government Information in Public Domain (Sunil Abraham, Nirmita Narasimhan, Beliappa, and Anandhi Viswanathan; December 9, 2014).

Participation in Event

First meeting of the high level committee on National Policy on Universal Electronic Accessibility (Organized by the Department of Electronics and Information Technology; December 30, 2014; New Delhi). Sunil Abraham participated in this meeting.

Media Coverage

When technology is able but the mindset is not (Governance Now; December 1-15 issue). Sunil Abraham and Nirmita Narasimhan gave their inputs.

Access to Knowledge

►Pervasive Technologies

Blog Entries

[Open] Innovation and Expertise > Patent Protection & Trolls in a Broken Patent Regime (Maggie Huang; December 26, 2014).
"Copyright Management in the Age of Mobile Music" - Living Methodology Document (Maggie Huang; December 26, 2014).

►Other

Blog Entries

Nehaa Chaudhari attended the 29^th WIPO-SCCR held in Geneva from December 8 to 12. The following are the outputs:

29th Session of the WIPO SCCR: CIS Intervention on the Proposed Treaty for the Protection of Broadcasting Organizations (Nehaa Chaudhari; December 9, 2014).
29th Session of the WIPO SCCR: CIS- 2nd (brief) Intervention on the Broadcast Treaty (Nehaa Chaudhari; December 11, 2014).
The Broadening of Definitions in the Proposed Broadcast Treaty Compared to Other International Conventions (Nehaa Chaudhari; December 11, 2014).
29th Session of the WIPO SCCR: CIS Intervention: Questions to Prof. Kenneth Crews on his Updated Study on Limitations and Exceptions for Libraries and Archives (Nehaa Chaudhari; December 14, 2014).
29th Session of the WIPO SCCR: Statement on the Limitations and Exceptions for Education, Teaching, Research Institutions and Persons with Disabilities (Nehaa Chaudhari; December 20, 2014).
Protection of Broadcasting Organisations under the Proposed Treaty as Compared to Other International Conventions (Nehaa Chaudhari; December 21, 2014).

Participation in Event

Save the Date - 10 December 2014: The Broadcasting Treaty: A Solution in Search of a Problem? (Organized at WIPO; December 10, 2014). Nehaa Chaudhari was a speaker at this side event. The details were originally published by Knowledge Ecology International.

Media Coverage

SCCR 29: Public Interest Organizations Statements regarding the Broadcasting Treaty (Knowledge Ecology International; December 9, 2014).
SCCR 29 Libraries, Archives and Public Interest NGOs in Q&A with Dr. Crews (Knowledge Ecology International; December 11, 2014).
At WIPO, Study On Copyright Exceptions Stimulates Broad Discussion With Author (Catherine Saez; December 18, 2014).
WIPO Delegates Hear Concerns of NGOs on Exceptions for Libraries (Catherine Saez; IP Watch ; December 19, 2014).

►Wikipedia

Newspaper Article

Beyond the Language Tussle (Tejaswini Niranjana; The Samaja, November 17, 2014).

Blog Entries

Odia Wikisource campus project at Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences (Subhashish Panigrahi; December 3, 2014).
Several Publications Now Available under Creative Commons License (Subhashish Panigrahi; December 28, 2014).
Odia Wikisource workshop at New Delhi (Subhashish Panigrahi; December 30, 2014). The event was organized by CIS in collaboration with "The Intellects" on December 14.

News and Media Coverage

CIS-A2K team gave its inputs to the following media coverage:

Odia Wikipedia (Dhatri; December 1, 2014).
Odia Wikipedia (Odiapua; December 1, 2014).
Access to Rare Books Made Easy (Diana Sahu; Indian Express; December 5, 2014).
Tulu Wikipedia gets some push (Hindu Businessline; December 13, 2014).
Tulu Wikipedia (Kannada Prabha; December 14, 2014).
Tulu Wikipedia (Vijaya Karnataka; December 15, 2014).
Tulu Wikipedia (VijayaVani; December 27, 2014).
Works of Veerasalingam Pantulu on web (Hans India; December 31, 2014).
Wiki Winter Camp - Coverage in Sakshi (Sakshi; December 31, 2014).
Wiki Winter Camp - Coverage in Eenadu (Eenadu; December 31, 2014).

Event Co-organized

Odia Wikisource Sabha 2014 (Co-organized by CIS-A2K and Odia Wikimedia Community; November 28, 2014). Subhashish Panigrahi participated in the event.

Participation in Events

ICT for Development (Organized by Christ University; December 3, 2014). Dr. U.B. Pavanaja was a speaker at this event.
Swatantra 2014: Fifth International Free Software Conference, Kerala (Organized by ICFOSS, Govt. of Kerala; Hotel Hycinth by Sparsa, Trivandrum; December 18 - 20, 2014). T. Vishnu Vardhan chaired a session on Wikimedia and Access to Knowledge in India and Rahimanuddin Shaik co-presented on Making DLI Accessible.

►Openness

Blog Entry

Department of Science and Technology & Department of Biotechnology adopt Open Access Policy (Anubha Sinha; December 29, 2014).

Participation in Events

Tech for Citizen Engagement 2014 (Organized by Omidyar Network; New Delhi; December 11, 2014). Sunil Abraham was a speaker in the session "Rules of Engagement: Emerging Trends in Citizen Outreach".
Swatantra 2014: Fifth International Free Software Conference, Kerala (Organized by ICFOSS, Govt. of Kerala; Hotel Hycinth by Sparsa, Trivandrum; December 18 - 20, 2014). Prof. Subbiah Arunachalam was a speaker and made a presentation on Open Science.

Internet Governance

►Privacy

As part of our Surveillance and Freedom: Global Understandings and Rights Development (SAFEGUARD) project with Privacy International we are engaged in enhancing respect for the right to privacy in developing countries. During the month we published the following blog entries:

White Papers

Locating Constructs of Privacy within Classical Hindu Law (Ashna Ashesh and Bhairav Acharya; December 29, 2014).
Relationship between Privacy and Confidentiality (Vipul Kharbanda; December 30, 2014).

Blog Entry

Identifying Aspects of Privacy in Islamic Law (Vidushi Marda and Bhairav Acharya; December 14, 2014).

Upcoming Events

Security, Governments, and Data: Technology and Policy (Co-organized by CIS and the Observer Research Foundation; January 8, 2015; New Delhi).
CPDP 2015 : The eighth international conference on computers, privacy and data protection will be held in Brussels from January 21 to 23, 2015. CIS is a moral supporter of CPDP.

Event Organized

Security and Surveillance: A public discussion on Optimizing Security while Safeguarding Human Rights (CIS; December 19, 2014).

►Free Speech

Under a grant from the MacArthur Foundation, CIS is doing research on the restrictions placed on freedom of expression online by the Indian government and contribute studies, reports and policy briefs to feed into the ongoing debates at the national as well as international level. As part of the project we bring you the following outputs:

Blog Entries

ICANN reveals hitherto undisclosed details of domain names revenues (Geetha Hariharan; December 8, 2014).
Revolving Door Analysis: IANA Stewardship Transition Coordination Group (Lakshmi Venkataraman; December 10, 2014).
Is India's website-blocking law constitutional? - I. Law & procedure (Geetha Hariharan; December 11, 2014).

►Other

Participation in Event

National Seminar on Cyber Security & Cyber Laws - Issues and Concerns (Organized by the Advanced Centre for Research, Development & Training in Cyber Laws & Forensics; National Law School of India University, Bangalore; December 27 - 28, 2014). Sharath Chandra Ram was part of a plenary session on "Multi-Disciplinary Challenges in Ensuring Cyber Security".

Blog Entries

Overview of the Constitutional Challenges to the IT Act (Pranesh Prakash; December 15, 2014).
Reply to RTI filed with BSNL regarding Network Neutrality and Throttling (Tarun Krishnakumar; December 22, 2014).

---------------------------------
News & Media Coverage
---------------------------------
CIS gave its inputs to the following media coverage:

India sees biggest improvement in Internet freedom, says report (Moulishree Srivastava; Livemint; December 5, 2014).
Are Cab Apps safe? (IBN Live; December 8, 2014).
FrndiNeed; an app for passengers' safety (Athira A. Nair; Economic Times; December 10, 2014).
Thank You To Our 2014 Sponsors (Medianama; December 22, 2014).
Why did India fail to discover the ISIS Twitter handle? (Anita Babu; Business Standard; December 26, 2014).
Targeting surveillance (Ajai Sreevatsan; The Hindu; December 28, 2014).
Centre blocks 32 websites for security reasons, restores some later (S. Ronendra Singh; Hindu Businessline; December 31, 2014).
DoT Reportedly Orders Blocking of 32 Websites Including GitHub, Archive.org, SourceForge (NDTV; December 31, 2014).
Govt blocks 32 websites, including Vimeo and Github (Moulishree Srivastava; Livemint; December 31, 2014).
Vimeo, DailyMotion, Pastebin Among Sites Blocked In India For 'Anti-India' Content From ISIS (Jeff Stone; IB Times; December 31, 2014).
Pastebin, Dailymotion, Github blocked after DoT order: Report (Anupam Saxena; The Times of India; December 31, 2014).

Telecom

CIS is involved in promoting access and accessibility to telecommunications services and resources and has provided inputs to ongoing policy discussions and consultation papers published by TRAI. It has prepared reports on unlicensed spectrum and accessibility of mobile phones for persons with disabilities and also works with the USOF to include funding projects for persons with disabilities in its mandate:

Newspaper Column

A Road Map for Digital India (Shyam Ponappa; Business Standard; December 3, 2014 and Organizing India Blogspot; December 4, 2014).

Digital Humanities

Blog Entry

The Spaces of Digital (P.P.Sneha; December 30, 2014).

About CIS

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Visit us at: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/India_Access_To_Knowledge
E-mail: a2k@cis-india.org

► Support Us

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For more details visit https://cis-india.org/about/newsletters/december-2014-bulletin

Targeting surveillance

praskrishna — 2014-12-30T14:10:58Z

In the fall of 2005, Scotland Yard raided a flat in west London and arrested a suspected al-Qaeda militant known by a teasing Arabic nickname, Irhabi (“Terrorist”) 007.

The article by Ajai Sreevatsan was published in the Hindu on December 28, 2014. Sunil Abraham gave his inputs.

The similarities between Irhabi 007, later identified as Younis Tsouli, and India’s Mehdi Masoor Biswas are uncanny.

Neither participated in any terror attack. Their reputation stems from an alleged involvement as cyber propagandists for proto-terror groups — Irhabi was distributing manuals and teaching online seminars on behalf of the emerging al-Qaeda faction in Iraq, while Mehdi is alleged to be an IS sympathiser. Both in their early 20s with cover identities during the day, and separated by a decade in technological evolution.

Such expertise within terror groups is hardly surprising, says Sunil Abraham of the Centre for Internet and Society. “Any organisation engaged in a war for hearts and minds and oil fields will exploit contemporary technology to its fullest potential,” he says.

Irhabi currently serves a 16-year jail term, while Mehdi awaits his trial. What their cases highlight is that the phenomenon of young, tech-savvy armchair radicals is nothing new.

Research done at Israel’s Haifa University, which tracks the proliferation of terrorist websites, shows that the number of such sites went up from fewer than 100 in the late-1990s to more than 4,800 in just a decade. There is also credible evidence that an al-Qaeda website posted a sketched-out proposal for the 2004 Madrid bombings three months before the attack. Another macabre example is the crowd-sourcing effort launched in 2005 by the Victorious Army Group to build its website. By the competition’s rules, the winner would get to fire a rocket at an American base.

As Indian agencies gear up to respond to similar online threats in this part of the world, Mr. Abraham says India should not repeat the mistakes made by the West over the previous decade. “We should not get caught up in big data surveillance,” he says.

“Surveillance is like salt. It could be counter-productive even if slightly in excess. Ideally, surveillance must be targeted. Indiscriminate surveillance just increases the size of the haystack, making it difficult to find the needles,” Mr. Abraham says.

“Even in the case of Mehdi, his identity was uncovered not by online spying but by Channel 4 which did some old-fashioned detective work,” he says.

In any case, recent events show that the threat of online terror propaganda might be overblown. Much like online activism, it is subject to the law of diminishing returns.

A set of letters sent by newly recruited volunteers of IS was leaked to the French newspaper Le Figaro earlier this month and it shows youngsters complaining about being made to do the dishes or the Iraqi winter. One of them wrote: “I’m fed up to the back teeth. My iPod no longer works out here. I have got to come home.” Of the estimated 1,100 young French who are believed to have joined the IS, more than 100 have already returned.

The IS may have Twitter on its side. But the harsh realities of Iraq and the gruesome ideology behind the slick doctrinal videos are a lot harder to sell.

Mr. Abraham says there is no such thing as a Twitter revolution or a social media terror group. “Such statements underestimate the role of ideology and human beings,” he says.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/the-hindu-december-28-2014-ajai-sreevatsan-targeting-surveillance

Why did India fail to discover the ISIS Twitter handle?

praskrishna — 2014-12-27T03:27:16Z

India's surveillance system fails to track the servers of internet giants like Google or Facebook because these do not have servers in the country, says a leading cyber law expert.

The article by Anita Babu was published in the Business Standard on December 26, 2014. Sunil Abraham gave his inputs.

Back in 2009, after the investigation team, probing into the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks, almost cracked the case, it was the US’s Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) which connected the missing links by arresting David Headley, the mastermind.

Five years later, India is staring at a similar situation, when Bengaluru-based Mehdi Masroor Biswas, was allegedly found to be operating a pro-ISIS (Islamic State) Twitter handle. It was a British broadcaster, Channel 4, which blew the lid off Biswas’s activity. Soon after the report, Indian authorities swung into action. Last year, when communal violence broke out in some parts of Uttar Pradesh, a Pakistani news organisation reported that a fake video was being circulated to fan sentiments.

But, why have Indian agencies failed to detect such activities which pose a threat to the national security? A senior government official said intelligence agencies in the country scan the internet for leads. But, in the light of increased threats, systems need to be beefed up significantly. Perhaps, as a first step towards this, the home ministry on Wednesday formed a committee to prepare a road map for tackling cyber crimes in the country.

It will give suitable recommendations on all facets of cyber crime, apart from suggesting possible partnerships with public and private sector, non-governmental organisations and international bodies.

According to Sunil Abraham, executive director of a Bengaluru-based research organisation, the Centre for Internet and Society, it’s time we move closer towards intelligent and targeted surveillance, rather than mass surveillance. This will require monitoring a selected accounts or profiles, instead of tapping information from across the population. Old-fashioned detective work is also very important, as it has helped zero in on Biswas.

Another problem the country faces is that a lot of data is being pooled in by multiple agencies, but of little use. “We must free up our law enforcement agencies and intelligence services from the curse of having too much data,” Abraham adds. Since most of the internet companies are headquartered outside India, the authorities face a lot of difficulties in accessing information from these networks.

“India’s surveillance system fails to track the servers of internet giants like Google or Facebook because these do not have servers in the country. Our system is only confined within the country,” says Pavan Duggal, a leading cyber law expert.

Since the US has the capability to access information from telecom companies, service providers such as Twitter and Facebook and the consortia that run submarine cables, these companies cooperate in a much more effective and immediate manner, adds Abraham. “But these are things that we will never be able to do in India,” he adds.

For instance, India follows the mutual legal assistance treaty procedure, to gather and exchange information in an effort to enforce public laws or criminal laws. However, this is a time-consuming process and often takes up to two years before we get any data from these companies.

But due to the threat of cyber-terrorism being shared by both companies and governments, companies such as Google, Twitter and Facebook are cooperating more than before, experts say.

Internet and Jurisdiction Project, an international group that works towards ensuring digital coexistence, tries to get a procedural law between two countries in a harmonised manner and includes collection, storage, handling and processing of evidence.

More lubricating efforts should be undertaken internationally on these lines, say experts. Hopefully, the new committee will take steps in this direction.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/business-standard-december-26-2014-anita-babu-why-india-failed-to-discover-the-isis-twitter-handle

Security, Governments, and Data: Technology and Policy

elonnai — 2014-12-24T08:06:59Z

The Centre for Internet & Society and the Observer Research Foundation invite you to a one day conference on January 8, 2015 in New Delhi.

About the Conference

The conference will focus on the technologies, policies, and practices around cyber security and surveillance. The conference will reach out to a number of key stakeholders including civil society, industry, government, and academia and explore the present scenario in India to reflect on ways forward.

Conference Context

Ensuring the security of the India’s cyber space is a complex, challenging, and ever changing responsibility that the government is tasked with. Doing so effectively requires a number of factors to come together in a harmonized strategy including: laws & policies, technical capabilities, markets, and a skilled workforce. It also requires collaboration on multiple levels including with foreign governments, domestic and foreign industry, and law enforcement. The first of these is particularly important given the ability of attackers to penetrate across borders and the global nature of data. Any strategy developed by India must be proactive and reactive – evolving defences to prevent a potential threat and applying tactics to respond to a real time threat. To do so, the government of India must legally have the powers to take action and must have the technical capability to do so. Yet, many of these powers and technical capabilities require a degree of intrusion into the lives of citizens and residents of India through means such as surveillance. Thus, such measures must be considered in light of principles of proportionality and necessity, and legal safeguards are needed to protect against the violation of privacy. Furthermore, a principle of optimization must be considered i.e, how much surveillance achieves the most amount of security and how can this security be achieved with the optimal mix of technology, policy and enforcement.

Panel Descriptions

Challenges & Present Scenario

Protecting and enhancing the cyber security of India is a complex and dynamic responsibility. The challenge of securing cyber space is magnified by the demarcated nature of the internet, the multiplicity of vulnerabilities that can be exploited at the national level, the magnitude of infrastructure damage possible from a cyber attack, and the complexity of application of a jurisdiction’s law to a space that is technologically borderless. A comprehensive ‘cyber security’ ecosystem is required to address such challenges – one that involves technology, skills, and capabilities – including surveillance capabilities. The Government of India has taken numerous steps to address and resolve such challenges. In July 2013, the National Cyber Security Policy was published for the purpose of creating an enabling framework for the protection of India’s cyber security. In February 2014, the 52^nd Standing Committee on Information Technology issued a report assessing the implementation of this policy – in which they found that a number of areas needed strengthening. The Government of India has also proposed the establishment of a number of centres focused on cyber security – such as the National Cyber Coordination Center and the National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre. CERT-IN, under the Department of Electronics and Information Technology is presently the body responsible for overseeing and enforcing cyber security in India, while other bodies such as the Resource Centre for Cyber Forensic and TERM cells under the Department of Telecommunications play critical roles in overseeing and undertaking capabilities related to cyber security.

Law & Policy

India has five statutes regulating the collection and use of data for surveillance purposes. These laws define circumstances on which the government is justified in accessing and collecting real time and stored data as well as procedural safeguards they must adhere to when doing so. The Department of Telecommunications has also issued the Unified Access License which, among other things, mandates service providers to provide technical support to enable such collection. The Indian judicial system has also provided a number of Rulings that set standards for the access, collection, and use of data as well as defining limitations and safeguards that must be respected in doing so. The draft Privacy Bill 2011, released by the Department of Personnel and Training, also contained provisions addressing surveillance in the context of interception and the use of electronic video recording devices. In the Report of the Group of Experts on Privacy, the AP Shah Committee found that the legal regime for surveillance in India was not harmonized and lacked safeguards. Furthermore, in the era where the direct collection of large volumes of data is easily possible, there is a growing need to re-visit questions about the legitimate and proportionate collection and use (particularly as evidence) of such data. Questions are also arising about the applicability of standards and safeguards to the state. At a global level, catalyzed by the leaks by Edward Snowden, there has been a strong push for governments to review and structure their surveillance regimes to ensure that they are in line with international human rights standards.

Architecture & Technology

India is in the process of architecting a number of initiatives that seek to enable the collection and sharing of intelligence such as the CMS, NATGRID, and NETRA. At a regional level, the Ministry of Home Affairs is in the process of implementing ‘Mega Policing Cities’ which include the instalment of CCTV’s and centralized access to crime related information. Globally, law enforcement and governments are beginning to take advantage of the possibilities created by ‘Big Data’ and ‘open source’ policing. The architecture and technology behind any surveillance and cyber security initiative are key to its success. Intelligently and appropriately designed projects and technology can also minimize the possibility of intrusions into the private lives of citizens. Strong access controls, decentralized architecture, and targeted access are all principles that can be incorporated into the architecture and technology behind a project or initiative. At the same time, the technology or process around a project can serve as the ‘weakest link’ – as it is vulnerable to attacks and tampering. Such possibilities raise concerns about the use of foreign technology and dependencies on foreign governments and companies.

International and Domestic Markets

Globally, the security market is growing – with companies offering a range of services and products that facilitate surveillance and can be used towards enhancing cyber security. In India, the security market is also growing with studies predicting that it will reach $1.06 billion by 2015. Recognizing the potential threat posed by imported security and telecom equipment, India also develops its own technologies through the Centre for Development of Telematics –attached to the Department of Telecommunications, and the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing – attached to the Department of Electronics and Information Technology. At times India has also imposed bans on the import of technologies believed to be compromised. Towards this end, the Government of India has a number of bodies responsible for licensing, auditing, and certifying the use of security and telecommunication equipment. Though India has recognized the security vulnerabilities posed by these technologies, as of yet it has not formally recognized the human rights violations that are made possible. Indeed, though India has submitted a request to be a signing member of the Wassenaar agreement, they have yet to be accepted.

Agenda

11.00	Registration & Tea
11.30	Key Note Speech
12.00	Challenges & Present Scenario
13.00	Law & Policy
14.00	Lunch
15.00	Architecture & Technology
16.00	International & Domestic Markets
17.00	Tea
17.30	Conclusion & Closing Remarks

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/events/security-governments-data-technology-policy

Study of Privacy Policies of Indian Service Providers

praskrishna — 2014-12-21T15:09:49Z

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/study-of-privacy-policies-indian-service-providers.pdf

Security and Surveillance: A public discussion on Optimizing Security while Safeguarding Human Rights

praskrishna — 2014-12-19T08:46:34Z

The Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) invites you to a public discussion on optimizing security and safeguarding human rights at its Bangalore office on Friday, December 19th, 2014, 16:00 to 18:00.

The Centre for Internet and Society, in collaboration with Privacy International UK, has undertaken exploratory research into surveillance, security, and the security market in India.

Through this research, we hope to understand and document policy and law associated with security, surveillance, and the security market in India and learn about the regulation of security and related technologies such as encryption, filtering, monitoring software, and interception equipment. We also hope to understand the import and export policy regime for dual use technologies.

Such findings will be critical in creating evidence based research to inform security policy and regulation in India and work towards enabling regulatory frameworks that optimize the nation’s security while protecting the rights of citizens.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/events/security-and-surveillance-optimizing-security-human-rights