Centre for Internet and Society

Indian Users’ Perspective On WIPO Negotiations On Treaty For Visually Impaired

praskrishna — 2013-02-18T09:07:06Z

South-East Asia is host to one-third of the world’s 39 million blind people. Over 20 million live in India alone. This week’s special session of the World Intellectual Property Organization aims to clean up the text of an international treaty to facilitate access to books for the blind and visually impaired community. It is thus of prime importance for India, and some there worry that issues such as commercial availability could undermine the treaty’s effectiveness.

This blog post by Catherine Saez was published in Intellectual Property Watch on February 16, 2013, Nirmita Narasimhan is quoted.

According to Nirmita Narasimhan, policy director with the Center for Internet and Society, barely five percent of published books in India are available in accessible formats. Visually impaired people struggle to get access to “education, news and entertainment, cultural materials, and employment.”

For instance, she told Intellectual Property Watch “even where there are seats reserved forl the blind in universities, there may not be enough applicants/candidates to fill those seats because of lack of educational resources.”

“Leisure reading and being up to date with the latest bestsellers is of course also a problem because these are unavailable at the time these reach the global market,” she said.

“Until last year, we did not have any fair use exception in our copyright law permitting conversion,” Narasimhan said. The new copyright amendment [pdf], which amended the Indian copyright Act of 1957, was adopted in May 2012 (IPW, Inside Views, 22 January 2013) but “has not yet translated into significant results in terms of accessible books,” Narasimhan said. The amendment allows conversion of books to accessible formats.

There are very limited resources in India, “both in terms of finances as well as manpower to carry out conversion activities, and a demand which far outstrips the supply, hence disability organisations struggle to keep up with the demand for accessible books,” she said, adding that “unlike organisations in other countries, organisations in India do not receive any government support for carrying out funding activities.”

Progress is slow and we still do not have complete access to global online collections such as Bookshare since there is some ambiguity regarding the definition of an ‘accessible format’ in our copyright act. Talking books are not explicitly mentioned in the Act,” she added. “Talking books” refer to books under a Digital Accessible Information SYstem (Daisy) format. The Copyright Amendment Bill of 2012 also does not address import and export, she said.

According to the Daisy Consortium, which includes 20 full members and over 40 associate members, a Daisy book is “a set of digital files” that includes “one or more digital audio files containing a human narration of part or all of the source text, a marked-up file containing some or all of the text (…), a synchronisation file to relate markings in the text file with time points in the audio file, and a navigation control file which enables the user to move smoothly between files while synchronisation between text and audio is maintained.“

“The Daisy Forum of India is an active network of over 85 organisations who are converting into Daisy, but the number of books with them is still significantly lower than those available in other countries,” she said.

“Technological solutions are still by and large unavailable in rural areas,” Narasimhan said. “Hence, while solutions like electronic text are useful in cities, audio or Braille would still be the primary means of reading for the blind in rural India.”

India is also working on a draft Rights of Persons with Disabilities Bill. In particular, Article 51 on access to information and communication technology states that measures should be taken so that “all content in whichever medium whether audio, print or electronic shall be

made available to persons with disabilities in accessible format,” and that “persons with disabilities have access to electronic media by providing for audio description, sign language interpretation and close captioning.”

International Treaty of Utmost Importance

“Countries like India could benefit tremendously from access to accessible versions of books in libraries around the world,” according to Narasimhan. “It would dispense with the administrative mechanism of seeking copyright permissions, which would greatly ease the life of disability organisations engaged in conversions.”

A paper, posted on the CIS-India website on 23 January, by Rahul Cherian, founder of Inclusive Planet Centre for Disability Law and Policy, said next week’s session “is probably the last change to sort out the major outstanding issues in the text of the document before the diplomatic conference.”

“One of the most critical issues that remain outstanding is the desire that some government negotiators have to link the use of the treaty provisions or copyright exceptions to commercial unavailability of the work in accessible formats,” he wrote, underlining the “impossibility of verifying commercial availability with any degree of certainty.”

In particular, the linkage between commercial availability and the exceptions appear at two places in the treaty, he said: in Article C (National law limitations and exceptions on accessible format copies) and in Article D (Cross-Border exchange of accessible format copies).

The paper gives the example of the complexity of exception in relation to cross-border exchange. “Imagine that the United Kingdom introduces a provision in their copyright law allowing the Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB) to export accessible format copies to people with visual impairment in Chennai but only after verifying that the accessible format copy cannot be otherwise obtained within a reasonable time and at a reasonable price.”

“Remember that ‘reasonable price’ in India means that the accessible format copy of the work is available at prices that are affordable in that market, taking into account the needs and income disparities of persons who have limited vision and those with print disabilities,” it states.

He questioned how the RNIB based in the UK could even begin to undertake this exercise which would entail several steps such as checking whether the accessible format copy is available in India, understanding the needs and income disparities of those with limited vision and print disabilities, and checking the cost of the accessible format copy and determine whether the cost of the accessible format copy is reasonable.

Linking commercial availability and exceptions as mentioned in Article C, Cherian said, “will lead to countries such as India being put under pressure from the European Union and the United States to amend our Copyright Act and linking our exceptions to commercial availability,” and he added, “the same applies to countries that want to introduce copyright exceptions after the Treaty.”

Rahul Cherian died unexpectedly on 7 February.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/news/ip-watch-feb-16-2013-catherine-saez-indian-users-perspective-on-wipo-negotiations-on-treaty-for-visually-impaired

indian techies

praskrishna — 2011-12-22T05:21:37Z

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Indian Supreme Court Overturns Law Barring ‘Offensive Messages’ Online

praskrishna — 2015-03-25T16:18:29Z

India’s Supreme Court on Tuesday struck down legislation barring “offensive messages” online, saying it violated constitutional guarantees of free expression.

The article by Niharika Mandhana published by Wall Street Journal on March 24, 2015 quotes Sunil Abraham.

A two-judge panel voided a part of India’s Information Technology Act that made it a crime to share information through computers or other communications devices that could cause “annoyance, inconvenience” and “enmity, hatred or ill will.”

Announcing the ruling in a crowded courtroom in the Indian capital, Justice Rohinton Nariman said the law’s provisions were too vague and didn’t provide “clearly defined lines” for law-enforcement officials. “What is offensive to one person may not be offensive to another,” he said.

The court also ruled that Internet companies, such as Facebook and Google, could be required to remove or block access to online content only if ordered to do so by a court or by a notification from the government. Previously, they were expected to act when they had “actual knowledge” of allegedly illegal materials.

Free-speech activists had long argued against the broad language in the law, which was enacted in part as an effort to prevent the incitement of violence among different religious and ethnic groups in the world’s second-most-populous nation.

On Tuesday they applauded the decision.

“This provision was hugely problematic for anyone using the Internet in India and that is gone,” said Sunil Abraham, head of the Bangalore-based Center for Internet and Society. “The court has removed the additional, unconstitutional limits to free speech.”

India’s Information Technology minister, Ravi Shankar Prasad, said in a televised interview after the ruling that the government “supports free social media.”

“If the security establishment needs a response in cases of terrorism, extremism, communal violence, the government will take a view after wider consultations,” Mr. Prasad said. “But only with adequate safeguards.”

Enforcement of the law has sparked controversy for years. In 2012, a 21-year-old was detained after complaining on Facebook about the effective shutdown of Mumbai for the funeral of a right-wing Hindu leader. Another person was also detained for “liking” her comment.

That year, political cartoonist Aseem Trivedi was also charged under this law for his work lampooning Parliament. Mr. Trivedi said Tuesday that the court’s decision would “put a stop to years of misuse of the law by the government and politicians.”

“It sends a strong message that Indian law is with free speech,” Mr. Trivedi said.

According to a recent report by Facebook, the U.S. social media company blocked 5,832 pieces of content in the second half of 2014 on requests from Indian law-enforcement agencies and the government.

That was up from 4,960 pieces blocked from January to June last year. Facebook said it restricted access in India to a lot of “anti-religious content” and “hate speech that Indian officials reported could cause unrest and disharmony.”

J. Sai Deepak, a New Delhi-based lawyer involved in the case, said Tuesday’s decision was a significant victory for Internet companies in India. He said the law’s implementation—which earlier was “subject to the vagaries of the political winds of the state,” he said—would now be guided only by the free-speech rules laid down in the Indian constitution.

The order, however, rejected an argument by free-speech advocates that information shared on the Internet must be treated the same way as other kinds of speech, such as a live address or printed material. The court said lawmakers could create a separate law to deal with online speech because such content, unlike others, “travels like lightning and can reach millions of persons all over the world.”

But the current law, the court said, was too vague and included terms which “take into the net a very large amount of protected and innocent speech.” The law “is cast so widely that virtually any opinion on any subject would be covered by it,” the order said.

—Newley Purnell contributed to this article.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/wall-street-journal-niharika-mandhana-march-24-2015-indian-supreme-court-overturns-law-barring-hate-speech-online

Indian super-cops now patrol the www highway

praskrishna — 2011-08-19T06:48:48Z

There's discontent brewing in the Indian cyberspace. And it has to do with the government blocking content that it deems "objectionable". What has raised hackles of Internet freedom activists is a new set of rules that allow Internet service providers (ISPs) and blogging sites to remove "objectionable" content from the Web.

This Wednesday, in a written reply, minister of state for information and technology Sachin Pilot told the Lok Sabha that the recently notified rules under the IT Act to regulate the use of Internet, "don't give any power to the government to regulate the content"? Pilot added that the rules did not raise issues "pertaining to privacy and violation of freedom of speech and expression."

Are the rules likely to affect you and I? They may have already begun do so. Last fortnight, when surfers went on to popular file-sharing sites to download clips of a new Bollywood release, what they got instead was a screen with the message: This site has been blocked as per instructions of the Department of Telecom.

The fine print

The new rules demand that the intermediary notify users not to publish or use information that is derogatory, abusive, insulting or which violates intellectual property rights or impacts the sovereignty of the nation. In a country that has 81 million Internet users, this can never be easy.

The rules put the onus of intercepting, blocking and removing objectionable content on intermediaries — telecom service providers, search engines, social networking sites and online payment sites — turning them into super-cops of the Web. "Although the Act is an improvement on the previous one, the rules put too much onus on intermediaries," says Dr Subo Ray, President, Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI). "The intermediaries have become the judge, the jury and the executioner," says Ray.

In a nation where social mores are in a flux, interpretation of what is objectionable under the new rules is wide and subjective, says technology lawyer Rodney D Ryder. "Content deemed 'disparaging', 'harassing', 'blasphemous' or 'hateful' can be blocked. But who will decide what is disparaging?"

The worst bit about such censorship, says Nikhil Pahwa, editor of Medianama, a portal that discusses issues related to digital media, is its opacity. "It is a distress signal for civil liberties and India's version of Egypt's kill-switch. With the UID, the government would know who I am. With the help of telecom operators, they can track me within 50 metres and with my mobile number, snoop in on my conversations. On top of that, do we need Internet rules that don't have a provision of appeal?"

Ryder concurs: "The regulations do not even provide a way for content producers to defend their work or appeal a decision to remove content. This is against the principles of natural justice."

The rules are a case of deceptive legislative drafting says cyber lawyer Pawan Duggal, chairman of Assocham's cyber law committee. "The provisions hide more than what they disclose. Cosmetically, the new rules says that if you are an intermediary, then you shall not be liable for any third-party data, information or communication link made available or hosted by you. Provided, and this is crucial, you follow a number of stringent conditions."

Duggal says many intermediaries in India are not aware of these conditions. "An intermediary will not be liable for any third-party data made available or hosted by it, provided it complies with the law, exercises due diligence, does not abet, conspire or play an active role in a criminal activity and further, provided that once it is notified of any offending activity, removes or disables access of the said offending content expeditiously. If it fails to fulfil one of the conditions, it is open to criminal exposure and civil exposure upto unlimited damages by way of compensation."

Is it gagging net freedom?

In China and Saudi Arabia, governments routinely censor content and redirect search requests to error pages. In Vietnam, bloggers who criticise the government are sometimes arrested. And in Cuba, there is talk of creating "a national Internet". Still, any talk of comparing India with these restrictive regimes is alarmist and stupid, says Ray of IAMAI.

But over the past few years, the government has been gradually building censorship muscle over the Internet, say activists. In 2006, it blocked Typepad, the blog hosting service and a bulk SMS site.

A right to information plea filed by the Bangalore-based Centre for Internet and Society reveals the government blocked 11 sites between 2008 and 2011 (see box). These range from sites hosting the predictable girl wallpapers and Kamasutra to blogs discussing the freedom of speech.

Yet, in his written reply to the Lok Sabha, Pilot insisted that the rules "do not give any power to the government to regulate the content".

If this sparks any discontent in you about privacy, freedom of speech and civil liberties, think twice before sharing the content on the Internet.

This article by Aasheesh Sharma was published in the Hindustan Times on August 6, 2011. The original can be read here.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/news/indian-super-cops-patrol-www-highway

Indian student in Cornell University hacks into ICSE, ISC database

praskrishna — 2013-07-02T07:39:45Z

A 20-year-old Indian student from Cornell University hacked into the database of ICSE (Class X) and ISC (Class XII) school exam results, exposed glaring anomalies in the marking system and went on to merrily write about his exploits in an online post.

The article by Kim Arora was published in the Times of India on June 6, 2013. Pranesh Prakash is quoted.

Kolkata-born Debarghya Das, majoring in computer science, says that all he had to do was run a simple program that entered all roll numbers after defining a range to get access to all the results. "It is shocking they haven't implemented a more secure system," Das told TOI on phone from New York.

After the result's data was crunched, analysed and plotted in graphs, Das discovered an interesting incongruity in the marking system: there are 33 different scores unattained between the passing mark of 35 and the maximum of 100 by the nearly 1,50,000 who appeared for the ICSE (Class X) exam. According to Das' findings, not a single student got the following marks: 36, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 82, 84, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93. Similarly, in the case of ISC (Class XII exam) a set of 24 marks between 40 and 100 were found to be unattained.

When contacted, chairperson of the CI SCE (Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations) Gerry Arathoon, refused to comment on both data security and the unattained marks. "I can't say anything until I have had a look at things myself," he said.

Das says that the missing marks indicate that perhaps they were tampered with. He offers mathematical and statistical arguments to defend his position in his online post. He says that the ISC anomaly appears to be a case of awarding "grace marks" and writes -- "Everything from 35 onwards, and most things from 23 onward seem blindly promoted to a pass mark."

	Pranesh Prakash, policy director at the Center for Internet and Society, says one needn't even be a techie to execute such a hack. "You don't need real technical skills to do this. You just need to figure out the ranges and feed them in. It is an interesting revelation that the website does nothing to obfuscate the javascript for security, but one can still retrieve data without that information. Once you have the data, it requires two minutes of programming to get it in a spreadsheet," says Prakash. In his post, titled "Hacking into the Indian Education System", Das wrote that he was doing this to "demonstrate how few measures our education board takes to hide such sensitive information".

Pranesh Prakash, policy director at the Center for Internet and Society, says one needn't even be a techie to execute such a hack. "You don't need real technical skills to do this. You just need to figure out the ranges and feed them in. It is an interesting revelation that the website does nothing to obfuscate the javascript for security, but one can still retrieve data without that information. Once you have the data, it requires two minutes of programming to get it in a spreadsheet," says Prakash. In his post, titled "Hacking into the Indian Education System", Das wrote that he was doing this to "demonstrate how few measures our education board takes to hide such sensitive information".

The student also told the TOI that it wasn't possible to change any values in marks and upload fudged data again, and that he made any significant progress in this direction only about 3-4 days after the results were announced. His online post says he also has the data for CBSE class XII. Though he hasn't yet made it public, he does admit it was harder to crack than CISCE, though not altogether difficult.

Schooled in Kolkata, Das is curren tly interning at Google, working on YouTube's captioning system. He is also working on a tongue-controlled game and has earlier been active in game and applet design. The idea to hack the results came to him fo llowing a desire to help two close friends who had recently taken the exams.

Das, nicknamed Deedy, told ToI that he worked on the ICSE and ISC results off and on for a week, but it essentially took about 4-5 hours to get all the data."It took me more time to write the blog post," says Das, referring to his 19-page post with all the graphs, data and explanations that is currently online.

For Das, there was only one other takeaway from the whole exercise. "Regardless of any tampering, it would be nice to see a transparent exam scheme. SAT (Scholastic Assessment Test) publishes everything related to the exam results every year. It is inconceivable that a national level exam board doesn't do that," he says.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/news/the-times-of-india-kim-arora-june-6-2013-indian-student-in-cornell-university-hacks-icse-isc-databas

Indian SMEs still fail to harness the power of Net

praskrishna — 2011-06-29T06:04:12Z

In India, only about 81 million people have access to the net, as it needs a level of education and IT skills to operate a computer. This article by Satarupa Paul was published in the Sunday Guardian on 19 June 2011.

Last month, a study conducted by the McKinsey Global Institute (MGI), the economics research arm of consultant McKinsey and Co, evaluated the impact of the Internet on growth, jobs and prosperity in the G8 nations as well as in India, China, Brazil, South Korea and Sweden. The study mentioned that the Internet contributed 3.2 per cent of India's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2009.

Based on a survey of 4,800 small and medium businesses in the 13 countries, it concludes that the use of the Internet has led to a 10 per cent increase in their productivity as well as accelerated their growth and export by two times.

India, however, featured low on the indices that support the report. Anja Kovacs, Fellow at Centre for Internet and Society in Bangalore, tells Guardian20, "Firstly, the figures for private investment and public expenditure on the Internet are very low in India. This shows that the web is still the domain of the elite here. Secondly, almost half of the contribution of the Internet to India's GDP comes from trade balance (net export). This definitely cannot be the play of small and medium businesses as they still fare poorly in the trade market. So to say that the Internet has led to an increase in their productivity in India, which in turn has led to a significant growth in GDP, is not entirely true."

She explains by saying, in India only about 81 million people have access to the net, as it needs a level of education and IT skills to operate a computer. As most of the small and medium businesses in India are run by economically backward people with minimum or no education, accessing the Internet and running their own websites for their businesses remains a distant dream.

Such cynicism dies down when we consider the case of Tilonia.com. A website dedicated to the craftsmen from Tilonia in Rajasthan who produce clothes and accessories, decorative home furnishings, handmade paper products, metalwork, leather goods, etc, it is run by a US based NGO called Friends of Tilonia, Inc, which besides being a platform for showcasing the products by artisans, also acts as an e-commerce portal. It does business worth Rs 30 lakh on an average every year. For an organisation that falls under the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) category, such income is pretty impressive. Extrapolate this number to the estimated 26.1 million registered MSMEs in India and their contribution to the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) could become enormous, but in reality, it is not quite so.

Osama Manzar, Founder and Director of Digital Empowerment Foundation (DEF) in New Delhi, says, "Almost 70 per cent of the registered MSMEs in India are not online and not more than 20 per cent are using any kind of IT or IT-enabled services. We conducted a workshop with 200 MSMEs recently and 99 per cent of these didn't have a website."

DEF works towards bridging this digital divide and organises workshops within the various artisan pockets of India. Manzar says, "The Internet has still not reached the grassroots level in India. We have such internationally famous handicrafts and artwork created by artisans working in various small and medium businesses, but they don't garner the business which the Net can help them fetch."

To address this problem, DEF has launched an e-commerce website for Chanderi silk saris and products made by weavers in Madhya Pradesh. Also, their eMSME facility provides MSMEs with a cost effective web platform with unlimited web pages to help entrepreneurs create a virtual identity for wider reach.

On a larger scale, the Indian government has set up Internet kiosks, one for every panchayat, in the rural areas. About 95,000 of such Common Service Centres (CSCs) have been installed all over the country and are meant to ease billing, enquiry, tax payment and other services. "But for a majority of Indians, especially those in small and medium businesses in small towns, the easiest Internet access points are cyber cafes. Such kiosks, if operated punctually, could provide them with a whole range of possibilities for communication and business that their counterparts enjoy in other countries," concludes Kovacs.

Cross-posted from the Sunday Guardian. The original can be read here

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/news/failure-to-harness-power-of-net

Indian public concerned about fingerprint payment scheme

praskrishna — 2017-02-12T15:10:23Z

The Guardian is reporting that a prominent think tank has found that the prospect of using fingerprint authentication for everyday payments is raising privacy concerns among the Indian public.

The blog post by Rawlson King was published by Biometric Update.com on February 9, 2017. Sumandro Chattapadhyay was quoted.

The Centre for Internet and Society says that many Indians are concerned about the “privacy implications” of using Aadhaar as a payment scheme.

Aadhaar is the 12-digit unique identification number issued by the Indian government to every individual resident of India. The Aadhaar project aims to provide a single, unique identifier which captures all the demographic and biometric details of every Indian resident. Currently, Aadhaar has issued over 900 million Aadhaar numbers. BiometricUpdate.com recently reported that over one billion people have now been enrolled.

The Indian government is intent on expanding the use of Aadhaar beyond the provision of social services to include financial transactions. The government’s “Digital India” initiative aims to create a “cradle-to-grave digital identity” that can enable a digital economy. Moving towards a digital economy will allow low income people to access the banking system. The use of Aadhaar for most transactions however would also allow the government to reduce the cash supply, which would work to eliminate untaxed cash transactions.

The government took a big step towards reducing the cash supply last November by removing 500 and 1,000 rupee notes, thereby eliminating 85 percent of the country’s circulating currency. Indian residents responded by setting up three million, enabled by fingerprint verification. BiometricUpdate.com has reported that banks, including DCB Bank, have introduced Aadhaar enhanced services, and that financial service firms including YES Bank and Spice Money are introducing Aadhaar-enabled payment systems.

The unveiling of this biometric-based payment ecosystem however is creating consternation among the general public. Sumandro Chattapadhyay, a director at the Centre for Internet and Society told the Guardian that Indian residents are concerned about the “data-sharing possibilities opened up by Aadhaar.”

He noted that Aadhaar “makes it easier for companies not only to share information on individuals’ consumption and mobility habits, but also to link this data up with public records like the electoral register. Both lead to significant threats to privacy of individuals.”

Chattapadhyay also told the Guardian that “the law governing use of the biometric database, fast-tracked through parliament last year, is flimsy when it comes to the private sector. Since India lacks a general privacy or data protection law, this leaves corporate use of Aadhaar services effectively unregulated.”

He told the UK newspaper that his greatest fear is that “private companies could eventually gain access to government-held personal data, such as income or medical records, while the government could use company data like phone records to target specific individuals in political campaigns.”

Despite these fears, the government continues to move ahead with link Aadhaar with more elements of the financial system. Recent reports have stated that the Indian government may allow citizens to use Aadhaar to file their income tax returns.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/biometric-update-february-9-2017-rawlson-king-indian-public-concerned-about-fingerprint-payment-scheme

Indian politicians yet to tap voters online: CIS’s Abraham

praskrishna — 2013-10-23T05:31:34Z

Sunil Abraham talks about the role online media will play in forthcoming elections and the behaviour of online readers of news.

The interview (taken by Venkatesh Upadhyay) was published in Livemint on October 22, 2013.

Sunil Abraham, 40, is executive director of the Centre for Internet and Society, a not-for-profit research organization that works on issues related to freedom of expression and privacy. Abraham was in New Delhi to speak on the impact of media, social media and technology on governance and democracy, organized by the Observer Research Foundation together with the Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung. On the sidelines of the conference, he talked about the role that online media will play in forthcoming elections as well the behaviour of online readers of news.

Edited excerpts from the interview:

How important will digital media be for the forthcoming elections?

I think the Internet in India is very different from, say, the one found in the US. So, our capacity to read from similar experience in their elections is limited. If you take the extensive exposure that the (Barack) Obama campaign had on the online space and the manner in which it supposedly helped the campaign, I don’t see that happening here.

Politicians and political parties very active on social media. You don’t think that will have an effect on elections?

I think the missing part of the equation till now is that there has not been any devising—to my knowledge—of targeting of voters through Facebook or Twitter. Our digital footprint leads to immense big-data opportunities, which I do not see politicians in India being able to exploit. Again, to give an example from the United States, there were certain instances there from where if you were member of a particular community, you could be targeted by political campaigns. Here, I don’t see that happening that easily.


Above: Sunil Abraham on the role of digital media in elections

So our politicians are wasting their time on social media?

Not entirely. In my view, one of the good things that the Internet does is that it has the capacity to democratize public opinion. One must also keep in mind that networks such as the ones available through social media are not homogenous. So nodes such as users who are opinion-makers and journalists are active on these networks, and so politicians can use these methods to reach out to more people.

Does the traditional media still have a role?
Of course. Traditional media is more likely to determine political outcomes in comparison to social media because most of the links that we see in social media are related to content that is created on traditional media. Now, of course, we can be sceptical of the role that traditional media plays in influencing the general mood of the country, but that is a different question.

Is there something peculiar about the manner in which readers interact with newspaper reports online?
I think one can usually see the comments section of some news sites littered with hurtful and hateful comments. So, some readers such as myself basically go through these comments to look at trolling and also sometimes for comic relief. But again, every news organization seems to be dealing with this differently. The Times of India, doesn’t, in my view, regulate its comments section. But one can see, say, in The Hindu, that readers’ comments are regulated and are usually very thoughtful.

Is there any particular reason why certain news readers respond the way they do?

Well, a part of the reason why people consuming news online comment and interact the way they do is that anonymity produces a level of freedom that allows people to be more brutal in their behaviour online.

At the same time, you can also see, in some instances, the chilling effects of surveillance, where people end up censuring their thoughts on issues. Of course, surveillance is not the answer. Societies need to deal with hateful threats on their own terms.

What will it take for politicians and public figures to get their message across, given the idiosyncrasies of the Indian digital media?
I think two components are crucial: trust and authenticity. For example, in the case of Wikipedia, there is an assumed amount of trust that the user has. The trust relationship between public figures who are active online and the public also is a two-way street. Politicians must also trust their common party members to use their social media presence as and when they want to. For example, why don’t they allow each and every member of the political party to man their Twitter handle for a day?

As for authenticity, the human mind can say whether an act by someone online is authentic or not.

Finally, what is your view on the role that larger Internet monopolies such as Facebook and Google are playing across the digital plane?

The Internet has also changed over the past 15 years. It used to be a decentralized network. Everybody was hopeful that it would have democratizing potential and, therefore, techno-utopianism was born. Now, it is increasingly clear that a small proportion of websites have 90% of the traffic and large corporations such as Google and Facebook play a significant role in configuring the attention economy. They are now also beginning to take this role very seriously themselves. In the case of Google, increasingly Google is using its power over the attention economy to play a role in the electoral process in India. They have been holding Google Hangouts and what they have been able to do is bring the public to the politicians.

Other concerns such as Facebook and Twitter through their walled-garden arrangements with telecom companies also play a similar role in configuring the attention economy. One is more innocuous—like the manner in which their algorithms are structured determining who shows up in their feeds.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/news/livemint-venkatesh-upadhyay-october-22-2013-indian-politicians-yet-to-tap-voters-online

Indian police set up lab to monitor social media

praskrishna — 2013-03-19T09:23:12Z

Mumbai police have set up India's first "social media lab" to monitor Facebook, Twitter and other networking sites, sparking concerns about freedom of speech online.

This was published by AFP on March 18, 2013. This was also carried in Global Post on the same day. Sunil Abraham is quoted.

A specially-trained team of 20 police officers will staff the lab, which was launched over the week end and will work around the clock to keep an eye on issues being publicly discussed and track matters relating to public order.

"They will work under Special Branch. They will monitor and find out which topics are trending among the youth so we can plan law and order in a good way," police spokesman Satyanarayan Choudhary told AFP on Monday.

In November police sparked outrage and fierce debate about India's Internet laws by arresting two young women over a Facebook post criticising the shutdown of Mumbai after the death of a local hardline politician.

The pair were arrested under laws including section 66a of the Information Technology Act, which forbids "sending false and offensive messages through communication services" and can lead to three years in jail.

The case followed several arrests across the country for political cartoons or comments made online.

Sunil Abraham, executive director of the Bangalore-based Centre for Internet and Society research group, said the "natural reaction" was to worry about the new police lab given the way the law has been used.

"Police in the last four years have acted in an arbitrary and random fashion, often using the IT Act to settle political scores," he told AFP.

"When there's no crisis for the police, proactively keeping an eye on what people are saying or doing is overkill," he said.

Choudhary said the lab was not set to censor comments, echoing a statement made by police commissioner Satyapal Singh at the launch.

"By reading the mindset of what people are writing on various modes of communication, we will try to provide better and improved safety and security to the Mumbai citizens," Singh said.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/news/afp-march-18-2013-indian-police-set-up-lab-to-monitor-social-media

Indian PM Narendra Modi’s digital dream gets bad reception

praskrishna — 2015-09-29T15:23:04Z

As Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi told Silicon Valley’s most powerful chief executives this week how his government “attacked poverty by using the power of networks and mobile phones’’, the entire population of the state of Kashmir remained offline — by order of the state.

The article by Amanda Hodge was published in the Australian on September 29, 2015. Sunil Abraham gave inputs.

“I see technology as a means to empower and as a tool that bridges the distance between hope and opportunity,” Mr Modi said yesterday on a trip in which he will also discuss development at the UN.

Earlier, in a “town hall” meeting with Facebook chief Mark Zuckerberg Mr Modi hailed the power of social media networks that gave governments the opportunity to correct themselves “every five minutes”, rather than every five years.

His remarks during his Digital India tour of the US west coast sparked a storm of Twitter protest.

The northern state’s former chief minister Omar Abdullah, who noted the “irony of listening to Prime Minister Modi lecturing about connected digital India, while we are totally disconnected”.

The ban on mobile and broadband internet in Jammu and Kashmir was imposed last Friday, the beginning of the Muslim holiday of Eid-ul-Zuha during which animals are slaughtered and the meat fed to the poor, for fear social media could inflame tensions over the state government’s decision to enforce a beef ban.

It was to have lasted 24 hours but — notwithstanding Twitter feedback — was extended twice as a “precautionary” measure.

As Mr Modi outlined his dreams of a broadband network connecting the country’s most remote communities, millions of New Delhi mobile phone users continued their daily wrestle with line dropouts.

“We are bringing technology, transparency, efficiency, ease and effectiveness in governance,” he said, as in New Delhi the government talked of pulling down more mobile towers.

Centre for Internet and Society director Sunil Abraham said yesterday: “Schizophrenia between rhetoric and reality (on digital policy) is the global standard for all world leaders.

“Politicians in opposition are invariably opposed to surveillance and in favour of free speech but the very day that politician assumes office even if it is someone as splendid as Barack Obama, they change their opinions on these topics and become pro-surveillance and pro-censorship.”

Certainly successive Indian governments have had a patchy record on such issues. Last March India’s activist Supreme Court struck down a controversial section of the Information Technology Act which made posting information of a “grossly offensive or menacing character” punishable by up to three years’ jail.

That month police in northern Uttar Pradesh arrested a teenager for a Facebook post, which they said “carried derogatory language against a community”.

Previous cases under the former Congress-led government include that of a university professor detained for posting a cartoon about the chief minister of West Bengal and the arrest of two young women over a Facebook post criticising the shutdown of Mumbai following the death of a Hindu right politician.

While Mr Modi’s government welcomed the Supreme Court ruling as a “landmark day for freedom of speech and expression”, last month it attempted to block 857 random porn sites.

Notwithstanding the gulf between Mr Modi’s digital dream rhetoric and the reality at home, his second US visit in 17 months has reaped dividends. Google has committed to a joint initiative to roll out free Wi-Fi to 500 railway stations across the country, and Qualcomm has pledged a $US150 million ($213m) tech startup fund.

But Mr Abraham warned of the potential for such investments to compromise net neutrality — the principle of allowing internet users access to all content and applications.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/the-australian-amanda-hodge-september-29-2015-indian-pm-narendra-modi-digital-dream-gets-bad-reception

Indian net service providers too play censorship tricks

praskrishna — 2013-02-13T04:20:53Z

The study by a Canadian university has found that some major Indian ISPs have deployed web-censorship and filtering technology.

The article by T Ramachandran was published in the Hindu on February 9, 2013. Sunil Abraham is quoted.

Your internet service provider (ISP) could be blocking some content. A study conducted by a Canadian university has found that some major Indian ISPs have deployed web-censorship and filtering technology widely used in China and some West Asian countries.

The findings, published on January 15, were the result of a search for censorship software and hardware on public networks like those operated by ISPs.

A research team at Citizen Lab, an interdisciplinary laboratory based at the Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto, found a software-hardware combo package called PacketShaper being used in many parts of the world, including India.

The study identified the presence of four PacketShaper installations on the networks of three major ISPs in India during the period of study in late 2012. These ISPs had been earlier “implicated in filtering to some degree,” the report said.

The deployment of such traffic management technologies by ISPs could threaten privacy, freedom of expression and competition, said Sunil Abraham, Executive Director of the Bangalore-based NGO, Centre for Internet and Society.

He said tools like PacketShaper could be used by ISPs for two types of censorship —“to block entire websites or choke traffic on certain services or destinations in a highly granular fashion.”

The U.S.-based producers of the technology, Blue Coat Systems, are quite open about the product features on the company’s website. They say it could be used to control and weed out undesirable content. It could also be used to slow down or speed up the operation of programmes and content flow to achieve the goals set by the operators of the networks.

Transparency is the key

Technology experts said such products could be used to exercise legitimate control over the internet traffic and prioritise the use of bandwidth and resources, if used ethically.

“If done in a transparent manner that does not discriminate against different actors within a class it does benefit the collective interest of the ISP’s clients. However, it could also be used to engage in hidden censorship against legitimate speech and also for anti-competitive behaviour,” said Mr. Abraham.

The study focussed on countries where concerns exist over “compliance with international human rights law, legal due process, freedom of speech, surveillance, and censorship.”

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/news/the-hindu-feb-9-2013-t-ramachandran-indian-net-service-providers-too-play-censorship-tricks

Indian music streaming service Gaana hacked, millions of users’ details exposed

praskrishna — 2015-08-22T16:44:25Z

Indian music streaming service Gaana, which has over 7.5 million monthly visitors, has been compromised by a hacker and its user information database is now exposed.

The hacker, who goes by the moniker Mak Man and appears to be based in Lahore, Pakistan, posted a link to a searchable database of Gaana user details on his Facebook page. Enter a user’s email address and it spits out their full name, email address, MD5-hashed password, date of birth Facebook and Twitter profiles and more.

The hack appears to be a SQL injection-based exploit of Gaana’s systems, but the intention behind it is unknown. The database shows more than 12.5 million users are currently registered on Gaana.

Mak Man also posted images of the service’s admin panel.

It’s worrying that an online service from one of India’s biggest internet companies (Times Internet) is vulnerable to attacks like this.

With user details exposed, it may not do much good to simply change your Gaana password, as it will reflect in the hacker’s database. You’re better off deactivating your account until the issue is resolved, and changing your email, Facebook and Twitter passwords if they’re the same as on Gaana right away.

Update: Since our story broke, Gaana has taken its site offline and the exposed database isn’t returning search results when we queried it with test data.

The hacker has updated his database page with the following message: “The vulnerable parameter I was using here, has been patched by the Admin
Now the question is, Was this the only vulnerable parameter I had .. ? ;)”

Update 2: Times Internet CEO Satyan Gajwani tweeted that only login credentials were accessed and no financial or sensitive personal data was leaked.

Gajwani attempted to contact the hacker on Facebook and acknowledged the issue. He added that the attack was the hacker’s way of highlighting Gaana’s vulnerability.

The exposed database has since been removed on Gajwani’s request. All Gaana users’ passwords have been reset.

Gajwani also sought to reassure his followers that no user data was stored and that the passwords were hashed. Hacker

Mak Man also confirmed this in a Facebook post. However, that can’t be confirmed and you’d best change your passwords for any social accounts and email addresses associated with your Gaana profile.

According to Pranesh Prakash, Policy Director at Center for Internet and Society in Bangalore, India, the MD5 hashing algorithm which appears to have been used for securing passwords isn’t very strong and could easily be unscrambled using a rainbow table to get the plain-text version of the data.

Prakash also says that for added security, Gaana should:

Stop using MD5 as its password hashing function and instead look at stronger password derivation functions like scrypt, bcrypt, or PBKDF2.
Sanitize its SQL inputs to prevent against malicious SQL injections.
Enable two-factor authentication for users to log in securely.
Urge its users to use long passphrases instead of short complicated passwords and to never to reuse a password.

➤ Gaana [via The Geek Byte]

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/tnwnews-may-28-2015-abhimanyu-ghoshal-indian-music-streaming-service-gaana-hacked-millions-of-users-details-exposed

Indian mobiles go quiet amid SMS curbs

praskrishna — 2012-08-27T07:15:01Z

India’s 900m-plus mobile telephones have fallen unusually quiet since Saturday, when the government curbed text and multimedia messages for 15 days in an attempt to dispel panic among north-easterners fearing attacks from angry Muslims.

This article written by Victor Mallet in New Delhi and James Crabtree in Mumbai was published in Financial Times on August 21, 2012. Additional reporting by Jyotsna Singh in New Delhi. Pranesh Prakash is quoted.

The order limiting the number of SMS and MMS messages to five a day from each pre-paid account – which comprise 97 per cent of the market – has disrupted personal communications and threatens to squeeze the revenues of the mobile operating companies.

The government has also urged social media websites including Facebook and Twitter to remove “inflammatory” content it said had helped spread rumours that caused an exodus of migrants from some cities last week. Access to 245 web pages containing doctored videos and images had been blocked, the government claimed, and the relevant sites told to take the pages down.

Indians send more than a billion text messages a day, although it is not clear how many people have been affected by the restrictions or how many of the messages are mass mailings.

Akshat Dwivedi, 20, an undergraduate student at Delhi University, said the restrictions were “a stupid idea”.

“How can the government take away something that has become a basic, fundamental need today?” he said. “The ban has affected mostly students who use pre-paid connections because pre-paid connections are cheaper and more affordable for students like us. The ban has hugely disrupted our life. There are many people who rely on text messages because you can’t always call everybody.”

Civil rights activists wary of censorship accept that the ban may have been necessary to ease ethnic and religious tensions.

“There is the fear that the state will exercise inordinate powers,” said Akila Shivdas, a civil and consumer rights activist. “But regulation and state control are two different things … This is an opportunity to look at regulation seriously.”

India’s mobile industry earned about $20bn in revenue last year, of which 15-18 per cent was from data services, according to the Cellular Operators Association of India, a trade body. This suggests operators are set to suffer a loss of about $133m for the 15-day period, according to COAI figures.

“When we are going through the trauma of increased costs, being challenged on revenues does not help,” said Rajan Matthew, COAI director-general. “The government’s heart is in the right place in trying to address this issue ... But when we are fighting for every nickel and dime, this loss is not a small amount.”

Other analysts cautioned that the likely revenue impact would be much smaller, noting that most customers bought pre-paid SMS packages. “I’m not saying there will be no loss, but it will not be dramatic”, said Rohit Chordia, a telecoms analyst at Kotak, a Mumbai-based brokerage.

Industry sources and analysts also questioned the government’s decision to impose an extended nationwide ban, rather than experimenting with more limited short-term restrictions targeted to particular trouble spots.

“Some kind of limitation on communication was a reasonable step, but restricting everyone to just five per day I don’t think is reasonable at all,” said Pranesh Prakash, programme manager at the Centre for Internet and Society, a Bangalore-based think tank.

Thousands of north-easterners – physically similar to the Bodo people who have been fighting Muslim migrants over land and political power in Assam – fled from cities such as Bangalore and Hyderabad last week after threats of violence sent by SMS.

Muslims in Mumbai had previously been inflamed by media messages purportedly showing brutality towards their fellow followers of Islam, though the Indian government said some pictures were doctored and had been uploaded from Pakistan.

Events in Bangalore, said Pavan Duggan, a lawyer specialising in IT issues, were “a classic case of mobile cyberterrorism”. He backed the government’s measures despite concerns about censorship. “Obviously there are some rumblings, but these are still small murmurs because everyone is very clear that the national interest will come over [mobile] revenues.”

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/news/www-ft-com-aug-21-2012-victor-mallet-james-crabtree-indian-mobiles-go-quiet-amid-sms-curb

Indian Laws

praskrishna — 2019-11-13T14:05:27Z

Indian Law

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/home-images/IndianLaws.jpg

Indian law caught in web

praskrishna — 2012-02-14T05:41:57Z

Can Information Technology Act deal with the dynamics of the Net? Lawrence Liang, Pranesh Prakash and Nishant Shah have been quoted in this article by Moyna which was published in Down to Earth magazine Issue: February 15, 2012.

THIS is one series of court cases the nation is following keenly. Within one week, in December last year, a criminal and a civil complaint were filed against 20-odd online giants like Google, Facebook, Microsoft and Yahoo for hosting anti-religious and anti-social content on their websites. While the judge hearing the civil case ordered immediate removal and blockade of all controversial content from the web forums named in the plaint, the trial court summoned their top executives for violating the Indian Penal Code (IPC). The companies then approached the Delhi High Court for relief, citing that the matter of hosting objectionable content has been oversimplified and does not address the nuances of the way the Internet works.

Real world v virtual world

December 16, 2011
A Delhi-based journalist Vinay Rai files a complaint in trial court against 21 web companies, accusing them of promoting enmity between classes and causing prejudice to national integration. Magistrate Sudesh Kumar calls for an inquiry.

December 17, 2011
Tilak Marg police station SHO conducts inquiry and submits report.

December 20, 2011
One Mufti Aijaz Arshad Qasmi moves court of additional sessions judge (civil) Mukesh Kumar. He demands that 22 web companies be asked to remove anti-religious and ant-social material from their sites. The court issues an ex parte order, asking the companies to remove the objectionable content by February 6.

December 23, 2011
Trial court summons executives of 21 companies to appear in person on January 13, 2012, and asks them to remove all objectionable content from their sites by March 13.

January 11, 2012
Google and Facebook appeal to the Delhi High Court against trial court proceedings saying they are regulated by the IT Act and not the IPC. Justice Suresh Kait adjourns the case till January 16, commenting websites have a responsibility to prevent the spread of disharmony.

January 13, 2012
IT ministry sanctions the trial court prosecution of the web companies. Trial court adjourns proceedings till March 13.

January 16, 2012
In high court, website counsels open arguments with the need to protect freedom of expression. They say police investigation report is incomplete and fails to understand the Internet; it does not even mention when, where and by whom the objectionable contents were posted.

The websites contest the complaint filed under Section 153-A (promoting enmity between classes), 153-B (assertion prejudicial to national integration) and 295-A (insulting religion or religious belief of any class) of IPC, saying being intermediaries they are immune to legal action under Section 79 of IT Act.

The case should have been registered through a process—someone needs to complain against the objectionable content to the web company, who should then be given a chance to do everything possible as listed under the provision of “due diligence” of the IT Rules to remove or explain the content.

If the matter is still not removed, the complainant can approach the court, which in turn, needs to go through the Computer Emergency Response Team and inform the web company of the objectionable material.

Following this, the company has 36 hours to remove the content. The case is adjourned till January 19.

January 18, 2012
An intervention petition is filed in the high court saying the case against Google and Facebook is an infringement on right to expr ession. On January 19 the case is adjourned till February 2-3, 2012.

January 20, 2012
Yahoo moves the high cou rt seeking exemption from the case as the objections are against social networking sites.

While the appeal has been adjourned till the first week of February, the cases (see ‘Real world v virtual world’ on p10) have once again stirred the debate on the freedom of expression and raised significant doubts over the legal understanding of the virtual world.

Laws of virtual world

Niraj Kishan Kaul, representing Google in the high court, argued that the trial court issued the summons under IPC when the companies are under the ambit of the Information Technology (IT) Act of 2000. He contended “the summons issued are casual in nature and infringe the Constitutional provisions of freedom of speech”. The IT Act has provisions to deal with objectionable content. Even a web browser can register complaints or take action against objectionable contents, he said.

The objectionable content that spurred the civil and criminal cases has, however, taken a backseat for the time being because the hearings were lost in translation of the technicalities of responsibility and liability of hosting objectionable content, laws under which cyber incidents are to be tried and issues of freedom of expression.

Legal experts and Internet activists are divided over the efficacy of Indian laws governing the online world. “Is it in tune with the ever-changing technologies of the virtual world?” asks Sidharth Luthra, counsel for Facebook in the high court. Given the limitations, the legal system needs to have an open mind while dealing with the Internet, he adds. Rajeev Dhavan, a senior advocate in the Supreme Court, elaborates: “In the present case, the courts are applying criminal and company laws to the Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Under company law, the director is held liable for the actions of the company. How can the same logic be used in a forum where the content is published without the knowledge of an ISP?” This, he says, is akin to blaming a phone manufacturer for the use of his phone by a criminal.

Lawrence Liang of Alternate Law Forum, in Bengaluru, says, “We are still applying the traditional understanding of media to the Internet. Search engines and social media do not recognise who publishes, where and how.”

Pranesh Prakash of the Centre for Internet and Society (CIS), a non-profit in Bengaluru, agrees. He says the Internet needs regulation but it cannot be treated as a gigantic newspaper or media channel. Besides, the IT Act provides for protection of intermediaries; web browsers, social networking sites and websites cannot be held responsible for material published on their forums by a third party. But the IT rules introduced in April 2011 severely watered down this protection, Prakash adds.

Internet activists and legal experts have been criticising the IT rules since their introduction, saying they are at cross purposes with the IT Act.

“The rules were meant to lay down the process through which complaints should be made and define certain terms used in the Act,” says Apar Gupta, an IT law expert and advocate at the high court. Instead, they only fleshed out the mechanism for censorship and contain vague words that do not have reference to any existing provisions of the law. For instance, the rules use terms like “blasphemous”, “grossly harmful material” and “any material harmful to minors” to define objectionable material. But India has no law on blasphemy, nor is there any Act that defines grossly harmful material or what ought to be the punishment for uploading or downloading such material, Gupta explains.

Pavan Duggal, cyber law expert and a Supreme Court advocate, says the IT laws lack parameters for effective implementation. Since 1995, when the Internet was officially introduced in the country, till date, there have been only three convictions under the laws dealing with cyber crime and the highest fine ever levied was Rs 12 lakh. People’s trust in the efficacy of legislation is eroding, he says, adding that there is need for a stronger law dealing with all the nuances of the virtual world.

Who’s afraid of free Internet

The cases underscore the global concern over attempts by governments to curb freedom of expression and control a decentralised mechanism of information dissemination—the latest being the proposed anti-piracy laws in the US— primarily for two reasons.

One, the complaints against the web companies came close on the heels of a public remark by Union Minister of Communications and IT Kapil Sibal on censorship and pre-screening of web content. Two, Judge Suresh Kait, after adjourning the Google and Facebook appeal hearing in the high court, had remarked that the ISPs need to find censoring mechanisms to avoid objectionable content. He said the companies could be blocked as has been done in China if they failed to comply with Indian laws. Though the comments were not made on record they caused uproar in the media and among supporters of Internet freedom.

“The case deals with technical aspects of our Internet laws but the judges’ remarks and observations, in both the trial court and the high court, raise concerns of censorship and freedom of expression,” says Parasanth Sugathan, lawyer with the Software Freedom Law Centre, international lawyers’ network.

Nishant Shah of non-profit CIS says, “So far, in liberal democracies like India and the US, information was taken for granted and not perceived as central to the understanding of society.” Today, governments are taking cognisance of living in an informed society, which is leading to legal battles between those giving information and those trying to regulate it, Shah adds.

The original article was published in Down to Earth

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/news/indian-law-caught-in-web