Centre for Internet and Society

CIS Comments on Finance Committee Statements to Open Letters on Unique Identity

praskrishna — 2011-11-13T02:39:16Z

We from the Centre for Internet and Society had sent six open letters to the Parliamentary Finance Committee on the UID. The Committee responded through an email on 12 October 2011. Our response to the points raised is reproduced below.

Dear Members of the Finance Committee,

Since January 2011, we have sent six open letters on the Unique Identity (UID) project to the Members of the Finance Committee. The Committee has responded through an email dated 12 October 2011. This letter is in reply to the points that were raised.

Finance Committee: "Comparison between SCOSTA and the UID project are not valid since SCOSTA is fundamentally a standard for smart card based authentication and does not work for the objectives of the UID project."

CIS: We disagree with this statement. The UID Bill states that the aim of the project is to provide identification and authentication services. Biometric technology may be useful for identification. The seventh open letter [1] that we sent to the Committee last week uses basic statistical analysis to demonstrate that the FPIR has to be 10−6 or a thousand-fold greater than the current level mandated by UIDAI procurement policy in order to achieve the project goal of building a national database of unique ID's. SCOSTA based smart card technology is more appropriate for the authentication of individuals because:[2]

Authentication will be based on asymmetric keys and perhaps pass-phrase or pin. This is known as public key infrastructure, and will allow a person to protect their authentication factor, and easily replace it if compromised.
Authentication through public key infrastructure does not depend on connectivity to a centralized network. This will allow for inclusion of unconnected populations.
Authentication through public key infrastructure establishes mutual trust between citizen and state. Instead of only the citizen being made transparent to the state – the state is also made transparent to the citizens. This will lower the presence of fraudulent institutions and corrupt transactions.
Connection to a centralized server is not required for only the authentication of an individual in a transaction. This will lower the cost of transactions and lower the IT overhead costs.

Finance committee: "The UID project follows a different approach and has multiple objectives like providing identity to the residents of India, and ensuring inclusion of poor and marginalized residents in order to enable access to benefits and services."

CIS: We disagree with this statement. Biometrics do not ensure the delivery of benefits. As mentioned in our third open letter,[3] in every transaction that requires the use of the biometric based UID number, there are four points where corruption is possible and delivery of services will not take place:

The technology fails, and does not perform authentication. Lack of connectivity, electricity and non-lab conditions for biometric technology.
The authority fails and delivers a false positive or false negative.
The local agency fails to deliver the service after authentication.
The biometric fails due to biological changes, and thus the individual is denied benefits.

Finance Committee: "Eliminating the fakes, duplicates and ghost identities prevalent in other databases."

CIS: We disagree with this statement. Biometrics cannot eliminate fakes, duplicates and ghost identities. The deduplication algorithm only checks for uniqueness of biometric information. This can easily be defeated by a.) presenting a combination of two persons biometrics, b.) presenting the biometrics of foreign nationals collected remotely using the Internet, and c.) modifying biometric information using software tools like image editors. This is not a remote technological possibility since many registrars like banks have financial incentives for creating ghost identities for benami bank accounts. The deduplication algorithm and technology is completely black-box and has not been subject to any independent audit. Ideally research organisations like CIS should be provided legal immunity so that we can conduct independent audits of the deduplication technology and provide evidence for policy-makers. Since the deduplication technology has such a direct impact on the quality of citizenship – we recommend that the Finance Committee include proper independent audit provisions in the draft bill.

Finance Committee: "Provide a platform for authentication in a cost effective and accessible manner."

CIS: We disagree with this statement. As our first open letter[4] to the Finance Committee notes, biometrics are not appropriate authentication factors. In our opinion the dependency of biometrics on connectivity, deduplication, and centralized storage causes them to be more expensive than smart cards. The onus is upon the UIDAI to demonstrate that biometrics are cheaper than existing systems like magnetic cards used by credit card and debit card companies. If it was truly technologically and economically the better option, surely banks driven by such considerations would have adopted them many years ago.

Finance Committee: "UIDAI is not issuing cards or smart cards."

CIS: We agree with the statement made and that is why it would be possible to defeat the UIDAI authentication system using fevicol and wax as demonstrated by security expert, Jude Terence D'Souza.[5]

Finance Committee: "Cards can be issued by agencies that are providing services."

CIS: We agree with the statement made and that is why the UIDAI cannot claim the benefits of secure authentication. In other words, agencies providing smart cards will have a more secure authentication based on smart cards and sooner or later citizens will stop using the weaker authentication based on biometrics provided by the UIDAI.

Finance Committee: "UID authentication does not exclude smart cards – service providers can still choose to issue smart cards to their beneficiaries or customers if they want to."

CIS: We agree with this statement but that makes the whole project redundant. If service providers are forced to issue smart cards to their customers, they will have to create separate databases of pins and keys for authentication. The service provider will not be able to authenticate users through the UID system.

We are grateful to have received a response from the Finance Committee and look forward to more correspondence with the Committee. We would also be very grateful if the Committee could give us an opportunity to come to Delhi on our expense and testify before the committee on legal, technology and privacy related aspects of the project.

Yours sincerely,

Elonnai Hickok

[1].http://goo.gl/93sl2

[2].http://goo.gl/ZrEQr,http://goo.gl/jHRvq

[3].http://goo.gl/pW3Wi

[4].http://goo.gl/ZrEQr

[5].http://goo.gl/0z22h

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/comments-on-finance-committee-statements

CIS Comments and Recommendations to the Human DNA Profiling Bill, June 2015

Elonnai Hickok, Vipul Kharbanda and Vanya Rakesh — 2015-09-02T17:09:04Z

The Centre for Internet & Society (CIS) submitted a clause-by-clause comments on the Human DNA Profiling Bill that was circulated by the Department of Biotechnology on June 9, 2015.

The Centre for Internet and Society is a non-profit research organisation that works on policy issues relating to privacy, freedom of expression, accessibility for persons with diverse abilities, access to knowledge, intellectual property rights and openness. It engages in academic research to explore and affect the shape and form of Internet, along with its relationship with the Society, with particular emphasis on South-South dialogues and exchange. The Centre for Internet and Society was also a member of the Expert Committee which was constituted in the year 2013 by the Department of Biotechnology to discuss the draft Human DNA Profiling Bill.

Missing aspects from the Bill

The Human DNA Profiling Bill, 2015 has overlooked and has not touched upon the following crucial factors :

Objects Clause

An ‘objects clause,’ detailing the intention of the legislature and containing principles to inform the application of a statute, in the main body of the statute is an enforceable mechanism to give directions to a statute and can be a formidable primary aid in statutory interpretation. [See, for example, section 83 of the Patents Act, 1970 that directly informed the Order of the Controller of Patents, Mumbai, in the matter of NATCO Pharma and Bayer Corporation in Compulsory Licence Application No. 1 of 2011.] Therefore, the Bill should incorporate an objects clause that makes clear that

“DNA profiles merely estimate the identity of persons, they do not conclusively establish unique identity, therefore forensic DNA profiling should only have probative value and not be considered as conclusive proof.

The Act recognises that all individuals have a right to privacy that must be continuously weighed against efforts to collect and retain DNA and in order to protect this right to privacy the principles of notice, confidentiality, collection limitation, personal autonomy, purpose limitation and data minimization must be adhered to at all times.”

Collection and Consent

The Bill does not contain provisions regarding instances when the DNA samples can be collected from the individuals without consent (nor does the Bill establish or refer to an authorization procedure for such collection), when DNA samples can be collected from individuals only with informed consent, and how and in what instances individuals can withdraw their consent. The issue of whether DNA samples can be collected without the consent of the individual is a vexed one and requires complex questions relating to individual privacy as well as the right against self incrimination. While the question of whether an accused can be made to give samples of blood, semen, etc. which had been in issue in a wide gamut of decisions in India has finally been settled by section 53 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which allows collection of medical evidence from an accused, thus laying to rest any claims based on the right against self incrimination. However there are still issues dealing with the right to privacy and the violation thereof due to the non-consensual collection of DNA samples. This is an issue which needs to be addressed in this Act itself and should not be left unaddressed as this would only lead to a lack of clarity and protracted court cases to determine this issue. An illustration of this problem is where the Bill allows for collection of intimate body samples. There is a need for inclusion of stringent safeguard measures regarding the same since without such safeguards, the collection of intimate body samples would be an outright infringement of privacy. Further, maintaining a database for convicts and suspects is one thing, however collecting and storing intimate samples of individuals is a gross violation of the citizens’ right to privacy, and without adequate mechanisms regarding consent and security, stands at a huge risk of being misused.

Privacy Safeguards

Presently, the Bill is being introduced without comprehensive privacy safeguards in place on issues such as consent, collection, retention, etc. as is evident from the comments made below. Though the DNA Board is given the responsibility of recommending best practices pertaining to privacy (clause 13 (l)) – this is not adequate given the fact that India does not have a comprehensive privacy legislation. Though section 43A and associated Rules of the Information Technology Act would apply to the collection, use, and sharing of DNA data by DNA laboratories (as they would fall under the definition of ‘body corporate’ under the IT Act), the National and State Data Banks and the DNA Board would not clearly be body corporate as per the IT Act and would not fall under the ambit of the provision or Rules. Safeguards are needed to protect against the invasion of informational privacy and physical privacy at the level of these State controlled bodies. The fact that the Bill is to be introduced into Parliament prior to the enactment of a privacy legislation in India is significant as according to discussions in the Record Notes of the 4h Meeting of the Expert Committee - “the Expert Committee also discussed and emphasized that the Privacy Bill is being piloted by the Government. That Bill will over-ride all the other provisions on privacy issues in the DNA Bill.”

Lack of restriction on type of analysis to be performed

The Bill currently does not provide any restriction on the types of analysis that can be performed on a DNA sample or profile. This could allow for DNA samples to be analyzed for purposes beyond basic identification of an individual – such as for health, genetic, or racial purposes. As a form of purpose limitation the Bill should define narrowly the types of analysis that can be performed on a DNA sample.

Purpose Limitation

The Bill does not explicitly restrict the use of a DNA sample or DNA profile to the purpose it was originally collected and created for. This could allow for the re-use of samples and profiles for unintended purposes.

Annual Public Reporting

The Bill does not require the DNA Board to disclose publicly available information on an annual basis regarding the functioning and financial aspects of matters contained within the Bill. Such disclosure is crucial in ensuring that the public is able to make informed decisions. Categories that could be included in such reports include: Number of DNA profiles added to each indice within the databank, total number of DNA profiles contained in the database, number of DNA profiles deleted from the database, the number of matches between crime scene DNA profiles and DNA profiles, the number of cases in which DNA profiles were used in and the percentage in which DNA profiles assisted in the final conclusion of the case, and the number and categories of DNA profiles shared with international entities.

Elimination Indice

An elimination indice containing the profiles of medical professionals, police, laboratory personnel etc. working on a case is necessary in case they contaminate collected samples by accident.

Clause by Clause Recommendations

As stated the Human DNA Profiling Bill 2015 is to regulate the use of DNA analysis of human body substances profiles and to establish the DNA Profiling Board for laying down the standards for laboratories, collection of human body substances, custody trail from collection to reporting and also to establish a National DNA Data Bank.

Comment:

As stated, the purpose of the DNA Human Profiling Bill is to broadly regulate the of DNA analysis and establish a DNA Data Bank. Despite this, the majority of provisions in the Bill pertain to the collection, use, access etc. of DNA samples and profiles for civil and criminal purposes. The result of this is an 'unbalanced Bill' - with the majority of provisions focusing on issues related to forensic use. At the same time the Bill is not a comprehensive forensic bill – resulting in legislative gaps.
Additionally, the Bill contains provisions beyond the stated purpose. These include:

Facilitating the creation of a Data Bank for statistical purposes (Clause 33(e))
Establishing state and regional level databanks in addition to a national level databank (Clause 24)
Developing procedure and providing for the international sharing of DNA profiles with foreign Governments, organizations, institutions, or agencies. (Clause 29)

Recommendation:

The Bill should ideally be limited to regulating the use of DNA samples and profiles for criminal purposes. If the scope remains broad, all purposes should be equally and comprehensively regulated.
The stated purpose of the Bill should address all aspects of the Bill. Provisions beyond the scope of the Bill should be removed.

Chapter 1: Preliminary

Clause 2: This clause defines the terms used in the Bill.

Comment: A number of terms are incomplete and some terms used in the Bill have not been included in the list of definitions.

Recommendation:

The definition of DNA Data bank manager - clause 2 (1)(g) - must be renamed as National DNA Data bank manager.
The definition of “DNA laboratory” in clause 2(1)(h) should refer to the specific clauses that empower the Central Government and State Governments to license and recognise DNA laboratories. This is a drafting error.

The definition of “DNA profile” in clause 2(1)(i) is too vague. Merely the results of an analysis of a DNA sample may not be sufficient to create an actual DNA profile. Further, the results of the analysis may yield DNA information that, because of incompleteness or lack of information, is inconclusive. These incomplete bits of information should not be recognised as DNA profiles. This definition should be amended to clearly specify the contents of a complete and valid DNA profile that contains, at least, numerical representations of 17 or more loci of short tandem repeats that are sufficient to estimate biometric individuality of a person. The definition of “DNA profile” does not restrict the analysis to forensic DNA profiles: this means additional information, such as health-related information could be analyzed and stored against the wishes of the individual, even though such information plays no role in solving crimes.

The term “known sample” that is defined in clause 2(1)(m) is not used anywhere outside the definitions clause and should be removed.

The definition of “offender” in clause 2(1)(q) is vague because it does not specify the offenses for which an “offender” needs to be convicted. It is also linked to an unclear definition of the term “under trial”, which does not specify the nature of pending criminal proceedings and, therefore, could be used to describe simple offenses such as, for example, failure to pay an electricity bill, which also attracts criminal penalties.

The term “proficiency testing” that is defined in clause 2(1)(t) is not used anywhere in the text of the DNA Bill and should be removed.

The definitions of “quality assurance”, “quality manual” and “quality system” serve no enforceable purpose since they are used only in relation to the DNA Profiling Board’s rule making powers under Chapter IX, clause 58. Their inclusion in the definitions clause is redundant. Accordingly, these definitions should be removed.

The term “suspect” defined in clause 2(1)(za) is vague and imprecise. The standard by which suspicion is to be measured, and by whom suspicion may be entertained – whether police or others, has not been specified. The term “suspect” is not defined in either the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 ("CrPC") or the Indian Penal Code, 1860 ("IPC").

The term volunteer defined in clause 2(zf) only addresses consent from the parent or guardian of a child or an incapable person. This term should be amended to include informed consent from any volunteer.

Chapter II: DNA Profiling Board

Clause 4: This clause addresses the composition of the DNA Profiling Board.

Comment: The size and composition of the Board that is staffed under clause 4 is extremely large. The number of members remains to be 15, as it was in the 2012 Bill.

Recommendation: Drawing from the experiences of other administrative and regulatory bodies in India, the size of the Board should be reduced to no more than five members. The Board must contain at least:

One ex-Judge or senior lawyer
Civil society – both institutional and non-institutional
Privacy advocates

Note: The reduction of the size of the Board was agreed upon by the Expert Committee from 16 members (2012 Bill) to 11 members. This recommendation has not been incorporated.

Clause 5(1): The clause specifies the term of the Chairperson of the DNA Profiling Board to be five years and also states that the person shall not be eligible for re-appointment or extension of the term so specified.

Comment: The Chairperson of the Board, who is first mentioned in clause 5(1), has not been duly and properly appointed.

Recommendation: Clause 4 should be amended to mention the appointment of the Chairperson and other Members.

Clause 7: The clause requires members to react on a case-by-case basis to the business of the Board by excusing themselves from deliberations and voting where necessary.

Comment: This clause addresses the issue of conflict of interest only in narrow cases and does not provide penalty if a member fails to adhere to the laid out procedure.

Recommendation: The Bill should require members to make full and public disclosures of their real and potential conflicts of interest and the Chairperson must have the power to prevent such members from voting on interested matters. Failure to follow such anti-collusion and anti-corruption safeguards should attract criminal penalties.

Clause 12(5): The clause states that the board shall have the power to co-opt such number of persons as it may deem necessary to attend the meetings of the Board and take part in the proceedings of the board, but such persons will not have the right to vote.

Comment: While serving on the Expert Committee, CIS provided language regarding how the Board could consult with the public. This language has not been fully incorporated.

Recommendation: As per the recommendation of CIS, the following language should be adopted in the Bill: The Board, in carrying out its functions and activities, shall be required to consult with all persons and groups of persons whose rights and related interests may be affected or impacted by any DNA collection, storage, or profiling activity. The Board shall, while considering any matter under its purview, co-opt or include any person, group of persons, or organisation, in its meetings and activities if it is satisfied that that person, group of persons, or organisation, has a substantial interest in the matter and that it is necessary in the public interest to allow such participation. The Board shall, while consulting or co-opting persons, ensure that meetings, workshops, and events are conducted at different places in India to ensure equal regional participation and activities.

Clause 13: The clause lays down the functions to be performed by the DNA Profiling Board, which includes it’s role in regulation of the DNA Data Banks, DNA Laboratories and techniques to be adopted for collection of the DNA samples.

Comment: While serving on the Expert Committee, CIS recommended that the functions of the DNA Profiling Board should be limited to licensing, developing standards and norms, safeguarding privacy and other rights, ensuring public transparency, promoting information and debate and a few other limited functions necessary for a regulatory authority.

Furthermore, this clause delegates a number of functions to the Board that places the Board in the role of a manager and regulator for issues pertaining to DNA Profiling including functions of the DNA Databases, DNA Laboratories, ethical concerns, privacy concerns etc.

Recommendation: As per CIS’s recommendations the functions of the Board should be limited to licensing, developing standards and norms, safeguarding privacy and other rights, ensuring public transparency, promoting information and debate and a few other limited functions necessary for a regulatory authority.

Towards this, the Board should be comprised of separate Committees to address these different functions. At the minimum, there should be a Committee addressing regulatory issues pertaining to the functioning of Data Banks and Laboratories and an Ethics Committee to provide independent scrutiny of ethical issues. Additionally:

Clause 13(j) allows the Board to disseminate best practices concerning the collection and analysis of DNA samples to ensure quality and consistency. The process for collection of DNA samples and analysis should be established in the Bill itself or by regulations. Best practices are not enforceable and do not formalize a procedure.
Clause 13(q) allows the Board to establish procedure for cooperation in criminal investigation between various investigation agencies within the country and with international agencies. This procedure, at the minimum, should be subject to oversight by the Ministry of External Affairs.

Chapter III: Approval of DNA Laboratories

Clause 15: This clause states that every DNA Laboratory has to make an application before the Board for the purpose of undertaking DNA profiling and also for renewal.

Comment: Though the Bill requires DNA Laboratories to make an application for the undertaking DNA Profiling, it does not clarify that the Lab must receive approval before collection and analysis of DNA samples and profiles.

Recommendation: The Bill should clarify that all DNA Laboratories must receive approval for functioning prior to the collection or analysis of any DNA samples and profiles.

Chapter IV: Standards, Quality Control and Quality Assurance Obligations of DNA Laboratory and Infrastructure and Training

Clause 19: This clause defines the obligations of a DNA laboratory. Sub-section (d) maintains that one such obligation is the sharing of the 'DNA data' prepared and maintained by the laboratory with the State DNA Data Bank and the National DNA Data Bank.

Comment: ‘DNA Data’ is a new term that has not been defined under Clause 2 of the Bill. It is thus unclear what data would be shared between State DNA data banks and the National DNA data bank - DNA samples? DNA profiles? associated records? It is also unclear in what manner and on what basis the information would be shared.

Recommendation: The term ‘DNA Data’ should be defined to clarify what information will be shared between State and National DNA Data Banks. The flow of and access to data between the State DNA Data Bank and National DNA Data Bank should also be established in the Bill.

Clause 22: The clause lays down the measures to be adopted by a DNA Laboratory and 22(h) includes a provision requiring the conducting of annual audits according to prescribed standards.

Comment:

The definition of “audit” under Chapter VI in clause 22 under ‘Explanation’ is relevant for measuring the training programmes and laboratory conditions. However, the term “audit” is subsequently used in an entirely different manner in Chapter VII which relates to financial information and transparency.
The standards for the destruction of DNA samples have not been included within the list of measures that DNA laboratories must take.

Recommendation:

The definition of ‘audit’ must be amended or removed as it is being used in different contexts. The term “audit” has a well established use for financial information that does not require a definition.
Standards for the destruction of DNA samples should be developed and included as a measure DNA laboratories must take.
Clause 23: This clause lays down the sources for collection of samples for the purpose of DNA profiling. 23(1)(a) includes collection from bodily substances and 23(1)(c) includes clothing and other objects. Explanation (b) provides a definition of 'intimate body sample'.

Comment:

Permitting the collection of DNA samples from bodily substances and clothing and other objects allows for the broad collection of DNA samples without contextualizing such collection. In contrast 23(b) Scene of occurrence or scene of crime limits the collection of samples to a specific context.
This clause also raises the issue of consent and invasion of privacy of an individual. If “intimate body samples” are to be taken of individuals, then this would be an invasion of the person’s right to bodily privacy if such collection is done without the person’s consent (except in the specific instance when it is done in pursuance of section 53 of the Criminal Procedure Code).

Recommendation:

Sources for the collection of DNA samples should be contextualized to prevent broad, unaccounted for, or unregulated collection. Clause (a) and (c) should be deleted and replaced with contexts in which the collection DNA collection would be permitted.
The Bill should specify circumstances on which non-intimate samples can be collected and the process for the same.
The Bill should specify that intimate body samples can only be taken with informed consent except as per section 53 of the Criminal Procedure Code.
The Bill should require that any individual that has a sample taken (intimate and non-intimate) is provided with notice of their rights and the future uses of their DNA sample and profile.

Chapter V: DNA Data Bank

Clause 24:This clause addresses establishment of DNA Data Banks at the State and National Level. 24(5) establishes that the National DNA Data Bank will receive data from State DNA Data Banks and store the approved DNA Profiles as per regulations.

Comment:

As noted previously, ‘DNA Data’ is a new term that has not been defined in the Bill. It is thus unclear what data would be shared between State DNA data banks and the National DNA data bank - DNA samples? DNA profiles? associated records?
The process for sharing Data between the State and National Data Banks is not defined.

Recommendation:

The term ‘DNA Data’ should be defined to clarify what information will be shared between State and National DNA Data Banks.
The process for the National DNA Data Bank receiving DNA data from State DNA Data Banks and DNA laboratories needs to be defined in the Bill or by regulation. This includes specifying how frequently information will be shared etc.

Clause 25: This clause establishes standards for the maintenance of indices by DNA databanks. 25(1) states that every DNA Data Bank needs to maintain the prescribed indices for various categories of data including an index for a crime scene, suspects, offenders, missing persons, unknown deceased persons, volunteers, and other indices as may be specified by regulation. 25(2) states that in addition to the indices, the DNA Data Bank should contain information regarding each of the DNA profiles. It can either be the identity of the person from whose bodily substance the profile was derived in case of a suspect or an offender, or the case reference number of the investigation associated with such bodily substances in other cases. 25(3) states that the indices maintained shall include information regarding the data which is based on the DNA profiling and the relevant records.

Comment:

25(1): The creation of multiple indices cannot be justified and must be limited since collection of biological source material is an invasion of privacy that must be conducted only in strict conditions when the potential harm to individuals is outweighed by the public good. This balance may only be struck when dealing with the collection and profiling of samples from certain categories of offenders. The implications of collecting and profiling DNA samples from corpses, suspects, missing persons and others are vast. Specifically a 'volunteer' index could possibly be used for racial/community/religious profiling.
25(2): This clause requires the names of individuals to be connected to their profiles, and hence accessible to persons having access to the databank.
25(3) The clause states that only information related to DNA profiling and will be stored in an indice. Yet, it is unclear what such information might be. This could allow inconsistencies in data stored in an indice and could allow for unnecessary information to be stored on an indice.

Recommendation:

25(1) Ideally, DNA databanks should be created for dedicated purposes. This would mean that a databank for forensic purposes should contain only an offenders’ index and a crime scene index while a databank for missing persons would contain only a missing persons indice etc. If numerous indices are going to be contained in one databank, the Bill needs to recognize the sensitivity of each indice as well as the difference between each indice and lay down appropriate and strict conditions for collection of data for such indice, addition of data into the indice, as well as use, access, and retention of data within the indice.
25(2) DNA profiles, once developed, should be maintained with complete anonymity and retained separate from the names of their owners. This amendment becomes even more important if we consider the fact that an “offender” may be convicted by a lower court and have his profile included in the data bank, but may get acquitted later. However, till the time that such person is acquitted, his/her profile with the identifying information would still be in the data bank, which is an invasion of privacy.
25(3) What information will be stored in indices should be clearly defined in the Bill and should be tailored appropriately to each category of indice.

Clause 28: This clause addresses the comparison and communication of DNA profiles. 28(1) states that the DNA profile entered in the offenders or crime scene index shall be compared by the DNA Data Bank Manger against profiles contained in the DNA Data Bank and the DNA Data Bank Manager will communicate such information with any court, tribunal, law enforcement agency, or approved DNA laboratory which he may consider appropriate for the purpose of investigation. 28(2) allows for any information relating to a person's DNA profile contained in the suspect's index or offenders' index to be communicated to authorised persons.

Comment:

28(1) (a-c) allows for the DNA Bank Manager to communicate the following: 1.) if the DNA profile is not contained in the Data Bank and what information is not contained, 2.) if the DNA profile is contained in the data bank and what information is contained, and if in the opinion of the Manager, 3.) the DNA profile is similar to one stored in the Databank. These options of communication are problematic as they 1. allow for all associated information to be communicated – even if such information is not necessary, 2.) Allows for the DNA Databank Manager to communicate that a profile is 'similar' without defining what 'similar' would constitute.
28(1) only addresses the comparison of DNA profiles entered into the offenders index or the crime scene index against all other profiles entered into the DNA Data Bank.
28(1) gives the DNA Data Bank manager broad discretion in determining if information should be communicated and requires no accountability for such a decision.
28(2) only addresses information in the suspect's and offender's index and does not address information in any other index.

Recommendation:

Rather than allowing for broad searches across the entire database, the Bill should be clear about which profiles can be compared against which indices. Such distinctions must take into consideration if a profile was taken on consent and what was consented to.
Ideally, the response from the DNA Databank Manager should be limited to a 'yes' or 'no' response and only further information should be revealed on receipt of a court order.
The Bill should define what constitutes 'similar'
A process for determining if information should be communicated should be established in the Bill and followed by the DNA Data Bank Manager. The Manager should also be held accountable through oversight mechanisms for such decisions. This is particularly important, as a DNA laboratory would be a private body.
Information stored in any index should be disclosed to only authorized parties.

Clause 29: This clause provides for comparison and sharing of DNA profiles with foreign Government, organisations, institutions or agencies. 29(1) allows the DNA Bank Manager to run a comparison of the received profile against all indices in the databank and communicate specified responses through the Central Bureau of Investigation.

Comment: This clause allows for international disclosures of DNA profiles of Indians through a procedure that is to be established by the Board (see clause 13(q))

Recommendation: The disclosure of DNA profiles of Indians with international entities should be done via the MLAT process as it is the typical process followed when sharing information with international entities for law enforcement purposes.

Clause 30: This clause provides for the permanent retention of information pertaining to a convict in the offenders’ index and the expunging of such information in case of a court order establishing acquittal of a person, or the conviction being set aside.

Comment: This clause addresses only the retention and expunging of records of a convict stored in the offenders index upon the receipt of a court order or the conviction being set aside. This implies that records in all other indices - including volunteers - can be retained permanently. This clause also does not address situations where an individuals DNA profile is added to the databank, but the case never goes to court.

Recommendation: The Bill should establish retention standards and deletion standards for each indice that it creates. Furthermore, the Bill should require the immediate destruction of DNA samples once a DNA profile for identification purposes has been created. An exception to this should be the destruction of samples stored in the crime scene index.

Chapter VI: Confidentiality of and Access to DNA Profiles, Samples, and Records

Clause 33: This provision lays down the cases and the persons to which information pertaining to DNA profiles, samples and records stored in the DNA Data Bank shall be made available. Specifically, 33(e) permits disclosure for the creation and maintenance of a population statistics Data Bank.

Comment:

This clause addresses disclosure of information in the DNA Data Bank, but does not directly address the use of DNA samples or DNA profiles. This allows for the possibility of re-use of samples and profiles.
There is no limitation on the information that can be disclosed. The clause allows for any information stored in the Data Bank to be disclosed for a number of circumstances/to a variety of people.
There is no authorization process for the disclosure of such information. Of the circumstances listed – an authorization process is mentioned only for the disclosure of information in the case of investigations relating to civil disputes or other civil matters with the concurrence of the court. This implies that there is no procedure for authorizing the disclosure of information for identification purposes in criminal cases, in judicial proceedings, for facilitating prosecution and adjudication of criminal cases, for the purpose of taking defence by an accused in a criminal case, and for the creation and maintenance of a population statistics Data Bank.

Recommendation:

The Bill should establish an authorization process for the disclosure of information stored in a data bank. This process must limit the disclosure of information to what is necessary and proportionate for achieving the requested purpose.
Clause 33(e) should be deleted as the non-consensual disclosure of DNA profiles for the study of population genetics is specifically illegal. The use of the database for statistical purposes should be limited to purposes pertaining to understanding effectiveness of the databank.
Clause 33(f) should be deleted as it is not necessary for DNA profiles to be stored in a database to be useful for civil purposes. Instead samples for civil purposes are only needed as per the relevant case and specified persons.
Clause 33(g) should be deleted as it allows for the scope of cases in which DNA can be disclosed to by expanded as prescribed.

Clause 34: This clause allows for access to information for operation maintenance and training.
Comment: This clause would allow individuals in training access to data stored on the database for training purposes. This places the security of the databank and the data stored in the databank at risk.
Recommendation: Training of individuals should be conducted via simulation only.

Clause 35: This clause allows for access to information in the DNA Data Bank for the purpose of a one time keyboard search. A one time keyboard search allows for information from a DNA sample to be compared with information in the index without the information from the DNA sample being included in the index. The clause allows for an authorized individual to carry out such a search on information obtained from an DNA sample lawfully collected for the purpose of criminal investigation, except if the DNA sample was submitted for elimination purposes.
Comment: The purpose of this clause is unclear as is the scope. The clause allows for the sample to be compared against 'the index' without specifying which index. The clause also allows for 'information obtained from a DNA sample' rather than a profile. Thus, the clause appears to allow for any information derived from a DNA sample collected for a criminal investigation to be compared against all data within the databank – without recording such information. Such a comparison is vast in scope and open to abuse.
Recommendation: To ensure that this provision is not used for conducting searches outside of the scope of the original purpose, only DNA profiles, rather than 'information derived from a sample' should be allowed to be compared, only the indices relevant to the sample should be compared, and the search should be authorized and justified.
Clause 36 : This clause addresses the restriction of access to information in the crime scene index if the individual is a victim of a specified offense or if the person has been eliminated as a suspect of an investigation.

Comment:

This clause only addresses restriction of access to the crime scene index and does not address restriction of access to other indices.
This clause only restricts access to the indice for certain category of individual and for a specific status of a person. Oddly, the clause does not include authorization or rank as a means for determining or restricting access.

Recommendation:

This clause should be amended to lay down standards for restriction of access for all indices.
Access to all information in the databank should be restricted by default and permission should be based on authorization rather than category or status of individual.

Clause 38: This clause sets out a post-conviction right related to criminal procedure and evidence.

Comment: This clause would fundamentally alter the nature of India’s criminal justice system, which currently does not contain specific provisions for post-conviction testing rights.

Recommendation: This clause should be deleted and the issue of post conviction rights related to criminal procedure and evidence referenced to the appropriate legislation. Clause 38 is implicated by Article 20(2) of the Constitution of India and by section 300 of the CrPC. The principle of autrefois acquit that informs section 300 of the CrPC specifically deals with exceptions to the rule against double jeopardy that permit re-trials. [See, for instance, Sangeeta Mahendrabhai Patel (2012) 7 SCC 721.] The person must be duly accorded with a right to know rules may provide for- the authorized persons to whom information relating to a person’s DNA profile contained in the offenders’ index shall be communicated. Alternatively, this right could be limited only to accused persons who’s trial is still at the stage of production of evidence in the Trial Court. This suggestion is being made because unless the right as it currently stands, is limited in some manner, every convict with the means to engage a lawyer would ask for DNA analysis of the evidence in his/her case thereby flooding the system with useless requests risking a breakdown of the entire machinery.

Chapter VII: Finance, Accounts, and Audit

Clause 39: This clause allows the Central Government to make grants and loans to the DNA Board after due appropriation by Parliament.

Comment: This clause allows the Central Government to grant and loan money to the DNA Board, but does not require any proof or justification for the sum of money being given.

Recommendation: This clause should require a formal cost benefit analysis, and financial assessment prior to the giving of any grants or loans.

Chapter VIII: Offences and Penalties

Chapter IX: Miscellaneous

Clause 53: This clause allows protects the Central Government and the Members of the Board from suit, prosecution, or other legal proceedings for actions that they have taken in good faith.

Comment: Though it is important to take into consideration if an action has been taken in good faith, absolving the Government and Board from accountability for actions leaves little course of redress for the individual. This is particularly true as the Central Government and the Board are given broad powers under the Bill.

Recommended: If the Central Government and the Board will be protected for actions taken in good faith, their powers should be limited. Specifically, they should not have the ability to widen the scope of the Bill.

Clause 57: This clause states that the Central Government will have the powers to make Rules for a number of defined issues.

Comment: 57(d) allows for the regulations to be created regarding the use of population statistics Data Bank created and maintained for the purposes of identification research and protocol development or quality control.

Recommendation: 57(d) should be deleted as any use for the creation of a population statistics Data Bank created and maintained for the purposes of identification research and protocol development or quality control is beyond the scope of the Bill.

Clause 58: This clause empowers the Board to make regulations regarding a number of aspects related to the Bill.
Comment: There a number of functions that the Board can make regulations for that should be defined within the Bill itself to ensure that the scope of the Bill does not expand without Parliamentary oversight and approval.
Recommendation: 58(2)(g) should be deleted as it allows the Board to create regulations for other relevant uses of DNA techniques and technologies, 58(2)(u) should be deleted as it allows the Board to include new categories of indices to databanks, and 58(2) (aa) should be deleted as it allows the Board to decide which other indices a DNA profile may be compared with in the case of sharing of DNA profiles with foreign Governments, organizations, or institutions.

Clause 61: This clause states that no civil court will have jurisdiction to entertain any suit or proceeding in respect of any matter which the Board is empowered to determine and no injunction shall be granted.

Comment: This clause in practice will limit the recourse that individuals can take and will exclude the Board from the oversight of civil or criminal courts.

Recommendation: The power to collect, store and analyse human DNA samples has wide reaching consequences for people whose samples are being utilised for this purpose, specially if their samples are being labeled in specific indexes such as “index of offenders”, etc. The individual should therefore have a right to approach the court of law to safeguard his/her rights. Therefore this provision barring the jurisdiction of the courts should be deleted.

Schedule

Schedule A: The schedule refers to section 33(f) which allows for disclosure of information in relation to DNA profiles, DNA samples, and records in a DNA Data Bank to be communicated in cases of investigations relating to civil disputes or other civil matters or offenses or cases listed in the schedule with the concurrence of the court.

Comment: As 33(f) requires the concurrence of the court for disclosure of information, it is unclear what purpose the schedule serves. If the Schedule is meant to serve as a guide to the Court on appropriate instances for the disclosure of information stored in the DNA databank – the schedule is too general by listing entire Acts, while at the same time being too specific by naming specific Acts. Ideally, courts should use principles and the greater public interest to reach a decision as to whether or not disclosure of information in the DNA databank is appropriate. At a minimum these principles should include necessity (of the disclosure) and proportionality (of the type/amount of information disclosed).

Recommendation: As we recommended the deletion of clause 33(f) as it is not necessary to databank DNA profiles for civil purposes, the schedule should also be deleted.

Note: The schedule differs drastically from previous drafts and from discussions held in the Expert Committee and recommendations agreed upon. As per the Meeting Minutes of the Expert Committee meeting held on November 10th 2014 “The Committee recommended incorporation of the comments received from the members of the Expert Committee appropriately in the draft Bill...Point no. 1 suggested by Mr. Sunil Abraham in the Schedule of the draft Bill to define the cases in which DNA samples can be collected without consent by incorporating point no. 1 (I.e 'Any offence under the Indian Penal Code, 1860 if it is listed as a cognizable offence in Part I of the First Schedule of the code of Criminal Procedure, 1973)”

Download CIS submission here. See the cover letter here.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/cis-comments-and-recommendations-to-human-dna-profiling-bill-2015

CIS brings Nadustunna Charithra magazine under by CC BY SA licence

hasan — 2016-06-18T18:07:46Z

As a part of its content donation initiative, the Centre for Internet & Society's Access to Knowledge team (CIS-A2K) has brought all issues of Nadustunna Charithra magazine under Creative Common Licence.

CIS-A2K has received 74 issues as of now from the Telugu Jaati foundation. These issues shall be published by A2K on a blog site under CC BY SA licence to make it a reliable reference resource and adhere Wikipedia guidelines.

Nadustunna Charithra magazine has dealt extensively with Telugu semantics and Telugu Cultural history and we hope to upload all the issues to Telugu Wikisource. These magazines will also serve as handy reference guides for Telugu Wikipedians and shall act as a major referencing and citation resource.

CIS-A2K has also been successful in acquiring 250 song books (booklets that have the lyrics of songs featured in a film) of Telugu movies for content donation. These song books serve as introduction to the film itself. They contain lyrics of the songs, poster of the movie, details of the cast and crew, a short synopsis both in Telugu and English along with photographs of the lead actors. As of now CIS-A2K has been able to locate song books for most of the films produced between 1930-1954.

These resources shall also help the Telugu community in coming up with new/improved articles related to Telugu cinema. With most of the basic information regarding a film available in the song book, we expect that the Telugu community along with active cooperation from A2K shall create GA quality articles and this content donation will also help in improving stubs that were created earlier.

CIS-A2K is extremely grateful for the support received by the Telugu community during this content donation initiative and would like to thank in person Mr. Bhaskarnaidu, Mr. Gullapalli Nageshwara Rao who have been part of these conversations and helped us identify the resources to be re-licensed.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/a2k/blogs/cis-brings-nadustunna-charithra-magazine-under-by-cc-by-sa-licence

CIS anniversary

praskrishna — 2013-05-06T07:28:07Z

The Centre for Internet and Society will celebrate five years of its existence with an exhibition showcasing its works and accomplishments.

This was published in Hindu Business Line on May 5, 2013

The exhibition will be held concurrently at both Bangalore and Delhi offices from May 20 to 24, 2013, said a press release.

“To promote transparency, we're getting the general public to be our auditors by throwing open our account books and contracts which show how we have spent the Rs 8.3 crore received from our donors.”

The exhibition will also see artists like Kiran Subbaiah, Tara Kelton, Navin Thomas, Abhishek Hazra, among others exhibiting their works, as well as lectures.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/news/the-hindu-business-line-may-5-2013-cis-anniversary

CIS and International Coalition Calls upon Governments to Protect Privacy

elonnai — 2013-09-25T07:21:09Z

The Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) along with the International Coalition has called upon governments across the globe to protect privacy.

On September 20 in Geneva, CIS joined a huge international coalition in calling upon countries across the globe, including India to assess whether national surveillance laws and activities are in line with their international human rights obligations.

The Centre for Internet and Society has endorsed a set of international principles against unchecked surveillance. The 13 Principles set out for the first time an evaluative framework for assessing surveillance practices in the context of international human rights obligations.

A group of civil society organizations officially presented the 13 Principles this past Friday in Geneva at a side event attended by Navi Pillay, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression and Opinion, Frank LaRue, during the 24th session of the Human Rights Council. The side event was hosted by the Permanent Missions of Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland and Hungary.

Elonnai Hickok, Programme Manager at the Centre for Internet and Society has noted that "the 13 Principles are an important first step towards informing governments, corporates, and individuals across jurisdictions, including India, about needed safeguards for surveillance practices and related policies to ensure that they are necessary and proportionate."

Navi Pillay, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, speaking at the Human Rights Council stated in her opening statement on September 9:

"Laws and policies must be adopted to address the potential for dramatic intrusion on individuals’ privacy which have been made possible by modern communications technology."

Navi Pillay, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, speaking at the event, said that:

"technological advancements have been powerful tools for democracy by giving access to all to participate in society, but increasing use of data mining by intelligence agencies blurs lines between legitimate surveillance and arbitrary mass surveillance."

Frank La Rue, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression and Opinion made clear the case for a direct relationship between state surveillance, privacy and freedom of expression in this latest report to the Human Rights Council:

"The right to privacy is often understood as an essential requirement for the realization of the right to freedom of expression. Undue interference with individuals’ privacy can both directly and indirectly limit the free development and exchange of ideas. … An infringement upon one right can be both the cause and consequence of an infringement upon the other."

Speaking at the event, the UN Special Rapporteur remarked that:

"previously surveillance was carried out on targeted basis but the Internet has changed the context by providing the possibility for carrying out mass surveillance. This is the danger."

Representatives of the Centre for Internet and Society, Privacy International, the Electronic Frontier Foundation,Access,Human Rights Watch,Reporters Without Borders, Association for Progressive Communications, and theCenter for Democracy and Technology all are taking part in the event.

Find out more about the Principles at https://NecessaryandProportionate.org

Contacts

NGOs currently in Geneva for the 24^th Human Rights Council:

Access
Fabiola Carrion: fabiola@accessnow.org

Association for Progressive Communication
Shawna Finnegan: shawna@apc.org

Center for Democracy and Technology
Matthew Shears: mshears@cdt.org

Electronic Frontier Foundation
Katitza Rodriguez: katitza@eff.org - @txitua

Human Rights Watch
Cynthia Wong: wongc@hrw.org

Privacy International
Carly Nyst: carly@privacy.org

Reporters Without Borders
Lucie Morillon: lucie.morillon@rsf.org
Hélène Sackstein: helsack@gmail.com

Signatories

Argentina
Ramiro Alvarez: rugarte@adc.org.ar
Asociación por los Derechos Civiles

Argentina
Beatriz Busaniche: bea@vialibre.org.ar
Fundación Via Libre

Colombia
Carolina Botero: carobotero@gmail.com
Fundación Karisma

Egypt
Ahmed Ezzat: ahmed.ezzat@afteegypt.org
Afteegypt

Honduras
Hedme Sierra-Castro: hedme.sc@gmail.com
ACI-Participa

India
Elonnai Hickok: elonnai@cis-india.org
Center for Internet and Society

Korea
Prof. Park: kyungsinpark@korea.ac.kr
Open Net Korea

Macedonia
Bardhyl Jashari: info@metamorphosis.org.mk
Metamorphosis Foundation for Internet and Society

Mauritania, Senegal, Tanzania
Abadacar Diop: jonction_jonction@yahoo.fr
Jonction

Portugal
Andreia Martins: andreia@coolpolitics.pt
ASSOCIAÇÃO COOLPOLITICS

Peru
Miguel Morachimo: morachimo@gmail.com
Hiperderecho

Russia
Andrei Soldatov: soldatov@agentura.ru
Agentura.ru

Serbia
Djordje Krivokapic: krivokapic@gmail.com
SHARE Foundation

Western Balkans
Valentina Pellizer: valentina.pellizzer@oneworldsee.org
Oneworldsee

Brasil
Marcelo Saldanha: instituto@bemestarbrasil.org.br
IBEBrasil

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/cis-and-international-coalition-calls-upon-governments-to-protect-privacy

CIS - Telangana State Open Data Policy v.1 - Submission

sumandro — 2016-09-01T05:45:54Z

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/openness/files/cis-telangana-state-open-data-policy-v-1-submission

CIS - A2K Work Plan: July 2016 - June 2017

sunil — 2016-04-29T09:36:45Z

One of the key mandates of the Access to Knowledge (A2K) program at the Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) is to work towards catalyzing the growth of the free and open knowledge movement in Indic languages. CIS has been a steward of the Wikimedia movement in India since December 2008. Since September 2012, we at CIS-A2K, have been actively involved in growing the movement in India through (i) a grant received from the Wikimedia Foundation (WMF) for the period September 2012 - June 2014, (ii) the FDC Grant received for the period July 2014 - June 2015 and (iii) the FDC Grant received for the period July 2015 - June 2016. Based on the productive experience of working with various Indic Wikimedia communities, CIS-A2K has developed this work plan for July 2016 to June 2017.

This was originally published on Meta-wiki on April 2, 2016.

We have revised the work plan template taking into account the changed proposal plan sent out by WMF and in light of the feedback that we have received from FDC assessment during last proposal application. The FDC feedback is taken into account at the level of design, RoI and ensuring quality for all our activities.

CIS-A2K responses towards Indic communities concerns

During the last plan period CIS-A2K received the following complaints, suggestions, and feedback. We have attempted to address the concerns under redesigned CIS-A2K 2.0. This table was first prepared during our progress report for the current grant and A2K would like to acknowledge the learnings derived out of the suggestions and feedback it received during the last plan. Please see the table here.

Background to CIS-A2K Program

CIS-A2K is working with the Indic Wikimedia communities since December 2008, when Jimbo Wales came to India and visited Bangalore. In mid-2012 CIS-A2K received a financial grant from the Wikimedia Foundation (WMF) and since then it has been actively involved in growing the Wikimedia and free knowledge movement in India. Following a grant received from WMF for the period September 2012 to June 2014, CIS-A2K received FDC Grant for the periods July 2014 to June 2015 and July 2015 to June 2016. Based on the 41-month experience of working with various Indic Wikimedia communities, CIS-A2K has prepared this year's work plan for July 2016 to June 2017.

Objective

CIS-A2K is committed to improve Wikimedia movement in India by supporting Indic Wikimedia communities and working on Wikimedia projects and collaborating with FOSS and other like minded movement partners. It also strives to catalyse the growth of open and free knowledge movement in South Asia and especially in India. Our main objectives are:

Bringing content under Creative Commons and similar free licenses;
Supporting and empowering Indic Wikimedia communities;
Building and maintaining institutional partnerships in order to support the open knowledge movement and creation of open knowledge resources;
Planning and executing Wikimedia projects with wider community participations and effective consultation;
Fostering and enabling an appropriate legal and technological ecosystem;
Building sustainable communities and grooming potential leaders to represent the communities and projects globally.

Context

CIS-A2K has focussed on creating sustainable programmes and capacity development for communities in the last few years. CIS-A2K intends to continue its work during the proposed grant period and would continue to focus on the following Indian language Wikimedia projects: Kannada, Konkani, Marathi, Odia, Telugu (Focus Language Areas, FLA). In order to achieve higher RoI, A2K will be including Tulu in its language plan from this plan period.

CIS-A2K will continue to provide general support and service to all other Indian language Wikimedia communities for all Wikimedia projects as necessary and as requested by the communities or individuals from the community through its request page and needs assessment workshops.

Community strengthening initiatives will be prioritised in order to address the poor participation of Wikimedians from Indian sub continent in particular and global south in general. CIS-A2K has rolled out initiatives such as Train the Trainer and MediaWiki training, focused edit-a-thons and GLAM activities.

CIS-A2K and Indian language Wikimedia communities would greatly benefit from collaborating with these initiatives and CIS-A2K during this grant period would attempt to bring these communities closer with a series of interactions, hack-a-thons and training sessions.

Our institutional partnerships have played a very important role in content donation, generation of content, attracting new readers and editors and collaborating opportunities with existing community members. They have provided much needed press coverage towards Indian language Wikimedia projects. The institution partnerships and WEP have been redesigned as per community suggestions.

Methodology

This work plan has been prepared based on an extensive engagement with various Wikimedia movement participants and enthusiasts in India. These include:

Wikimedia community members across all Indic communities: We have talked to a large number of Indic Wikimedia community members and specially community members of our focused language areas;
Institutional Partners of CIS-A2K: We have taken feedback and suggestions from our institutional partners regarding the challenges of conducting WEP;
Like-minded advocates of free and open knowledge;
Surveys and Interviews.

Performance against plans and projected targets

Overall

Kannada

Konkani

Marathi

Odia

Telugu

Progress against goals set

Language Area Work Plans

CIS-A2K has put in significant efforts across four focus language areas Kannada, Konkani, Odia and Telugu during the previous work plans. CIS-A2K proposed and initiated Marathi as a focus language project during the last proposal plan. As A2K's strategy of working with FLA has resulted in community building and sustainable outreach efforts, we intend to work with the nascent Tulu community towards making Tulu Wikipedia live.

The Tulu Wikipedia plan is a 'minimal cost program' and is not budgeted same as the other FLA. A2K has been able to build a strong community in Mangalore for the Kannada and Konkani Wikimedia projects. Tulu community draws its editor base and institutional support from Mangalore, hence A2K's plans towards Kannada and Konkani Wikimedia projects can also have the added dimension of Tulu Wikipedia incubation activities.

Detailed work-plan for each of these language areas may be seen here (in alphabetical order):

Woman's day editathon at Christ University

Some of the key factors that determined the July 2016-June 2017 work plan:

Development of Focus Language Area Plan: A2K's strategy of building a plan along with the consultation of the community and further customised as per the feedback received by communities and FDC Staff have resulted well across five languages. CIS-A2K is pleased to inform that during July 2015-June 2016 it engaged with all the five focus language area plans as it has been able to recruit program officers and program associates for the vacant positions. It is important to note that while we are engaging with Tulu Wikipedia community with intentions of making Tulu Wikipedia live, it is also a 'minimal cost' program. It helps A2K in acheiving higher RoI for monetary resources and optimisation of staff and volunteer expertise.
A2K 2.0 as a response to FDC and Indic Wikimedians' Feedback: As a learning derived out of FDC, WMF Board and Indic Wikimedians suggestions, CIS-A2K has revised its program structure and composition of work. Please find details of revised divisional of responsibilities of A2K team.
Partnership and networking with institutions and groups: CIS-A2K has had the privilege of partnering with educational institutions and developmental organisations. These partnerships and collaborations not only resulted in significant quality-content contributions, but also lead to the diversification and expansion of that particular language Wikimedia community. In order to strengthen the communities, increase participation and conduct GLAM activities and attract content donation A2K would look out for possible institutional partnerships.
Providing sustainability and developing leadership skills: A2K has always worked towards enabling Indian Language Wikimedia communities to achieve sustainability and visibility amongst the global communities. We have been greatly privilege to work with the Focus Language Communities and would like to pass on our learning through collaborations with other language communities, while exiting few of our current FLA programs. Through our skill building initiatives such as Train-the-Trainer, Media Wiki Training and Train-a-Wikipedian A2K has also been able to support growth of a new community of volunteers to support the existing community.

Community Strengthening Initiatives

CIS-A2K started two community strengthening initiatives— Train-the-Trainer and MediaWiki Training to grow and strengthen the Indic Wikimedia projects and the associated communities, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The earlier iteration of these two programs played an important role in connecting the Indian language Wikimedia communities and fostering multi-lingual projects. This year also CIS-A2K proposes to undertake these two successful community strengthening initiatives. In mid-March 2016, CIS-A2K conducted a 2-day-long nationwide Wikipedia Education Program review workshop that brought students and faculty members from institutions that are running WEP in partnership with CIS-A2K and several important topics such as structural challenges such as academic schedule, institutional interest, faculty buy-in and more importantly response by the students were discussed. This year also CIS-A2K proposes to conduct such a workshop.

Creating Movement Resources

CIS-A2K has been creating resources to help Indic Wikimedia communities. All the resources are created after assessing the communities' need assessment and close interactions with many of the active community members.

CIS-A2K proposed to create the following resources (this also include printed resources):

Wikipedia editing tutorials
PEG and IEG application handbooks;
Handbook on how apply for various WMF scholarships;
Handbook on best practices for Wiki-events, workshops, meetup, outreach and other programs;
FAQ for content donors –give this job to a law school intern. No need of this handbook to be translated to Indian languages.
Bookmarks creation to increase awareness about Indian Wikimedia Projects;

General Support and Service to the Movement

CIS-A2K regularly supports Indic-language Wikimedia communities to conduct workshops, edit-a-thons and events to improve their projects. All these requests are placed at CIS-A2K request page and fulfilled after extensive community discussion and needs assessment.

Currently CIS-A2K is working on a program named Train-a-Wikipedian (TAW) to identify enthusiastic Indic Wikipedians and train and groom them to develop their editing skills. We'll continue empowering Indic Wikimedia community members through this program.

Learning and Evaluation

Following the Global metrics and discussions some members of the Wikimedia community, the A2K program had put together some evaluation tools to assess the impact of its work during the last year. We have included some more metrics for evaluation this year.

Evaluation tools

Participation

Number of active editors involved
Number of newly registered users
Number of individuals involved

Content

Number of new images/media added to Wikimedia article pages
Number of new images/media uploaded to Wikimedia Commons
Number of articles added or improved on Wikimedia projects
Number of bytes added to and/or deleted from Wikimedia projects

Reports

CIS-A2K will undertake monthly and annually review of our work using the above evaluation tools. CIS-A2K report activities and progress to Wikimedia foundation in monthly meetings.^[1] CIS-A2K team will also report the successes and learnings to the Wikimedia India & the Global Community. CIS-A2K team will actively review progress of each language area plan in collaboration with the respective Wikimedia community. Based on this feedback we will undertake mid-course corrections, should there be a need. To summarize following reports will be published in the year of 2016 - 2017:

Progress report (for the current grant)
Impact Report (July 2016 - June 2017)
Monthly report to Wikimedia foundation;
Monthly Newsletters
Annual report to CIS

Monthly Review and Learning Sessions

Last year we wrote about conducting monthly review and learning sessions. Currently CIS-A2K is conducting monthly learning sessions to critically reflect on the successes and failures of our work internally. The learnings are shared with Wikimedia Foundation for their feedback and suggestion. We'll continue conducting monthly reviews and learnings and progress will be shared with Wikimedia Foundation. We will try to share the same the Wikimedia India members.

Budget

Please find link to CIS-A2K program budget for proposed grant period July 2016-June 2017 here

Feedback

We appreciate your valuable feedback. However, for the sake of structured engagement by everyone, we request you to consider the following before you share your feedback.

For feedback on the overall A2K Work Plan you can write here.
For feedback on respective Language area plans, please write on the discussion page of the respective language plan.

Alternatively you could also share your feedback over e-mail at tanveer@cis-india.org. Please use the subject line Feedback on Work Plan.
Should you feel the need to discuss any aspect of the plan before sharing your feedback, please write to us and we can set up a telephone/Skype call.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/a2k/blogs/cis-a2k-work-plan-july-2016-june-2017

CIIPC-NLUD Workshop on Wikipedia Editing and Open Source Knowledge Sources

praskrishna — 2016-11-23T08:04:16Z

Centre for Innovation, Intellectual Property, and Competition (CIIPC), National Law university, Delhi as part of its Open Science Project, had organised WikiEdit2016 a two day workshop regarding orientation on editing Wikipedia and hands-on-training session. The event was organized on November 11 and 12, 2016 at National Law University in New Delhi.

Rohini Lakshané and Tanveer Hasan conducted and facilitated this workshop.

The purpose of this workshop was to introduce students to diverse aspects of open knowledge resources and to motivate them to move beyond passive consumption of knowledge and become active producers of knowledge. The participants were briefed about the editing activity earlier, because of which they had come prepared with references for the topic that they had earlier selected. We hope that this group (20 students with majority women editors) would continue to edit Wikipedia with thematic (law) focus and contribute further.

More details on the workshop can be accessed here.

Photo courtesy: Prof. Arul George Scaria, National Law University, Delhi.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/a2k/news/ciipc-nlud-workshop-on-wikipedia-editing-and-open-source-knowledge-sources

CI Global Meeting on A2K

praskrishna — 2011-04-05T04:08:06Z

CIS is a co-sponsor of the Consumers International Meeting on A2K

The Consumers International Global Meeting on A2K 2010 is to be held at the Holiday Villa hotel in Subang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on 21 and 22 April 2010.

The meeting will bring together CI members and other NGOs from around the world to discuss and collaborate on issues of access to knowledge (A2K) and communications rights. Highlights will include the launch of the Consumers International IP Watch List for 2010, the launch of CI's new film on A2K, and a preview of the results of our access barrier survey.

Don't miss the most important day on the A2K calendar for the global consumer movement!

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/events/ci-global-meeting-a2k

Christ University Wikipedia Education Program Internship

manasarao — 2017-12-14T08:55:05Z

The Centre for Internet and Society - Access to Knowledge program, in partnership with Christ University, is announcing its annual internship program for the 1200 students enrolled in the Wikipedia Education Program. The Wikipedia Education Program at Christ University, now in its fourth year, is an effort to bring together educators and students to use Wikipedia as an educational implement. CIS-A2K conducts the internship activity for passionate Christ University students to improve the quality of the articles created or edited by their fellow WEP peers. The internship will largely involve improving upon the articles created by their peers as well as gathering community consensus based on which these articles would be moved to the main namespace.

The students will be working on Wikipedia over the course of 21 days in developing upon the content created by Christ University Wikipedia Education Program participants. The fledgling articles currently housed in the individual “sandboxes” of the WEP participants will be improved upon by the interns through addition of detailed content, images and info-boxes.

The students are selected based on three main criteria: fluency of language(written and spoken), knowledge of Wikipedia and its processes, and their personal interest levels. The applications are open from 13 to 17 December, 2017. Interested students can apply here:

https://goo.gl/forms/Ffxh3T3DRZz8Q25F3

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/a2k/blogs/christ-university-wikipedia-education-program-internship-1

Chinese hackers baiting Indian govt, corporate employees: report

praskrishna — 2013-09-05T10:31:53Z

Hackers using fake subject headings to get users to open virus-laden email attachments.

This article by Moulishree Srivastava and Anirban Sen was published in Livemint on August 9, 2013. Sunil Abraham is quoted.

Using faked subject headings as diverse as Gujarat chief minister Narendra Modi and the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, Chinese hackers have been baiting Indian government officials and corporate employees to open virus-laden emailed attachments and expose themselves to the risk of cyber attacks, a new report says.

The report on “advanced persistent cyber attacks” is based on an investigation conducted by security research firm Research Bundle in collaboration with CERT-ISAC. ISAC is a certification body for information technology (IT) security professionals that handles India’s National Security Database (NSD). CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team)-ISAC deals with mobile and electronic security.

“Some time back, there were a couple of high-profile cyber attacks that came to our notice when we were approached by corporates as well as government entities to look into them,” said Rajshekhar Murthy, director at CERT-ISAC, NSD, at the report’s release on Friday.

“First we thought it might be just these few incidents, but as we went deeper into it, it came to light that these threats were far more (widely) spread than we had initially perceived. During the course of our research, we got proof that the threats originated from China,” he said.

NSD, managed by ISAC and the government, is a programme that provides certification to IT professionals who have capability to protect critical infrastructure and the economy.

“Chinese hackers have been persistent in their attacks. According to our analysis, they have also made a separate wing for these operations,” Murthy said.

The report says, “It’s also a known fact the Indian government and other important sectors from India were heavily targeted during this campaign...focused on stealing confidential documents and sensitive information.”

The threat came in the form of emails with attached documents targeting government and corporate entities. “These documents exploited previously known vulnerabilities to drop ‘Travnet’ malware on to the systems,” said the report, prepared by 20 Internet security professionals over a period of six months.

“These emails showed that China has been gathering information about India and keeping up with current issues, and using those to entice people to open the attachments,” Murthy said.

Some of the attachments had names such as Army Cyber Security Policy 2013.doc, Jallianwala bagh massacre - a deeply shameful act.doc, Report - Asia Defense Spending Boom.doc, His Holiness the Dalai Lama’s visit to Switzerland day 3.doc, and BJP won’t dump Modi for Nitish NDA headed for split.doc.

The malware Travnet was specifically designed to search for “doc, docx, xls, xlsx, txt, rtf and pdf” files on the hacked computer.

“This provides enough hints that this malware was designed to steal confidential information, unlike the usual botnet variants that focus primarily on providing remote access to the system,” the report said. “The malware initially collects system information, a list of files on the victim machine among others, then sends this data to the remote Command & Control server...”

According to industry estimates, losses due to cyber theft from reported attacks alone amount to $8-10 billion (Rs.48,800-61,000 crore). But experts say the figure could be much higher as many threats go unreported.

Worryingly, the security infrastructure of Indian government websites has reportedly failed to keep pace with cyber attackers, who are becoming more focused on stealing information.

“Many of the servers that host ‘gov.in’ sites are running outdated software versions, with poorly managed Web servers that do not follow even the most basic Web application security guidelines,” said the report. “Even important government sites, access to which can lead to much deeper intrusion, seem to be managed with little care. While defacements are usually carried out by hackers just for fun or fame, serious hackers can cause much more damage and remain unnoticed for a very long time...”

“Slowly but steadily, serious APT (advanced, persistent attacks) campaigns are on the rise,” the report added. “It’s very important for the nation to start upgrading its IT infrastructure to keep up with the latest security guidelines and practices.”

“Cyber security has become one of the crucial areas for us and we are focusing on putting capacity and capability in place to strengthen the cyber security infrastructure,” said Alok Vijayant, director of the National Technical Research Organisation. “We want to bring IT security professionals under one entity to enhance our existing capability instead of just focusing on putting in additional security infrastructure.”

“India has one of the largest talent pools of IT professionals, but our biggest concern remains the young talent in IT, as most professionals prefer to go abroad to work,” he added.

Additionally, the use of proprietary rather than open-source software increases the vulnerability of Indian entities, according to Sunil Abraham, executive director of Bangalore-based research organization Centre for Internet and Society. “There’s a lack of use of Linux and other kinds of free software at both the desktop level and also the front end... They’re using Microsoft both at the server end and on the client end. Most of these attacks take advantage of that operating system dependency. If one were to look at it at a macro level, we’re vulnerable across the board—vulnerable to the US, we’re vulnerable to attackers from Europe, Pakistan, etc.,” Abraham said.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/news/livemint-august-9-2013-moulishree-srivastava-anirban-sen-chinese-hackers-baiting-indian-govt-corporate-employees

China Club instead of Bombay Club?

Shyam Ponappa — 2012-05-10T10:35:05Z

Emulate China's coordinated policies for strategic sectors, and we'll rely less on commodity exports, says Shyam Ponappa in his article in the Business Standard on May 13, 2010.

With the momentum of the past few years, India’s potential for growth is enormous, despite the chaotic loose linkages. In sectors like power and telecommunications, this translates to demand far outstripping capacity. Some contend that domestic inability to build capacity — i.e., being able to actually pull it off, as against the perpetual potential — will conscribe not only these sectors, but also limit overall growth. So the argument goes, e.g., let China build India’s power plants, because we need the power and don’t have capacity/they do it cheaper.

Comparative advantage notwithstanding, this reasoning is fallacious given the realities of national interests and self-interest. To understand why, consider the naïveté of the underlying assumptions — about “rational man”, that capitalism is fair, capital is immobile, surplus value accrues to countries and not to companies, or that the pursuit of self-interest maximises societal benefits.

Our quandary is aggravated by our inability so far to orchestrate supportive policies for even a level playing field. Ironically, one need only consider India’s approach to IT and IT-enabled services (ITeS) in the initial growth years to realise this. India’s policies in IT and ITeS, while far from perfect — in fact, sneaked through by stealth, as in the preferential 64 kbps communications lifeline, and the tax breaks for software service exporters — provided the foundations for transforming IT and then ITeS/BPO/KPO (Business Process and Knowledge Process Outsourcing).

These sectors also benefited from a controlled exchange rate, as the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) managed a steady depreciation during those years. But they did not have another vital ingredient of coordinated policies as did the Asian tigers: low borrowing rates (see the diagram)

This is one reason why, for instance, India’s machine tool manufacturers or shipbuilders have not matched the growth of knowledge-based services. The former need inexpensive, long-term capital for production and marketing, as well as for continuous innovation, upgrade and scale.

Why labour arbitrage and not products

This is also one reason why we lack product orientation, because product design, development and marketing require the support of easy access to cheap capital for a long period. Labour arbitrage needs little capital. Therefore, we have been better mercenaries than producers of products, compared with the chaebols (Samsung, Hyundai) or keiretsu (Mitsubishi, Dai-Ichi/Mizuho). There are, of course, many additional reasons: their education, training, work practices, our policies against large corporations, etc.

With growth in domestic markets across a broad range — telecom equipment, engineering goods, power — there are domestic manufacturing initiatives, such as L&T and Bharat Forge in power generation joining Bhel, or Tejas Networks in optical switching. But for the transformational changes we have witnessed in IT, we need coordinated industrial policies that support domestic manufacturing, because that’s the competition. Unthinking acceptance of “open markets” without heed to how others — including developed economies — cosseted and built their manufacturing capacity will ensure that India stays a raw materials and commodities exporter, while importing trains, aircraft, machine tools, and equipment for power generation, telecommunications and defence.

Integrated policies work

Ideally, supportive policies comprise a coordinated range, such as state and central taxes, favoured locations with good infrastructure — energy, transport and communications, subsidised land, favourable exchange and interest rates, preferred access to domestic markets, and barriers to unfair competition, like import tariffs not below the WTO floor, and safeguard duties. Without this orchestration, the victors are companies and countries that have understood these principles, and have these systems in place. (This applies equally to farm products.)

Many are apprehensive that what works elsewhere will not work in India because of malpractices, as seen in recurring scams. There is every need for systems with integrity, and for enforcement with penalties. But just as corruption in government or civil society does not do away with the need for either, misuse does not negate the need for incentives. It would be self-damaging to lose the opportunity to try and get our act together simply because of apprehensions of corruption and/or incompetence. That would be like not subsidising food for the poor; it’s a different matter that we need better methods to prevent gross misappropriation.

The consequence of heedless, ad hoc muddling through instead of orchestrated strategies is that manufactured imports will dominate our markets, while domestic manufacturing is fragmented, hamstrung or absent. Having said that, consider India’s needs in electricity or communications — telecom, Internet and broadcasting — and it is apparent that crafting policies is not simple. So many conflicting images, some based on facts, others, mere impressions, which are often more important than facts. What should policy-makers do for our needs on such a massive scale with growing shortfalls?

Emulate China

The short answer: learn from China. In the power sector, Chinese suppliers have the following advantages:

Low-cost access to capital.
An exchange rate advantage (10-30 per cent).
No sales tax and octroi, aggregating to about 11 per cent.
Zero customs duty on equipment for large plants (China imposes a 30 per cent import duty)

Corrective action discussed for years has not resulted in concrete steps. The power ministry, citing supposed user benefits, opposes the planning commission’s recommendation of a safeguard duty. This is as shortsighted as “free electricity” that undercuts investments in power.

In telecommunications, consider Huawei, with revenues of over $20 billion, nurtured for 20 years with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) as an R&D partner and guaranteed customer, vis-à-vis, say, Tejas Networks from Bangalore, with no government support.

Our policies need to focus on our long-term interests with strategic intent and execution, as in other countries, balancing costs with the benefits of domestic capabilities. These sectors need government procurement support, not criteria that disqualify Indian companies in strategic sectors like power and communications. They also need interim methods for Chinese companies to contribute while upgrading our skills and processes. Our aim needs to be a level playing field.

Read the original article in the Business Standard

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/telecom/blog/China-club-Bombay-club

Charting the Charter: Internet Rights and Principles Online

praskrishna — 2013-10-21T07:03:53Z

This workshop is being organised by IRP Coalition on October 22 in Bali Nusa Dua Convention Centre. Pranesh Prakash is participating as a panelist.

The Internet Governance Forum 2013 is being held at Bali from October 22 to 25. The overarching theme for the 2013 IGF meeting is: "Building Bridges"- Enhancing Multistakeholder Cooperation for Growth and Sustainable Development".

Read the original published on the IGF website

Theme: Human Rights / Freedom of Expression on the Internet

Since the Charter of Internet Rights and Principles was developed dialogue about diverse internet related human rights issues have emerged in various UN human rights mechanisms e.g. racism/racial discrimination, human rights defenders, women's human rights, freedom of association, business and human rights, protection of cultural heritage. The workshop will map the issues under discussion in the UNHRC against those in the Charter of Human Rights and Principles for the Internet (‘IRP Charter’) and explore multistakeholder perspectives and best practice examples of adherence to the Charter and human rights standards from diverse regions.

The focus is on progress, opportunities and challenges to monitor and advocate for the IRP Charter provisions particularly for marginalised groups e.g. rural and indigenous peoples, disabled people, urban poor as the second part of the two workshops put forward by the IRP Coalition and partners. Wider questions that the workshop looks to cover include: How are understandings about the interrelationship of internet governance and human rights standards developing at the Human Rights Council? Aside from freedom of expression and the right to Privacy, what other human rights are important in relation to the internet? How can the Charter be used to broaden the engagement of the Human Rights Council in internet governance issues? How does the work of the HRC inform the Charter, and other internet policy documents and mechanisms?

Since the 2009 IGF, the Internet Rights and Principles Coalition has organised a range of workshops and Coalition meetings looking at the application of human rights standards (primarily those espoused in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) to the Internet. In 2010 the previous draft of the IRP Charter (http://internetrightsandprinciples.org/site/charter/) was launched with a rigorous discussion about what correct interpretation of existing standards is and the role of different stakeholders in relation to these.

In 2011 the IRP Charter was distilled down to 10 key advocacy points, the Ten Internet Rights and Principles (http://internetrightsandprinciples.org/site/campaign/). These were debated as the Coalition undertook a closer analysis of the issue of copyright protection and how it interrelated with human rights on the internet. In 2012 the Coalition looked at how the Charter was feeding in to a derivative initiative at the Council of Europe to create a user-friendly Compendium of rights of internet users. The Coalition made a close analysis of the issue of anonymity online. This year we want to focus on human rights which, while contained in the Charter, have not received high levels of attention. We also want to loop in the work of Coalition members working on human rights, women’s rights, social, cultural and economic rights as well as the recent work of the Human Rights Council (which is the most authoritative global body applying human rights to the Internet) to incorporating human rights as an integral part of the internet governance field.

Has the proponent organised a workshop with a similar subject during past IGF meetings?
Yes

Indication of how the workshop will build on but go beyond the outcomes previously reached
The IRP Coalition launched the IRP Charter and Ten Principles in 2010/2011 (www.internetrightsandprinciples.org). These launches started a vigorous and productive chain of discussions and outreach initiatives in and around IGF Meetings. These were followed up in 2011 and 2012 with IGF workshops that focused in specific issues such as copyright, access as a right, and existing rights of internet users. This year we focus on human rights which, while contained in the Charter, have not received high levels of attention. We also want to loop in the work of Coalition members working on human rights, women’s rights, social, cultural and economic rights as well as the recent work of the Human Rights Council (which is the most authoritative global body applying human rights to the Internet) to incorporating human rights as an integral part of the internet governance field. Recent events underscore that the moment has come to ground human rights principles in internet governance practice as this affects everyday life, work, and government.

Background Paper

Download Background Paper

Session Type: Roundtable

Co-organisers

Ms. Dixie Hawtin, Global Partners and Associates, Private Sector, Western Europe and Others Group - WEOG
Ms. Joy Liddicoat, Association for Progressive Communications, Civil Society, New Zealand, Asia-Pacific Group
Ms. Marianne Franklin, Goldsmiths (University of London, UK)/ IRP Coalition), Civil Society, United Kingdom, Western Europe and Others Group - WEOG

Have the Proponent or any of the co-organisers organised an IGF workshop before?
Yes

The link(s) to the workshop report(s)

Panelists

Please click on the biography to view the profile of the panelists:

Joy Liddicoat, Association for Progressive Communications, Female, Civil Society, New Zealand, Western Europe and Others Group – WEOG
Biography
Frank La Rue, United Nations, Male, Civil Society, Guatemala, Latin American and Caribbean Group - Grulac
Asif Kabani, Ministry of Finance, Male, Government, Pakistan, Asia-Pacific Group
Biography
Carl Fredrik Wettermark, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Male, Government, Sweden, Western Europe and Others Group – WEOG
Biography
Marianne Franklin, (IRP Coalition/Goldsmiths (University of London, UK), Female, Civil Society, New Zealand, Asia-Pacific Group
Biography
Pranesh Prakash, Centre for Internet and Society, Male, Civil Society, India, Asia-Pacific Group
Biography
Cornelia Kutterer, Microsoft, Female, Private Sector, BELGIUM, Western Europe and Others Group – WEOG
Biography
Michael Rotert, eco-German Internet Industry, Male, Technical Community, Germany, Western Europe and Others Group – WEOG
Biography

Moderator

Dixie Hawtin, Global Partners and Associates

Remote Moderator

Rebecca Zausmer, Global Partners and Associates

Agenda

This round table session explores the opportunities and challenges for upholding human rights standards on the internet using the IRP Charter of Human Rights and Principles for the Internet (http://internetrightsandprinciples.org/site/charter/). In tandem with the session on Disabilities and Indigenous rights this session aims to:

Address a number of human rights – moving beyond freedom of expression and privacy - to consider the IRP Charter provisions for socio-economic rights, education, women’s rights and rights of the visually impaired in the online environment.
Provide an assessment of the implementation of human rights standards on the internet o date.
Feed recommendations in to the IRP Coalition initiative to create a final version of the IRP Charter (in terms of substance, process, and uses of the document in practice)

The session will start by focusing on a selection of concrete examples (such as, the PRISM revelations, the Marrakesh Treaty on exceptions and limitations to copyright for the blind, racial discrimination, education rights online) before opening to a wider discussion. It brings together diverse perspectives on the relationship between human rights and internet policy, where the human rights movement needs to engage more or more effectively, and how the IRP Charter should be developed to assist this process. The outcomes of the workshop will feed into the IRP Coalition Meeting, ‘Towards the IRP Charter 2.0’.

Inclusiveness of the Session

Panellists will make short initial statements of up to 3 minutes, each will be tasked with a particular perspective to bring and enable several rounds of the table. It will also allow ample time for audience questions and comments. The audience will be invited to ask questions, and to answer questions which the moderators will pose to the floor.

Suitability for Remote Participation

Both the IRP and the APC have a good track record of marketing their workshops across a range of email lists, websites and social media to ensure that potential remote participants know about the workshop and can participate. Remote participants will be engaged by the remote moderator who will pose questions to them and facilitate an active remote conversation alongside the conversation in situ– making links between the two wherever possible.

Questions or Comments

Please note that Mr Frank La Rue has been invited. As his office needs some time to respond we have included his name as an unconfirmed participant for the time being.

Also a note on the number of participants:
As this is a roundtable, open discussion format there are more than five speakers in order to generate the range and depth needed for this sort of interactive and dynamic discussion. The IRP Coalition has taken the lead in instigating these sorts of discussion formats in multistakeholder meetings such as the UNESCO WSIS+10 event and the Lisbon EuroDIG. The session moderator is experienced for this format and the participants aware that long speeches are not required.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/news/igf-2013-workshop-99-charting-the-charter-internet-rights-and-principles-online

Changing Usage Models: Desktops to Ubiquitous Cloud-Based Mobile Computing (Interviews with Semiconductor Industry - Part 1)

maggie — 2014-12-26T12:08:34Z

This is the first of a four-part blog series highlighting findings from a small sample of interviews with fabless semiconductor industry professionals in Taiwan. These industry insiders was approached for the intent of understanding expert knowledge on the process of integrated circuit design. However, the conversations resulted in leanings far beyond that scope. This post explores the trends of personal computing technology, which provides the pretext for the narrowing of the Pervasive Technologies project scope to a focus on the mobile phone.

Since the mid-1990s, the dissemination of information communications technologies (ICTs) has been hailed as the solution to bridging the digital divide. This rationale led to a multitude of programs, including One Laptop per Child, the Aakash tablet, and most recently, Modi's 'Digital India' campaign, to ensure all Indians have a mobile phone by the year 2019.

The Pervasive Technologies project looking at Access to Knowledge has come to understand that mobile phone technology have become ubiquitous, with 79% of internet users accessing the internet through mobiles in 2014. Particularly for low-income consumers, those who do not have access to computing rely on their mobile phones for accessing tools ranging from the common email, text messaging, calling; and the more advanced and revolutionary - mobile banking (e.g. m-PESA), crowd-sourced environmental protection (e.g. SpillMap), and more.

The evolution to the ubiquity of mobile technology was a valuable learning gained from recent interviews in Taiwan with professionals from the fabless semiconductor chip design industry. A senior executive with over 20 years experience in the field provided some insight to trends/changes in personal computing technology upon inquiring about the recent trends and changes within the industry.

One significant change that has been occurring is the usage model of consumers. Desktops and even laptops are not fully mobile since they cannot be used in one's hands. As broadband have become more pervasive, smartphones and tablets have resulted in new usage models where computing can be done virtually anywhere. People now tend to vale this more than the desktop experience.

The 'cloud' has also changed computing because the performance requirements for PC processors and other technologies no longer have to be as advanced. In addition, there has been a big shift from desktop content creation to mobile computing. This has mostly been catered towards content consumption (e.g. accessing email, viewing photos, using social media, etc.).

As a result of changing usage models and cloud competing, there has been a general industry shift away from computers. The PC market has slowed down, and the smartphone and tablet markets have exploded. They are generally cheeper, don't have as many bugs, and are much more convenient. Previously, the big names were desktop providers HP, and Dell; but now "there's less sex appeal around it… we're not excited by it.. it's the smartphone that's very exciting". The tech revolution has brought to light exciting smartphone brands like HTC, Samsung, Google and Apple.

In addition to big name smartphone brands, smaller, low-cost manufacturers like Xiaomi are developing a new business model through service, or application shopping. Prices of smartphones are continuing to decrease, so manufacturers using this model are looking to sell their hardware with smaller margins, and profit mainly through software. According to Digi-Capital, an investment bank for mobile apps and games, by 2017, mobile apps could reach $70 billion in annual revenue. Thus, greater affordability for the physical devices are naturally occurring within the market due to changing business models.

Accessibility of mobile phones through decreased costs are also supplemented by the trend of technology becoming much more open in the past 10-20 years. "One of the biggest challenges in the last 10 years is that you've got open source, you've got open hardware…things like the maker movement….", including Arduino, Linux, and others. There is a general market trend of consumers wanting to know more about their products.

However, one interviewee believed it was still much too closed, likening today's lack of openness to selling a vacuum cleaner without the user guide explaining how it works. "It's basically the same as buying a Hoover for home, and you don't get the user manual. How am I supposed to change the bag inside? They're not going to tell you."

When asked if this demand for more openness will change the industry, he responded: "There is a demand, there is a lot of demand, but very little supply. There is demand from the outside, and those within the company. We have to convince our departments to be more open. We have to convince the engineers. It's a lot like convincing politicians, there is no immediate reward."

Given these trends, it was of one interviewees' belief that increased accessibility of technology through both decreased cost and increased availability may not necessarily lie in the legal environment or the policy sphere, but rather requires patience for the industry to adapt to a changing marketplace.

Understanding the modes and mediums which information, culture, and ultimately knowledge is accessed is fundamental to the Pervasive Technologies research as an Access to Knowledge issue. Thus, getting a grasp on technological trends, and being able to predict upcoming business models was a very valuable learning.

Guha, Romit, and Anandita Mankotia Mankotia. “PM Modi’s Digital India Project: Government to Ensure That Every Indian Has Smartphone by 2019.” The Economic Times 25 Aug. 2014. Web. 2 Sept. 2014.

See the research proposal for the Pervasive Technologies project here: http://cis-india.org/a2k/pervasive-technologies-research-proposal.pdf

“Smartphone Users Worldwide Will Total 1.75 Billion in 2014.” eMarketer. N.p., 16 Jan. 2014. Web. 3 Sept. 2014.

Takahashi, Dean. “Mobile Apps Could Hit $70B in Revenues by 2017.” VentureBeat. N.p., 29 Apr. 2014. Web. 7 Sept. 2014.

This will be further explored in the last blog post of this series.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/a2k/blogs/interviews-with-semi-conductor-industry-professionals-in-taiwan-1

CERT-In's Proactive Mandate - A Report on the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team’s Proactive Mandate in the Indian Cyber Security Ecosystem

praskrishna — 2016-11-19T04:03:58Z

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/files/cert-ins-proactive-mandate.pdf