We are anonymous, we are legion

Google Hangout on Technology and Jobs

praskrishna — 2017-03-29T10:38:42Z

Vanya Rakesh was a speaker at a Google hangout discussion held on Friday, March 24th, 2017 on "Technology and Jobs" as part of a project that ICRIER is doing with World Bank headquarters and several institutions across the world, titled “Jobs for Development”.

Video

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/google-hangout-on-technology-and-jobs

Net Neutrality Resources

praskrishna — 2017-04-22T09:11:21Z

Submissions by the Centre for Internet and Society to TRAI and DoT, 2015-2017.

Submission for TRAI Consultation on Regulatory Framework for Over-the-Top Services (June 29, 2015)
Submission to TRAI Consultation on Differential Pricing (January 7, 2016)
Counter Comments to TRAI on Differential Pricing (January 14, 2016)
TRAI Consultation on Differential Pricing for Data Services: Post-Open House Discussion Submission (January 25, 2016)
Submission to TRAI Consultation on Free Data (June 30, 2016)
Submission to TRAI Consultation on Proliferation of Broadband through Public WiFi Networks (August 28, 2016)
Submission to TRAI Consultation Note on Model for Nation-wide Interoperable and Scalable Public Wi-Fi Networks (December 12, 2016)
Submission to TRAI Consultation on Net Neutrality (April 18, 2017)

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/resources/net-neutrality-resources

Conference on Safety Against Online Child Sexual Abuse

praskrishna — 2017-03-29T04:10:16Z

Japreet Grewal was a speaker at a conference on safety against online child sexual abuse which was jointly organized by CID, Telangana and the Department for Women Development and Child Welfare, Telangana on March 16 and 17, 2017 in Hyderabad.

Japreet spoke about the existing legal framework in India on online child sexual abuse and the challenges in implementing the preventive and response mechanisms to address this problem. Various stakeholders including media, police, school educators and child protection organisations attended this event.

Read the agenda here

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/conference-on-safety-against-online-child-sexual-abuse

From Virtual to Reliable: Exploring Freedom and Facts in the World of WWW (World Wide Web)

praskrishna — 2017-03-29T04:01:25Z

An interactive seminar on internet freedom was organized by the Embassy of the Kingdom of Netherlands and Adaan Foundation on March 21, 2017 at the India International Centre in New Delhi. Saikat Dutta and Amber Sinha were panelists.

The seminar was coincident with the inauguration of the World Press Photo Exhibition 2016. In total there were four panelists. Read the agenda here.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/from-virtual-to-reliable-exploring-freedom-and-facts-in-the-world-of-www-world-wide-web

क्‍या आधार पर जल्दबाज़ी में है सरकार?

praskrishna — 2017-03-29T03:52:08Z

Amber Sinha took part in a discussion on Aadhaar aired by NDTV on March 27, 2017.

एक जुलाई 2017 से आयकर रिटर्न भरने और पैन नंबर के लिए आधार नंबर देना अनिवार्य हो जाएगा. बिना आधार के अब आयकर रिटर्न नहीं भरा जा सकेगा. जिस किसी के पास पैन कार्ड है उसे एक जुलाई तक आधार नंबर देना होगा. अगर ऐसा नहीं करेंगे तो पैन कार्ड अवैध हो जाएगा. माना जाएगा कि आपके पास पैन कार्ड या पैन नंबर नहीं है. आयकर फार्म और पैन नंबर में आधार को अनिवार्य किये जाने से कई सवाल फिर से उठे हैं. 2009 से लेकर 2017 के बीच आधार के इस्तमाल को लेकर, इसके लीक होने से लेकर अनिवार्य किये जाने के ख़तरे को लेकर कई बहसें सुनी, पचासों लेख पढ़े. दूसरी तरफ हमने समाज में देखा कि आधार को लेकर ग़ज़ब का उत्साह है.

Watch the Video on NDTV

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/ndtv-march-27-2017-discussion-on-aadhaar

The Fintech Disruption - Innovation, Regulation, and Transformation

praskrishna — 2017-03-29T02:10:49Z

Sumandro Chattapadhyay attended an event organized by Carnegie India on March 28, 2017. The aim of the initiative was that inclusive and sustainable regulations require constant interaction between policy makers and industry.

Select senior level policymakers, leaders from the banking industry and dynamic start-up founders and innovators gathered for the meet-up. The intention is to follow up on the discussions and debates from the round-table and come out with a detailed report on Fintech Regulations based on the research and conversations with start-ups and other valuable stakeholders.

See the conference agenda

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/the-fintech-disruption-innovation-regulation-and-transformation

Debate on Cyber Crime in TV9

praskrishna — 2017-03-28T15:25:40Z

Vidushi Marda took part in a debate on cyber crime which was aired on TV9 on January 13, 2017.

Vidushi spoke about the the definition of "cyber crime" within the IT Act, and also on proportionality of punishment/the best way to deal with such incidents. This programme was aired after a few college websites had been hacked to display false notices from deans, registrars, etc.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/debate-on-cyber-crime-in-tv9

Democracy and the Internet in 2017

praskrishna — 2017-03-28T15:19:14Z

Vidushi Marda gave a talk at St. Joseph's College of Commerce in Bengaluru on January 25, 2017. Vidushi spoke about democracy and the internet. The 50 minute talk was followed by 20 minutes of questions/comments.

Undergraduate students from a variety of disciplines such as social science, engineering, business, etc. attended the lecture. The talk broadly focused on:

The relationship between democracy and the internet. Why/how are they are closely related.
The internet's role in changing information exchange and communication. I drew on examples like the Arab Spring/Elections/Political change.
The growing usage of internet platforms for elections and also governance. Problematising the fact that these few private platforms seem to monopolise the internet, are only restricted to a certain elite audience, cannot be conflated with actual governance etc.
Fake News.
Algorithmic curation and filter bubbles.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/democracy-and-the-internet-in-2017

CIS representation at ICANN 58

praskrishna — 2017-03-28T14:22:22Z

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) organized ICANN 58 at Copenhagen from March 9 to March 16, 2017. On behalf of the Centre for Internet & Society (CIS), Vidushi Marda participated in the event and made a presentation.

CIS' focus at ICANN can broadly be divided into four heads: human rights, jurisdiction, transparency and accountability. Since March last year, we have also been pushing for changes in ICANN's expected standards of behavior, along with adoption of an anti harassment policy. After the IANA transition in September last year, the community is now divided into sub groups (SGs) that look into different issues for ICANN post transition, including the 4 that CIS works on. More information on ICANN 58 can be accessed here.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/cis-representation-at-icann-58

India’s biometric ID scans make sci-fi a reality

praskrishna — 2017-03-28T02:45:28Z

I have been thinking about my fingerprints and the secrets that may lie within my eyes — and whether I want to share them with the Indian government. I may not however have a choice.

The article by Amy Kazmin was published in the Financial Times on March 27, 2017. Sunil Abraham was quoted.

India has the world’s largest domestic biometric identification system, known as Aadhaar. Since 2010, the government has collected fingerprints and iris scans from more than 1bn residents, and each has been assigned a 12-digit identification number.

The scheme is championed by Nandan Nilekani, the billionaire co-founder of IT company Infosys. It was initially conceived to ensure poor Indians received subsidised food entitlements and other welfare benefits that were previously siphoned off by unscrupulous intermediaries. It was also seen as offering poor Indians, many of whom lack birth certificates, with a portable ID that can be used anywhere in the country.

Until now, obtaining an Aadhaar number was voluntary, though most Indians enrolled without hesitation as they see its potential benefits. But New Delhi is now enlisting Aadhaar, which means “foundation” or “base” in Hindi, in more than just welfare schemes. This would mean sharing one’s biometric details isn’t really optional any more despite a Supreme Court ruling that it should be “purely voluntary”.

Last week, the government issued a rule requiring an Aadhaar number for filing tax returns, ostensibly to improve tax compliance. It has also decided that all cell phone numbers must be linked to an Aadhaar number by 2018. Even Indian Railways has plans to demand Aadhaar from those booking train tickets online.

What was once touted as an initiative to improve delivery of welfare suddenly now seems like the foundation of a surveillance state — and I admit the prospect of putting my own biometrics in the database leaves me uneasy.

As a US citizen, I’ve never had to give my biometric data to my government. Domestically, fingerprints are only taken from criminal suspects, or applicants for government jobs, though I know foreign citizens are fingerprinted on arrival.

To me, the idea of sharing eye scans evokes the dystopian Hollywood film, Minority Report, which depicts a near future in which optical-recognition cameras allow the authorities to identify anyone in any public place. The hero on the run, played by Tom Cruise, has an illegal eye transplant to avoid detection.

In recent days, many Indian academics and activists have raised concerns about Aadhaar data security, the lack of privacy rules and the absence of any accountability structure if data are misused.

"Biometrics is being weaponised," says Sunil Abraham, executive director of the Bangalore-based Centre for Internet and Society. "What you need to be worried about is that someone will clean out your bank account or frame you in a crime," he says.

Pratap Bhanu Mehta, director of the Centre for Policy Research, has written of the “conversion of Aadhaar from a tool of citizen empowerment to a tool of state surveillance and citizen vulnerability”.

I call Mr Nilekani, of whose honourable intentions I have no doubt. After leaving Infosys in 2009, he spent five years in government, working to get Aadhaar off the ground. He says he is “extremely offended” when his project is accused of being part of a surveillance society, a narrative he says is “completely misrepresenting” the project. “I can steal your fingerprint off your glass. I don’t need this fancy technology,” he says. “Surveillance is far better done by following my phone, or when I use a map to order a taxi: the map knows where I am. Our internet companies know where you are.”

But in a society known for ingenious means of bypassing rules, such as having multiple taxpayer ID cards to aid evasion, Mr Nilekani says biometric authentication of individuals can bring discipline and reduce cheating. “It’s like you are creating a rule-based society,” he says, “it’s the transition that is going on right now.” I hang up, hardly reassured. To me, it seems clear that in India, as in so many places these days, Big Brother is increasingly watching.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/financial-times-march-27-2017-amy-kazmin-indias-biometric-id-scans-make-sci-fi-a-reality

Other Than Women: Exploring Harassment and Difference Online

praskrishna — 2017-03-27T16:11:30Z

A satellite session at RightsCon in Brussels is being organized by the Tactical Technology Collective on March 28, 2017. Rohini Lakshané is a speaker at this event.

Tactical Tech is interested in the problem of online harassment as a barrier to political participation in quantified societies, and in terms of the harm it causes those targeted. We have been working to customise tactics of resistance and support to communities/individuals who are working online and are exposed to, or are at risk of, harassment.

This Satellite Session at Rightscon is fashioned as an intervention into ongoing advocacy, research, and practical support efforts, and seeks to interrogate a wide range of possible framings of (as well as responses to) online harassment.

For more info, click here

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/other-than-women-exploring-harassment-and-difference-online

Round Table on Privacy and Data Protection at NIPFP

praskrishna — 2017-03-27T16:02:59Z

National Institute of Public Finance & Policy organized a round-table on privacy and data protection on March 24, 2017 in New Delhi.

Click to see the agenda.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/round-table-on-privacy-and-data-protection-at-nipfp

Why We Should All Worry About The Mandatory Imposition Of Aadhaar

praskrishna — 2017-03-27T15:02:10Z

It appears that with each passing day, the government is linking an increasing number of benefits and government services to the 12-digit biometric-based Aadhaar number for Indians, despite growing concerns around its data privacy and security.

The article by Rimin Dutt and Ivan Mehta was published by Huffington Post on March 24, 2017. Sunil Abraham was quoted.

Aadhaar, which collects among other information, citizens' iris scans and fingerprints and stores them into a centralised database for a prolonged time with only loose guidelines and no pre-existing laws to ensure the privacy of that data, is now linked to no less than 38 government schemes, including the government's latest directive –- that Aadhaar become mandatory for tax filing and securing PAN numbers -- introduced by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley earlier this week.

Jaitley openly admitted on Wednesday in the Parliament that the government, in effect, would be forcing people to get Aadhaar in an effort to increase tax compliance.

Aadhaar's use, by no means, is restricted to government agencies alone. A growing number of private financial institutions are now fulfilling their "Know Your Customer" or e-KYC formalities by making Aadhaar compulsory. The government is also in the process of making Aadhaar the basis of all financial transactions.

While the timing of the government's aggressive push of Aadhaar, in itself, is raising eyebrows among political observers, there are some serious concerns about this unique experiment that deserve stronger scrutiny.

Why disregard the Supreme Court?

In making Aadhaar mandatory for filing taxes and securing core taxpayer identity, the government has openly gone against a Supreme Court order from last year that explicitly stated that the Aadhaar Card scheme is "purely voluntary" and cannot be made mandatory until the court has decided on this.

The government has defended its move, saying it is allowed to do so under the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act 2016.

However, as Gopal Krishna, a member of the Citizens Forum for Civil Liberties, writes in Business Today, the passage of the Act by the Parliament "does not automatically imply that any agency can make UID/Aadhaar compulsory disregarding the Supreme Court's orders."

According to Krishna, in doing so, the government is "clearly stepping beyond" the mandate of the Aadhaar Act, and also acting in contempt of the Parliament, according to him.

In addition, if tax evasion was the driving factor behind the move, it begs the question — wouldn't forcing people to get Aadhaar actually do the opposite by adding another layer of hassle?

Indeed, tax experts have noted how this requirement may hinder tax collection. Archit Gupta, Founder & CEO ClearTax.com, a tax service provider told HuffPost India, "The [Aadhaar] announcement is likely to be a dampener to tax filers, specially first-timers ... FY 2016-17 filing is expected to see a large number of first-time filers due to demonetisation efforts, and this move may make them more guarded."

Why not strengthen PAN?

The government already has an extensive mandate for the Permanent Account Number (PAN) cards, which are required to validate several important services or for undertaking transactions such as buying and selling property or jewellery worth over ₹2 lakhs. Last year, the government, in fact, said that the National Pension System (NPS) scheme would accept PAN cards over Aadhaar cards to validate new customers.

On Wednesday, however, Jaitley said PAN cards have been misused by certain people to evade taxes, and there are reports that Aadhaar may become the ultimate authenticating document. However, the continued and growing use of PAN along with Aadhaar adds an extra layer of formalities for citizens to access government services, which are their constitutionally guaranteed rights.

How safe is Aadhaar anyway?

Depending on who you talk to, the safety concerns of Aadhaar come up as a pressing issue, especially in the wake of a recent security incident when the Unique Identification Authority of India initiated police action against entities associated with Axis Bank including Suvidhaa Infoserve and e-sign provider eMudhra, which had allegedly engaged in unauthorised authentication and impersonation by illegally storing Aadhaar biometrics.

Earlier this month, in a separate incident, security researcher Srinivas Kodali warned Indian authorities of a website that was leaking Aadhaar demographic data of over five lakh minors, as well as the existence several parallel databases that had key identification data linked to Aadhaar, Scroll reported.

In the absence of any privacy laws in India, these security concerns have assumed even greater significance.

UIDAI, the authority behind Aadhaar, has maintained the technology behind Aadhaar is robust and that it uses advanced encryption to transmit and store data. It specifically denied that any breach of centralised data took place in the Axis Bank incident, saying the case was an isolated incident.

However, in a rather ironic twist in the Aadhaar Act, which itself contains no provisions to address privacy concerns, any legal action against any misuse or theft of Aadhaar data can only be initiated by UIDAI, leaving citizens with no legal recourse should a breach occur.

That represents an obvious conflict of interest as it gives exclusive power to the very authority that is responsible for the security and confidentiality of identity information and authentication records, PRS Legislative Research, has noted.

In addition, the controversial Aadhaar Act contains several other inherent dangers such as the potential to profile citizens based on the linking of other databases with Aadhaar by studying patterns of behaviour.

"Techniques such as running computer programmes across datasets for pattern recognition can be used for various purposes such as detecting potential illegal activities...However, these can also lead to harassment of innocent individuals who get identified incorrectly as potential threats," noted PRS Legislative.

There are currently no safeguards to prevent inappropriate profiling, instances of which could increase as more and more private organisations link their data to Aadhaar, and potentially exploit data for commercial purposes without the consent of citizens.

The US, in comparison, has laws in place that require agencies that collects data to submit an annual report to US Congress on all such data mining activities.

Other unresolved concerns

There are several other concerns related to the widespread use of Aadhaar card and the power it is afforded under the Aadhar act. The act allows UIDAI to collect biometric information beyond iris and fingerprint scans, for example, to include other bio-data such as DNA, noted PRS.

The act also allows private agencies to use Aadhaar, which contradicts an earlier stated objective of the scheme that sought to restrict the use of Aadhaar for only government expenditures.

"It allows private persons to use Aadhaar as a proof of identity for any purpose. This provision will enable private entities such as, airline, telecom, insurance, real estate etc. companies, to require Aadhaar as a proof of identity for availing their services," PRS has noted.

There's also the worrying prospect of Aadhaar being used as a surveillance tool by the government, instead of an e-governance technology, Sunil Abraham, executive director of research organisation, Centre for Internet and Society, told the The Hindu Business Line, adding biometrics only make citizens transparent to the state and not the state transparent to citizens.

"We warned the government six years ago, but they ignored us," said Abraham.

Krishna has a more dire warning: "The JAM Trinity -- Jan Dhan Yojana, Aadhaar and mobile numbers -- may well be a fish bait to trap unsuspecting citizens into the world's biggest transnational biometric database to turn them into subjects under surveillance forever in the name of a set of welfare and anti-poverty policies.

What has been done to address the security concerns?

It is unclear what the government or UIDAI may have done in the wake of the security incident to upgrade its systems. According to an expert HuffPost Post India talked to, many third party apps that are using Aadhar data may not be screened or audited for security, which is a huge worry.

Kodali told HuffPost India that Aadhaar has potential design issues when it comes to information security.

"By design it allows anyone store information of the Aadhaar holder through [application programming interface]. This is creating many parallel databases with Aadhaar as a key," he said.

He notes that security is an afterthought for many institutions and companies.

"UIDAI and the architects of Aadhaar do not accept that data can be a liability instead of an asset," he said. "The mandatory nature of Aadhaar without the right infrastructure and skilled workforce is not just a cyber security issue, but a national security issue."

When will India get privacy laws?

No one quite knows. But there's a growing call for a need for strict privacy laws, given the move towards digital financial transactions and growing e-commerce use. Most advanced economies including the US, the UK, France, Australia and New Zealand have enacted privacy laws.

However, in India, the right to privacy still doesn't exist despite it being recognised by even the UN charter of human rights. Article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states, "No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks."

The potential for cyber criminals to misuse citizen data isn't lost on even prominent IT industry experts.

Recently, the chief of IT industry body Nasscom R Chandrashekhar told PTI that personal data of online consumers can never be fully secure, emphasising the need for strict consumer protection laws. "More than 3 million credit card data details were misused recently. Let us face it, these kind of security breaches will take place. There is nothing called fully perfect security in IT," he said.

To be sure, Aadhaar has been lauded by several prominent experts and economists, and it is, undoubtedly, an ambitious project to potentially aid financial inclusion for a large population that has historically been outside of a formal financial services net. India also has one of the lowest tax compliance rates, making tax collection a priority for the government.

Recently, Paul Romer, World Bank's chief economist told Bloomberg, "The system in India is the most sophisticated that I've seen ... It's the basis for all kinds of connections that involve things like financial transactions. It could be good for the world if this became widely adopted."

But given the sensitivity of citizen biometrics data and potential for misuse, the government ought to be held accountable for its proper use and ensure enough safeguards are put in place before its imposition on each citizen.

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/huffington-post-rimin-dutt-ivan-mehta-march-24-2017-why-we-should-all-worry-about-the-mandatory-imposition-of-aadhaar

State of Digital Rights in India (Delhi, March 24)

Japreet Grewal and Sumandro Chattapadhyay — 2017-03-27T13:21:20Z

The Centre for Communication Governance at National Law University, Delhi and the Internet Freedom Foundation, in association with Access Now, are hosting a discussion on The State of Digital Rights in India on March 24, 2017 (Friday) from 6.00 pm onwards at Lecture Room-I, India International Centre- Annexe, New Delhi. Japreet Grewal and Sumandro Chattapadhyay will participate in the panel discussions.

Registration: Eventbrite

March 24, 2017 marks the two year anniversary of the landmark Shreya Singhal judgment. This was a very significant ruling on freedom of speech and expression and occupies an important place in the Supreme Court’s discourse on civil liberties. The judgment traces out the contours of free speech on the Internet in India and unequivocally holds that the right to freedom of expression provided under Article 19(1)(a) applies to speech over the Internet, making it clear that this is a medium-neutral right.

The event aims to shed some light on this key judgment and discuss ongoing discussions regarding our civil liberties and freedoms online before courts and the Parliament. We would also like to take this opportunity to discuss some of the other pressing issues like Network Neutrality, Internet shutdowns, Privacy and User Security which need immediate attention and engagement of our democratic institutions. We hope to formulate effective strategies which will further shape the legal and policy framework in India, and facilitate better collaborative efforts between stakeholders.

We hope to bring together everyone who contributed to the judgment, and those who do work connected with it, so that we may build on it to seek a better legal framework to protect online speech and to discuss the threats surrounding digital rights and how best build on the foundations of the judgment.

We would be grateful if you could take out some time on Friday evening (6PM) and be a part of this important discussion. The discussion will be followed by dinner and an Open Bar for an Open Internet, which will start from 9.00 pm at the Annexe Court in the India International Centre - Annexe. In case you are unable to attend the seminar, please do join us for dinner!

Featuring:

A keynote address on our online freedoms and policymaking, by Shri Tathagata Satpathy (Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha)
A legal panel analysing the legacy of the Shreya Singhal v. Union of India judgment
Beyond Shreya Singhal: A conversation with women on the future of our digital rights
Briefings on the state of digital rights in our courts and in Parliament
A conversation on the path ahead for our civil liberties and digital rights community

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/state-of-digital-rights-in-india-delhi-march-24

Benefits, Harms, Rights and Regulation: A Survey of Literature on Big Data

Amber Sinha, Vanya Rakesh, Vidushi Marda and Geethanjali Jujjavarapu — 2017-03-23T02:17:56Z

This survey draws upon a range of literature including news articles, academic articles, and presentations and seeks to disaggregate the potential benefits and harms of big data, organising them into several broad categories that reflect the existing scholarly literature. The survey also recognises the non-technical big data regulatory options which are in place as well as those which have been proposed by various governments, civil society groups and academics.

The survey was edited by Sunil Abraham, Elonnai Hickok and Leilah Elmokadem

Introduction

In 2011, it was estimated that the quantity of data produced globally surpassed 1.8 zettabyte.By 2013 it had increased to 4 zettabytes. With the nascent development of the so-called ‘Internet of Things’ gathering pace, these trends are likely to continue. This expansion in the volume, velocity, and variety of data available, together with the development of innovative forms of statistical analytics, is generally referred to as “Big Data”; though there is no single agreed upon definition of the term. Although still in its initial stages, big data promises to provide new insights and solutions across a wide range of sectors, many of which would have been unimaginable even a decade ago.

Despite enormous optimism about the scope and variety of big data’s potential applications, many remain concerned about its widespread adoption, with some scholars suggesting it could generate as many harms as benefits. Most notably are the concerns about the inevitable threats to privacy associated with the generation, collection and use of large quantities of data. Concerns have also been raised regarding, for example, the lack of transparency around the design of algorithms used to process the data, over-reliance on big data analytics as opposed to traditional forms of analysis and the creation of new digital divides. The existing literature on big data is vast. However, many of the benefits and harms identified by researchers tend to focus on sector specific applications of Big Data analytics, such as predictive policing, or targeted marketing. Whilst these examples can be useful in demonstrating the diversity of big data’s possible applications, they do not offer a holistic perspective of the broader impacts of Big Data.

Click to read the full survey here

For more details visit https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/benefits-harms-rights-and-regulation-survey-of-literature-on-big-data